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. DIODORUS OF SICILY

IN TWELVE VOLUMES

II
BOOKS II (continued) 35-I1V, 58

WITH AN ENGLISII TRANSLATION BY

C. H. OLDFATHER

PROFESSOR OF ANCIENT HISTORY AND LANGUAGES,
THE UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASERA

LONDON

WILLIAM HEINEMANN LTD

CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS

HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS
MOMLXVII

-—-— »

First printed 1935
Reprinted 1953, 1961, 1967

Printed ín Great Britaín

CONTEN'TS

INTRODUCTION TO BOOKS II, 2Ó5-1v, 58
BOOK II (contmued) . . . . .

BOOK HIE ue x (x ox Xo

BOokK Iv, 1-58 . . .

A PARTIAL INDEX OF PROPER NAMES

MAPS--—

lI ASTA

2. AEGYPTUS-ETHIOPIA

dt end

INTRODUCTION
Booxs II, 35-IV, 58

Dook II, 35-42 is devoted to a brief description
of India which was ultimately derived from
Megasthenes. Although Diodorus does not mention
this author, his use of him is established by the
similarity between his account of India and the
Indica of Arrian and the description of that land
by Strabo, both of whom avowedly drew their
material from that writer. Megasthenes was in
the service of Seleucus Nicator and in connection
with embassies to the court of king Sandracottu-
(Chandragupta) at Patna was in India for some time
between 302 and 291 m.c. In his Zndica in four
Books he was not guilty of the romances of Ctesias,
but it is plain that he was iraposed upon by inter-
preters and guides, as was Herodotus on his visit
to Egypt. lt cannot be known whether Diodorus
used Megasthenes directly or through a medium;
his failure to mention his name a single time is a
little surprising, if he used him directly.! "The
Scythians, the Amazons of Asia Minor, and the
Hyperboreans are then briefly discussed, and
Chapters 48-54 are devoted to Syria, Palestine, and
Arabia. lt is thought that this last section may go

! On Megasthenes see now B. C. J. Timmer, Megasthenes en
de Indische Maatschappij, Amsterdam, 1930.
vii

INTRODUCTION

back to the Stoic philosopher, Poseidonius of Apameia,
especially because of its explanation of the varied
colouring of birds and different kinds of animals as
being due to the '" helpful influence and strength
of the sun." The Book closes with a description
of a fabulous people living in a political Utopia on
an island ' in the ocean to the south,"' the account
purporting to be the adventure of a certain Iambulus,
which may indeed be the name of the author of the
original tale.

The Third Book opens with an account of the
Ethiopians on the upper Nile, then deseribes the
working of the gold mines on the border between
Egypt and Ethiopia, and includes a long discussion
of the Red Sea and the peoples dwelling about it,
with some mention of the tribes along the shores of
the Indian Ocean and the Persian Gulf. Much of
this material was drawn from the geographer
Agatharchides of Cnidus, whose work, On the Hed
Sea, is preserved to us in the excerpts of Photius.
This work of Agatharchides, composed in the latter
part of the sccond century n.c., embraced five Books
and is on the whole a sober and fairly trustworthy
discussion of that region; much of it was certainly
based upon the stories and accounts of travellers
in these parts and on personal observation. With
chapter 49 Diodorus turns to Libya and embarks
upon the myths of the Libyans about the Gorgons
and Amazons, this subject serving to lead him over
into Greek mythology, which is the theme of the
entire Fourth Book.

Since, as Diodorus tells as, Ephorus, and Callis-
thenes and Theopompus, contemporaries of Ephorus,
had not included the myths in their histories,

viii

INTRODUCTION

Diodorus opens the Fourth Book with a defence of
his exposition of Greek mythology. The gods were
once kings and heroes who have been deified because
of the great benefits which they conferred upon
mankind; they have been the object of veneration
by men of old and we " should not fail to cherish
and maintain for the gods the pious devotion which
has been handed down to us from our fathers "' (ch.
8. 5); if their deeds appear superhuman it is because
they are measured by the weakness of the men of
Diodorus' day. Much of this material was drawn
directly from Dionysius of Mitylene who lived in
Alexandria in the second century n.c. and composed,
doubtless with the aid of the library in that city
and certainly with considerable indulgence in the
romantic, his KyLlos, a kind of encyclopaedia of
mythology, which included accounts of the Argonauts,
Dionysus, the Amazons, events connected with the
Trojan War, and all this he described with such
devotion and assiduity that he was given the nick-
name Skytobrachion (' of the leathern arm "). lt
is generally held that for his account of Heracles
Diodorus took generously from a Praise of Heracles
bv Matris of Thebes,! who is otherwise unknown
and composed his encomium with vigorous rhetorical
flourishes, taking care to mention every maiden
ravished bv Heracles and her child, in order to
establish Heraclean ancestry for the numerous
families in the Greek world which raised such a
claim. But here and there, when he touched the
western Mediterranean, Diodorus used Timaeus of
Tauromenium, who, an exile in Athens for the best

! Cp. E. Holzer, Matris, ein Beitrag zur Quellenkritik
Diodors, Program Tübingen, 1881.
lx

INTRODUCTION

fifty years of his life, completed, not long before his
death about 250 m.c. and almost altogether from
literary sources, a history of Sicily and the western
Mediterranean in thirty-eight Books. Any attempt
to continue further the quest for the sources of
Diodorus in this section of his work must run into
the sands.

JHE. LIBRARY QF-EHIISLORY
OF

DIODORUS OF SICILY

bOOKkK Ii

A JEOUN OQ DOLY

TOT ZIKEAIQTOT

BIBAIOOGHKHX IXTOPIKH5

BIBAOX AEYTEPA

35. 'H rotvvv Ivéuci) TerpámAevpos o0ca TÓ
cy"uaTt, T7?v Lév cpós àvaroÀàs vevovcav
mrAevpav Kai TTV «pos ! pneonupptav 7) peyáÀ
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péycÜos Soket voÓ kóopnov páAora eptéyew
TOv TOv Üepudv -poxdv kkAov, kat ToAÀAaxm
puer ém àkpas Tíjs 'lvOucágs (Oetv &oTw dokiovs
Ovras TOUS yvopovas, vuKTOs Oé Tàs üÓpkToUS

| zjr rpós Bekker: cpós D, r5)v 7p0s T7?» Vulgate.
? 71v after rezaprgv omitted by D, Dekker, Vogel.

1 'he Indian Ocean.

THE LIBRARY OF HISTORY
OF

DIODORUS OF SICILY

bOOK II

35. Now India is four-sided in shape and the side
which faces east and that which faces south are em-
braced by the Great Sea,! while that which faces
north is separated by the Emodus range of mountains
from that part of Scythia which is inhabited by the
Scythians known as the Sacae; and the fourth side,
which is turned towards the west, is marked off by
the river known as the Indus, which is the largest
of all streams after the Nile. As for its magnitude,
India as a whole, they say, extends from east to west
twenty-eight thousand stades, and from north to
south thirty-two thousand. And because it is of
such magnitude, it is believed to take in a greater
extent of the sun's course in summer ? than any other
part of the world, and in many places at the Cape
of India the gnomons of sundials may be seen which
do not cast a shadow, while at night the Bears are

? Lit. '* of the summer turnings " of the sun, 1.e., the course
which the sun seems to traverse in the heavens from the
&olstice on June 22 to the equinox in September, corresponding
to the part of the earth lying between the Tropie of Cancer
and the equator.

DIODORUS OF SICILY

aDewcpY rovs: év 86 rois éoyárois o0Ó ajrOÓv TOV
&pkroüpov d$aiveoÜav | kaÜ" óv Or vómov! $aoi
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O.à ToÜTO OvrTOUS Exe TOUS KQT éTOS kaprrovs
CoQV Té TavTOOGTOY yépet Ou&.óÓpoov TOÍS peye-
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Ó€ kal "Tiv. Kai mÀeloTous Oc KQi [Le ytO TOUS
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peyáAas cvupatve, poràs "ytveoÜa. mpos TTv
ViKWv.

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kaprto. Tpédovaa Tols Te avaoT)Lacu TÓV OC-
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Kapmols éxev kai oMBas ka ra;yelous TroAÀ Qv KaL
vravroóazv Le7á AAcv* yiverai yàp ev aUTjj
TOÀUS pev Gpyvpos ka. Xypvcos, oUK oAyos O€
XaAkos. KQL GiOnpos, €7L óe kaTTÜrepos kai ràÀÀa
Tü mTpós KOguov T€ kai xpelav kai moÀeuumpv

| rózov Hertlein: rpózov.

BOOK II. 35. 2-36. 2

not visible; in the most southerly parts not even
Arcturus can be seen, and indeed in that region, they
say, the shadows fall towards the south.!

Now India has many lofty mountains that abound
in fruit trees of every variety, and many large and
fertile plains, which are remarkable for their beauty
and are supplied with water by a multitude of rivers.
The larger part of the country is well watered and
for this reason yields two crops each year; and it
abounds in all kinds of animals, remarkable for their
great size and strength, land animals as well as
birds. It also breeds elephants both in the greatest
numbers and of the largest size, providing them with
sustenance in abundance, and it is because of this
food that the elephants of this land are much more
powerful than those produced in Libya; consequently
large numbers of them are made captive by the
Indians and trained for warfare, and it is found that
they play a great part in turning the scale to victory.

36. The same is true of the inhabitants also, the
abundant supply of food making them of unusual
height and bulk of body ; and another result is that
they are also skilled in the arts, since they breathe
a pure air and drink water of the finest quality.
And the earth, in addition to producing every fruit
which admits of cultivation, also contains rich under-
ground veins of every kind of ore; for there are
found in it much silver and gold, not a little copper
and iron, and tin also and whatever else is suitable

! Cp. Strabo, 2. 5. 37 : '' In all the regions that lie between
the tropic and the equator the shadows fall in both directions,
that is, towards the north and towards the south . . . and
the inhabitants are called AÁmphiscians " (?.e., *' throwing
shadowa8 both ways"; tr. of Jones in L.C.L.).

DIODORUS OF SICILY

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yivera Gp TOU Ó. érépov Kaá TTJV Üepurv
Tpomiv : aTeipeaÜat vp patvet TTV opubav Kat
TOV Booropov, éTL Óé o"cauov kai Kéyxpov:
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|! ka8' 7v after rporzjv deleted by Vogel.
? Jwopuévcov after 0épe. deleted by Reiske.

BOOK II. 36. 2-;

for adornment, necessity, and the trappings of war.
In addition to the grain of Demeter! there grows
throughout India much millet, which is irrigated by
the abundance of running water supplied by the
rivers, pulse in large quantities and of superior
quality, rice also and the plant called bosporos,* and
in addition to these many more plants which are useful
for food ; and most of these are native to the country.
It also yields not a few other edible fruits, that are
able to sustain animal life, but to write about them
would be a long task.

This is the reason, they say, why a famine has
never visited India? or, in general, any scarcity of
what is suitable for gentle fare. For since there are
two rainy seasons in the country each year, during
the winter rains the sowing is made of the wheat
crops as among other peoples, while in the second,
which comes at the summer solstice, it is the general
practice to plant the rice and bosporos, as well as
sesame and millet; and in most years the Indians
are successful in both crops, and they never lose
everything, since the fruit of one or the other sowing
comes to maturity. 'The fruits also which flourish
wild and the roots which grow in the marshy places,
by reason of their remarkable sweetness, provide
the people with a great abundance of food. For
practically all the plains of India enjoy the sweet
moisture from the rivers and from the rains which
come with astonishing regularity, in a kind of fixed

! Wheat.

? A kind of millet; called bosmoron in Strabo, 15. 1. 13.

3 ''his statement may be true in the sense of a general and
protracted famine; but the Buddhist records often refer to
scarcity of food because of drought or floods; «ep. The
Cambridge History of India, 1. p. 203.

[

DIODORUS OF SICILY

Sas etg, ! xAapóv mUmTÓVTOV jOGTOV é€k ToO
meptéxovros. dépos, Kat Tüs €v Tots €Àeow piLas
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zÀqctov rÓÀv maparáéecv yecpyoüvres ave-
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! GaJjiAete Oldfather: 9aJiAeta. D, 8aíAeiav A B, Bekker,
Dindorf, Vogel, 8ajtiAexav . . . aépos omitted II.

BOOK II. 36. 5-37. 3

cycle, every year in the summer, since warm showers
fallin abundance from the enveloping atmosphere and
the heat ripens! the roots in the marshes, especially
those of the tall reeds. Furthermore, the customs
of the Indians contribute towards there never being
any lack of food among them; for whereas in the
case of all the rest of mankind their enemies ravage
the land and cause it to remain uncultivated, yet
among the Indians the workers of the soil are let
alone as sacred and inviolable, and such of them as
labour near the battle-lines have no feeling of the
dangers. For although both parties to the war kill
one another in their hostilities, yet they leave unin-
jured those who are engaged in tiling the soil,
considering that they are the common benefactors
of all, nor do they burn the lands of their opponents
or eut down their orchards.

31. The land of the Indians has also many large
navigable rivers which have their sources in the
mountains lying to the north and then flow through
the level country ; and not a few of these unite and
empty into the river known as the Ganges. This
river, which is thirty stades in width, flows from north
to south and empties into the ocean, forming the
boundary towards the east of the tribe of the
Gandaridae, which possesses the greatest number of
elephants and the largest in size. Consequently no
foreign king has ever subdued this country, all alien

! Literally, ** boils"" or **heats." Strabo (15. 1. 20) says

that what other peoples call the ** ripening " of fruits is called
by the Indians the ** heating."

DIODORUS OF SICILY

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! karàüóvrov Dindorf: kardppvrov.

! A fuller account of this incidont is given iu. Book 17. 93.
But Alexander did not reach the rivor system of the Ganges,
the error being due to a confusion of the Ganges with the

BOOK Il. 357. 3-6

nations being fearful of both the multitude and the
strength of the beasts. In fact even Alexander of
Macedon, although he had subdued all Asia, refrained
from making war upon the Gandaridae alone of all
peoples; for when he had arrived at the Ganges
river with his entire army, after his conquest of the
rest of the Indians, upon learning that the Gandaridae
had four thousand elephants equipped for war he
gave up his campaign against them.!

The river which is nearly the equal of the Ganges
and is called the Indus rises like the Ganges in the
north, but as it empties into the ocean forms a
boundary of India; and in its course through an
expanse of level plain it receives not a few navigable
rivers,the most notable being the Iypanis,? Hydaspes,
and Acesinus. And in addition to these three rivers
a vast number of others of every description traverse
the country and bring it about that the land is planted
in many gardens and crops of every description.
Now for the multitude of rivers and the exceptional
supply of water the philosophers and students of
nature among them advance the following cause:
The countries which surround India, they say, such
as Scythia, Dactria, and Ariana, are higher than
India, and so it is reasonable to assume that the
waters which come together from every side into the
country lying below them, gradually cause the regions
to become soaked and to generate a multitude of

Sutlej, a tributary of the Indus; cp. W. W. Tarn, '' Alexander
and the Ganges," Journal of Hellenic Studies, 43 (1923), 93 ft.

*? In Book 17. 93. 1 and Arrian, 5. 24. 8, this river is called
the Hyphasis, which is the name preferred by most modern
writers. Strabo (15. 1. 27, 32), however, calls it the H ypanis,
and Quintus Curtius (9. 1. 35), Hypasis.

DIODORUS OF SICILY

7 "voTauOv TÀfüÜos. iv Oé Tv ovufaive mepi
Twa TÓV KaTQ Tv "lveóuc)v morauóv TÓv Ovoua-

/ / € 7 * 3» e /
Lólevov 24AÀap, péovra Ó' ék mwos OpcovUuov
Kpijvns* émi yàp ToUrov uóvov TOv dzávrov zroTa-

^ $Q ^ ? 7 ? PM , ^
uÀv oj0év rÀv éufaAAouévow eis abrOv émwrAet,

/ , b M M / L4
rávTa Ó. eis rov BvÜOóv karaóverac rrapaó0£cows.

38. T" 9O' óAqv 'IvÓucgv o$cav Ómeppeyé0n
A€yera. kaToukety €Üvm "roAAá Ka mravro0amá, Kat
TOUTOV póev € €xetv TÜV e£ apxfis yéveouw em,
aAA mávTa. Ooketv Üzápxew avTOXxÜova, mpos Ó€
TOVTOLS IAT)T€ Éevuci]v azrouktav grpoaóéyeoÜat mroYymoTe

o /F 9? , 1AÀAÀ di 1 ? À / 0 ey
? pur eis GÀÀo éÜvos ! üzeoraAkévas. | nvÜoAovyotot
Ó€ TOUS apxatorárovs dvÜpeyrovs rpo$a.s Lev Ke-
xpjoUa TOÍS ajrop ras $vopiévots € ek Tf]s yjs kap-
Tots, ca fjat Ó€ rais Oopats TV éyxapiov Cor,
k«aÜázep xat map' "EAAgow. OÓpoios 06 kai TOv
TE€XVÓV Ts cópéaets KaL TÓY GÀÀcv TOv Tpos Diov
xpo ék TOoÜ kaT OÀLyov yevéaUaa, TÍjs
xpetas. abTíjs UQryyoup.évrs cà vet Cc Kai gvvep-
yoUs €xovri 7pOs GrTQGvTG xeipas kai Aóyov kai
jvyTs ayxivotav.
3. Mv0oAoyobo. 846 mapà -7ots 'lvOots oí Aoy-
TOTOL, Tepi oU? kaÜfjkov àv ei OcuvTOJLoS
DeAD iv. $act yop év TOÍS üapxatoTáTOLs
xpóvous, Tap' a)TOlS ÉTL TÓÀV avÜparrov kauàov
oiKoDvruOv, TapayevéoÜau TOv. Auóvvaov ék TÓV
TpOs éoTépav TÓTQOV éyovra Ovvajguv df£ioÀoyov:
? ^ ! A ? M] ef ^ xy
émeAÜetv 06 Tiv "lvóucv àzacav, uyóepiás ovans
1 4ÀÀo €0vos MSS., Bekker: aGaAÀocÜveig emendation of
Dindorf and adopted by Vogel (cp. ch. 39. 4).
* ob Vogel: óv F, Bekker, Dindorf.
! "The suine words appear in Dook 1. 8. 9.
12

BOOK Il. 37. 6-38. 3

rivers. And a peculiar thing happens in the case of
one of the rivers of India, known as the Silla, which
flows from a spring ofthe same name; foritisthe only
river in the world possessing the characteristic that
nothing cast into it floats, but that everything,
strange to say, sinks to the bottom.

98. Now India as a whole, being of a vast extent,
is inhabited, as we are told, by many peoples of every
description, and not one of them had its first origin
in a foreign land, but all of them are thought to be
autochthonous; it never receives any colony from
abroad nor has it ever sent one to any other people.
According to their myths the earliest human beings
used for food the fruits of the earth which grew wild,
and for clothing the skins of the native animals, as
was done by the Greeks. Similarly too the discovery
of the several arts and of all other things which
are useful for life was made gradually, necessity
itself showing the way to a creature which was well
endowed by nature and had, as its assistants for every
purpose, hands and speech and sagacity of mind.!

The most learned men among the Indians recount
a myth which it may be appropriate to set forth in
brief form. "This, then, is what they say: In the
earliest times, when the inhabitants of their land were
still dwelling in scattered clan-villages,? Dionysus
came to them from the regions to the west of them
with a notable army; and he traversed all India,
since there was as yet no notable city which would

? [t was the teaching of Aristotle that the State (or city)
rises out of the Household through the intermediate institu-
tion of the Village. | So the Indians, in this case, were in
the second stage of this evolution; Dionysus, as is stated
below, combines the villages into cities and thus makes the
good life possible.

DIODORUS OF SICILY

à£ioAóyov móAÀecs ! Óvvauévns üvrvrá£aaÜ0aa. | émi-
yevouévov 0€ kavudrov peyGÀov, kai TÓv TOoÜ
Avovócov oTpaTwoTÓOv Aowukfá vóg«o Ou dÜetpo-
Hévov, cvvéoe! Oiaóépovra TOv wyyeuóva oÜTov
dTayo'yetv TÓ arparómeOov éK TÓÀv meOwdv TÓTQV
eis r1)v ópewrTv: év TaUT3 ? 0€ mveóvrov jvypóv àvé-
Lev Kat TÀv vaparuaiov 00dTov kallapáv peóvrov
7pós avTats Tails Tw«yais, àAraÀAayiüvau rijs vócov
TO OTpaTÓT€OOov. OvopuateoÜa, Óé Ts Opewijs TOv
Tómov TobUTov Mnpóv, ka0' óv ó Auóvvoos é£érpee
Tüs Ovvajets ék Tíjs vócov: aà$' oD Ov) kai ToUs
"EAAmvas sept ToU cob ToUrov mapaóeQckévat
TOls peroyyeveaTépous TeÜpádÜa. TÓv Nuivvaov év
popa.

Mera 896 -Ta07ra -Tüs mapaÜéoews TÓv kap-
mv émuueAnÜévra peraOuQ8óvac. Tots "lvóois, kai
T)v «Upegw TOÜ oiov Kai TÓv dGÀÀcov TÓV eis
TOv iov wpmatpwv vapaOoÜvat. pos O6 ToUTois
"TÓAecov T€ a&uoAóyav yevrÜfvas KTiaTWV, |eraya--
yóvTQ. TS Kapas etg TOUS cüÜérovs TÓTOUS, TLLUÓV
T€ karaóetéau TO Üetov kai vópovs eta»ynjaa.aUa.

ai Owaorwypu., kaÜóAov O€ soÀÀÓv kat kaAàv
Eoyum eia mynrmv yevop.evov Ücóv vop.vaUrvou Kai
rvyetv. àÜavaáTov TuLOV. iaropobot Ó a)DTOV KaL
yovaukdv aAfjfos |.era TOÜ OTpaTOTÉéOOU Tepidye-
aÜat, kai Kará Tüs €V TOÍS TOÀép.ots. va paTá£ets
ruumrávots Kai kou aAois kexpijaÜat, iym adAmey-
yos eópypeévns. pacievcavra Oé màons Tfs lvoi-

| 74s after móAecs omitted C D, Dindorf, Vogel, retained by
Bekker.
? éy rasr y Dindorf, Vogel: évrab0a C F, Bekker.

BOOK Il. 38. 3-6

have been able to oppose him. But when an op-
pressive heat came and the soldiers of Dionysus were
being consumed by a pestilential sickness, this leader,
who was conspicuous for his wisdom, led his army
out of the plains into the hill-country; here, where
cool breezes blew and the spring waters flow ed pure
at their very sources, the army got rid of its sickness.
The name of this region of thé hill-country, where
Dionysus relieved his forces of the sickness, is
Meros ; and it is because of this fact that the Greeks
have handed down to posterity in their account of
this god the story that Dionysus was nourished in a
thigh (meros).1

After this he took in hand the storing of the fruits
and shared this knowledge with the Indians, and he
communicated to them the discovery of wine and
of all the other things useful for life. Furthermore,
he became the founder of notable cities by gathering
the villages together in well-situated regions, and
he both taught them to honour the deity and intro-
duced laws and courts; and, in brief, since he had
been the introducer of many good works he was
regarded as a god and received immortal honours.
They also recount that he carried along with his
army a great number of women, and that when he
joined battle in his wars he used the sounds of
drums and cymbals, since the trumpet had not yet
been discovered. And after he had reigned over all

! When Zeus, at the request of Semelé, appeared to her with
his thunderbolts, the sight was too much for her mortal eyes
and her child by Zeus, Dionysus, was born untimely. Zeus
covered the babe in his thigh untilit came to maturity. "There
is no agreement among modern writers on the location of
Meros.

DIODORUS OF SICILY

Kfjs €r1) OUO TrpOS TO ts mrevri]Kovra. ynpa TeAevríjaau.
O.a0eGapiévous. Ó€ TOUS ULoUS ajro0 Tv ryyepuoviay
aei rots a$' éavrOv àmoAwretv T) àpy)yv: TO 8€
reAevra tov moAÀaíts »yevea.ts Dorepov ka Ta!ÀvÜeians
TÍS T" yenovias OnpokparnÜfvaa TÀS mróAets.

39. Hep: uev obv TOÜ /uovicov ka. TÓv dT0-
yovcv a)0ToU To.aUTra. i.uÜoAoyoüotv ot Trjv opeun)v
Tfüs lvOucfás karoucoüvres. TÓv re 'HpakAéa $aoct
7Tap' avTOo(s yeyevioÜat, kat mapamAqngios Tolg
"EAAget TÓ józaGÀov kai TV Acov jv aUT(

)cv TO T€ pÓóma TT) Tfjv a)TÓ
mrpoaámrouot. TÍíj O6 roÜ oc paros pop) kat dA
TOÀÀOD TÓV GAÀÀcV vÜpaymav Oteveyyretv, KaL
kaÜapàv 7'0vfcat TÓv Ünptcov yfv Te kat ÜGÀarrav.
yn)pavra Oé mÀctovs yvvaixas vioUs , Lev zroÀÀoUs,
Üvyarépa 8é nav vyevvíoat, kat TroUrov. évnAikcov
yevopévcv 7rácav TV 'Ivóucrv OvcAóuevov ets toas
TOÍS TÉkKVOLlS pepioas, GTQVvTQs TOUS VLOUS amoóet£at
PBaciuéas, utav 0€ Üvyaépa. Üpélavra, xat UL

3 Baciccav Gmoóc(£aa. kriaTyv T€ T ÓÀeov oUk

OÀCycov yevéaÜat, kat roUTov TT]v érrtGaveaTáTyv kat
neytarqv mrpocayopefaa ILaAcBotpa. KQTQOK€U-
dca, Ó €v abri) «at paociAeua mroAvreAf] KaL
mÀWjÜos oücrópov xaÜipcav riv T€. TÓÀW
oxvpOgat. Tá$pots dG£ioÀÓyois morajtots voact
TÀqnpovuévaus.| xat TÓv gév "HpakMa T)v éÉ
avÜpoov pueráoraow —owjcópuevov | àÜavarov
Tuyetv Tuus, To)Dg Ó' dzoyóvovs avT70oÜ0 paot-
AeUcavras émt moÀÀàs yeveàs kat mpátewg a£io-
Aóyovs peraxewiwapévovs pre orpareiav bmep-

1 cAnpovuévaig Rhodomann: zAgpovuévows C F, sÀnpovuévqy
ols

BOOK II. 38. 6-39. 4

India for fifty-two years he died of old age. His
sons, who succeeded to the sovereignty, passed the
rule on successively to their descendants; but
finally, many generations later, their sovereignty
was dissolved and the cities received a democratic
form of government.

39. As for Dionysus, then, and his descendants,
such is the myth as it is related by the inhabitants
of the hill-country of India. And with regard to
Heracles they say that he was born among them and
they assign to him, in common with the Greeks,
both the club and the lion's skin. Moreover, as
their account tells us, he was far superior to all
other men in strength of body and in courage, and
cleared both land and sea of their wild beasts. And
marrying several wives, he begot many sons, but
only one daughter; and when his sons attained to
manhood, dividing al India into as many parts as
he had male children, he appointed all his sons
kings, and rearing his single daughter he appointed
her also a queen.! Likewise, he became the founder
of not a few cities, the most renowned and largest of
which he called Palibothra. In this city he also
constructed a costly palace and settled a multitude
of inhabitants, and he fortified it with remarkable
ditches which were filled with water from the river.
And when Heracles passed from among men he
received immortal honour, but his descendants,
though they held the kingship during many genera-
tions and accomplished notable deeds, made no
campaign beyond their own frontiers and despatched

! Arrian, Zndica, 8 f., gives a much fuller account of this
daughter, whose name was Pandaea.

b»

DIODORUS OF SICILY

/ 74 0 / » J 5 Ld » 1
ópiov TowjcacÜa,. pijre àmowtav eig GÀÀo &Üvos
P] ^ e; M! ^ » X /
dToO0Te(Àauu. vVaTepov 0€ rroAÀots érect Tàs vrÀAeio Tas
Lév TÓÀv móÀeov OuuokparnÜnva, Twv O0. éÜvàv

& / ^ / ^ ?

Tàs DaociAelas Owapetvau uéypi Ts. AAe£avópov
OuuBaocecws.
/ ? » M A ? ^ » ^7 ?

Nogucov 9. óvrc Tapà. Tots lvóois évicov é£9A-
Aoyp.évcov ÓavjaawóraTov àv Tts 1)y1]oavTO TO kara-
Oe.yÜév ózÓ vrÀv apyaiov map aDTots diAo0ó ov:
vevot.oÜérnrat yàp ap. abrois Oo0Àov uév uxoéva

elyau 70 mapámrav, éAevÜépovs 8' bDmápxovras Tv
icórqura Tuiüv év máci. To)g yàp puaÜóvras ux
€ / / f)? € ; » , ef
Ómepéyew pO. Dzoxürrew aAÀÀow kpürtoTov ébew
Diov «pós áxácas ràs TepioTdgeig: eUnÜes? yàp
elva. vóuovs uév ém (ons mÜévau mái, ràg O'
gvvovatas ? àvcyuáAovs kaackevátew.

40. To 8é záv vÀfjQos ràv 'ivóOv eis érà uép
Owjpyrat, Qv eor. TÓ uév spárov avorqua. duAoaó-
$cov, mAnÜe. uév TOv GAAÀcv jepOv Aevmojuevov,
Tíj 9 émijaveia mávrow vpwreÜov. | dAevrovpynrot

s » e Aó L4 e Li "0^
yàp Ovres ot d$uÀócoQor -áags D$-ovpylas oU
e ? 7/7 3 hn» e » e / /
érépow kvpieDovow oUD' 09 érépuv OcamoCovra.
rapaAauávovrat 8 ómó uév vÀv DOwuorQv ets 7e Tàs
év TQ Báo Üvoías kai eig rüs TÓv rereAevrrkóTow
émuLeAe(as, cs Üeots yeyovóres vpoodiAéara Toi
kai mepi TÀv év dOov pudor éjwmetpos €xovres,

^ ^ M
raíTrus Te Tíjs Dmovpyias OOpá Te kai Tuuiàs

1 dAÀo &0vog CF, Dindorf, Bekker: àAAoe0pretg remaining
MSS., Vogel.

? eóy0üces Rhodomann: «evz60eis.

3 So Capps: ovoías MSS., Vogel, é£ovotas Dindorf, Bekker.
18

BOOK Il. 39. 4-409. 2

no colony to any other people. But many years
later most of the cities had received a democratic
form of government, although among certain tribes
the kingship endured until the time when Alexander
crossed over into Asia.

As for the customs of the Indians which are
peculiar to them, a man may consider one which
was drawn up by their ancient wise men to be the
most worthy of admiration; for the law has ordained
that under no circumstances shall anyone among
them be a slave, but that all shall be free and respect
the principle of equality in all persons. For
those, they think, who have learned neither to
domineer over others nor to subject themselves to
others will enjoy a manner of life best suited to all
circumstances; since it is silly to make laws on the
basis of equality for all persons, and yet to establish
inequalities in social intercourse.

40. The whole multitude of the Indians is divided
into seven castes,! the first of which is formed of the
order of the philosophers, which in number is smaller
than the rest of the castes, but in dignity ranks first.
For being exempt from any service to the state the
philosophers are neither the masters nor the servants
of the others. But thev are called upon by the
private citizens both to offer the sacrifices which are
required in their lifetime and to perform the rites
for the dead, as having proved themselves to be
most dear to the gods and as being especially ex-
perienced in the matters that relate to the under-
world, and for this service they receive both notable

! Cp. the account of the castes in Strabo, 15. 1. 39 ff., and

in Arrian, Zndíca, ll ff. and the article :/Caste" in the
Encyclopaedia Britannica.

DIODORUS OF SICILY

d / — ^ ^ ^
Aapfávovow à£toAóyovs: TQ O6 kowd vàv 'Iróov
, ; /
LeydÀas vapéxyovrat xpetas zrapaAauBavópuevot uév
M d 5
KQTG& TÓ véov éros ézi TT?V ueydAmv aUvoOov, rpo-
/ N ^ / —^
Aéyovres 8é rots mAvÜeot epi aDypv kat ésrop.-
/ ? ^
Bpías, ér. 0 üvéjov. ebnvolas kat vóocv kat TOv
y ^ / N 3 ; ? ^
&GAÀAv TrÀv Ovvauévov To)0s àkoUovras od$eAfoat.
X , N / e N €
Tà jéAÀÀovra yàp zpoakoUcavres ot 7e roÀÀot kat o
x ? ES 3138 M / b 4 M
PaciAeüs ékzAqpoüow aei T0 uéAAov ékAevrew kat
/ ^ / ?
zpokarackeválovow aei rv. TÀV xpuouQuov. o Ó
aTorvyov TOV d$iocóóov év rais mpoppuQceow
y M 5 ; ? , L/ n)!
dAÀqv uév oj0epíav ava8éyerat TuLo)piav 7) BAaa-
/ » N ^ M i /
ónucav, &dcvos 0€ OuvreAet rÓv Aovzóv Btov.
, ^ ^ ^4 ^
Acürepov Ó' éori uépos TO TÓÀV yecpyOv, ot TÓ
7 ^ » M] 7 ^ ^«^
zÀnÜeu rv &ÀMov m0À mpoéyew Ookoüaww. | obrot
M / N ^ X L4 * /
0€ voAÀépv kat Tfjs &ÀXQgs Aevrovpytas. &$eutévot
N E A
7epi Tàs yecopyias doyoAoÜvrav Kai oUOets àv
/ ^
zroÀéutos mrepyrvxo» yeopyQ karà TT)v xcópav àouaj-
cevev dv,! adÀA es kowoUs eDepyéras mTjyoUpLevot
/ 3 L4 3 , / 5 / e
5 TdOns dOu(as dzéyovrat. OuvóTep aou Üopos 7)
^^ A
ycpa. Owupévovca kai kapzots DpiÜovoa sroAAQv
E ^ ? L4 ^ b
dTóÀavotw mapéyerau TÓv émwvriOeicov rots avÜpo-
A A A * / N
Tots. Piobou. OÓ. émi Ti]s xcppas pera TÉéKVov kal
Lon ^^ ?
yuva4K()v ot yecpyyot, kai Tfjs ets Tv zTOÀw kKara-
Dácews mavreAÓs ad$eorQkaoi. Tíjs Ó€ xopas
M ^ ^ ^ N M ^ M
pugÜobs TeÀo0cw v DaciAet Ou TO mücav Twv

'»'$uejv. Baauuerv etvas, (wor 0€ uuóevws yfjv

! dy D, Dindorf, Vogel: omitted by Vulgate, Dekker.

BOOK 1l. 4o. 2-5

gifts and honours. Moreover, they furnish great
services to the whole body of the Indians, since
they are invited at the beginning of the year to the
Great Synod and foretell to the multitude droughts
and rains, as well as the favourable blowing of winds,
and epidemies, and whatever else can be of aid to
their auditors. For both the common folk and the
king, by learning in advance what is going to take
place, store up from time to time that of which
there will be a shortage and prepare beforehand
from time to time anything that will be needed.
And the philosopher who has erred! in his predic-
tions is subjected to no other punishment than
obloquy and keeps silenee for the remainder of his
life.

The second caste is that of the farmers, who, it
would appear, are far more numerous tlian the rest.
These, being exempt from war duties and every
other service to the state, devote their entire time
to labour in the fields; and no enemy, coming upon
a farmer in the country, would think of doing him
inpiry, but they look upon the farmers as eommon
benefactors and therefore refrain from every injury
to them.* Consequently the land, remaining as it
does unravaged and being laden with fruits, pro-
vides the inhabitants with a great supply of pro-
visions. Ánd the farmers spend their lives upon
the land with their children and wives and refrain
entirely from coming down into the city. For the
land they pay rent to the king, since all India is
royal land and no man of private station is permitted

| Strabo (loc. cit.) says he must have erred ''three
times."'
? Cp. chap. 30. 6 f.
2l

DIODORUS" OE SICILY

c&etva. kekríjaUau" xopis 06 Tíijs puo0caews rerdp-
TWV eis TO DaaiAucóv TeAo0at.
Toc 8 À ^ 7 N
pirov egi $óAov TÓ TÓV PovkóAav kal
mOuLEvav kai kaÜóAov mávrOY TÓV Vopéav, Ot
TOÀ u€v 7 Kom OUK oLkoQat, kir 0€ Bim
Xpóvrau, ot o adroL kai kvviyyobvres kaBlapàv
7r'0LOUGL Tv Xopav ópvécv T€ Kül Ünpiov. ets
Taro. Ó aackoüvres kai diAorexvobvres ! é£npu.epoüot
Ty» "lvoucjv, mAyÜoveav TOÀÀÓv kai mravroOomáv
Ünpiww re kai ópvécv TOv karecÜuóvrow 7à arép-
para, TÓÀV yeopyóyv.
4 ^ ^
4l. Téraprov JJ éaTi uépos TO TÓV TeXVvrQv- Ka
TOUTOOV oL [L€V eiaw óTÀomotoí, o O€ TOLS yecpyots
7 Tw GÀAots Tà Xpyousa ,mpos Ürrrpeatav KaTa-
c KeváCovaw. obToL O ov uóvov aàTeAÀets etaw, aàÀÀAa
kat avroperpiav ék ToU Baouukcob AnnBdvoUaL.
/ A ?
IL éuzrrov àé 70 ? oTpaTtoTUcÓv, ets ToU$ 7rf0Àéuovs
? ^ ^^ M 7 / ? / X A
eUÜerobv, TÀ gév mÀxÜeu OeUrepov, avéaev Oé kai
^ ? ^ /
TQ40LG TrÀeta TT) ypoojLevov év rats etpzvaus.. TpéQerat
9. ék ToU DaouAko0 ráv 70 mrÀfÜos rv arpaTtuTÓV
^ ^ 4 3
Kai TÓV TOoÀejugTÓV UmTOV T€ KQL éAedávrov.
i4 » 5 A A —^ 5 7 ^ i
Exrov 9ó' éort T0 TOV édópowv: o)roi O06 z0Àv-
^ A ^
zpaypovobüvres vávra Kat édopóvres à kara TTV
, 4 5 / ^ ^ 3^4 o
Ivóucrnv GmrayyeAAovat rois. PaciAcbaw, €àv
TOÓÀLS a)DTÓV afactAevros 7) Tols Gpxovaw.
"EB6ouov 9' éco [epos TO BovAebov nev kat
guveopeDov Tois ÜTép TÓÀv kowdv DBovAevopnévois,
7 A 3 / b / A A /
TÀYÜe. uév éAáyuaTov, eDyeveig 06 kat ópovyaet
| jilorexvoóvres DB. D, Vogel: d«Aozovoóvres F, Dindorf,
Bekker, diÀAocoóotvres A C.

? r0 added by Hertloin.

l| i.e. of the produce.
22

BOOK Il. 4o. 5-41. 4

to possess any ground; and apart from the rental
they pay a fourth part! into the royal treasury.

The third division is that of the neatherds and
shepherds, and, in general, of all the herdsmen who
do not dwell in a "eit or village but spend their
lives in tents; and these men are also hunters and
rid the eountry of both birds and wild beasts. And
sinee thev are praetised in this ealling and follow
it with zest they are bringing India under cultiva-
tion, although it still abounds in many wild beasts
and birds of every kind, which eat up the seeds
sown bv the farmers.

41. The fourth caste is that of the artisans; of
these some are armourers and some fabrieate for the
farmers or certain others the things useful for the
services they perform. And they are not only
exempt from paying taxes but they even receive
rations from the roy al treasury.

The fifth easte is that of the military, which is at
hand in ease of war; they are seeond in point of
number and indulge to the fullest in relaxation and
pastimes in the periods of peaee. And the main-
tenanee of the whole multitude of the soldiers and
of the horses and elephants for use in war is met
out of the royal treasury.

The sixth easte is that of thc inspeetors. These
men inquire into and inspeet everything that is
going on throughout India, and report baek to the
kings or,in case * the state to which they are attached
has no king, to the magistrates.

The seventh caste is that of the deliberators and
eouneillors, whose eoncern is with the decisions whieh
affeet the eommon welfare. In point of number this
group is the smallest, but in nobility of birth and

23
VOL. II. B

DIODORUS. OF SICILY

pàÀwTa Üavualópevov: ék ToUTov yàp ot Te
cU povAot rots BaciAeboty eig ot. T€ Otoucq Ta
TÓV KOwwÓ|v Kai ot Óucao ral TÓV apovoporovpévov,
Ka kaÜóAov TOUS T?]yeuóvas kat TOÜS üpxovras
éK TOUTOV £Xovot.

Tà uév oiv nep] Tfjs Óupprpiévns TOoÀT€las Tap
'Ivoots c XeÓóv Tar €gTiW* OK ceni Ó€ yagetv
e£ dÀÀov yévovs 1j mpoopéaets p TÉyvas p.eraxet-
píbeata:, otov OoTpaTiTyv OvTa yeopyetv 7)
rexvirqv ovra. diÀocoóetv.

42. "Eyev 9' 7) àv 'lvóOv xopa vÀeiorovs kai
|Leyia TOUS cAéQavras, aGÀ«f Te Kai peyeUe ToÀÀ
Ouudépovras. Oxe/erau O6 ToÜTro TO COov OUX
comep Twés $aacw, e&nAAavyp.évos, aAAÀ' óptoGcos
UmTOUs KGL TOUS GÀAÀo:s TerpaTo0v Loots* | kvobot
0€ roUs uév éAaxioTovs uijvas ékkaióeka, roUs 0€
meta ToUs Okrakatóeka. TikTOUOL e kaÜámep
UTTTIOL KaTa TÓ mrÀetarov € €v, Kai TpéQova. TÓ 'yev-
vnÜév act payrepes ém érn é£. Lào Ó ot mÀetomoi
kaÜdzep Oo akpoBiararos avÜporros, oi óé
páAur ra ynpácavres éTT) Otaócta.

Eiot 89€ zap' 'lvOots kat ézt 7To)s £évovs dpyov-
Tes rera yuévot kai ópovriLovres Ozrws unóeis £évos
a6wfjrau TOols Ó. dppucroüct rÀv Éévwov (arpoUg
eia áyovac kat T1]v GÀÀqv emuuéAeuav ToLoÜvTQ4, Kal
TeAevrijoavras ÜdsrT TOU, érL O€ 7À kaaVetdÜévra
xpo TOÍS epoa?kovguw d7oOi00agtv. Ot T€
ucagrat Tüs kptaew map av)TOois akpupis
ÓLQyu«D0GKOUOL, KüGi TLKpÓs TOig Gpaprüvovot
Trpoaépovrat.

! at added by Reiske.
24

BOOK Il. 41. 4-42. 4

wisdom the most worthy of admiration; for from
their body are drawn the advisers for the kings and
the administrators of the affairs of state and thc
judges of disputes, and, speaking generally, they take
their leaders and magistrates from among these men.

Such in general terms are the groups into which
the body politic of the Indians is divided. Further-
more, no one is allowed to marry a person of another
caste or to follow another calling or trade, as, for
instance, that one who is a soldier should become a
farmer, or an artisan should become a philosopher.

42. The country of the Indians also possesses a
vast number of enormous elephants, which far sur-
pass all others both in strength and in size. Nor
does this animal cover the female in a peculiar
manner, as some say, but in the same way as horses
and all other four-footed beasts; and their period
of gestation is in some cases sixteen months at the
least and in other cases eighteen months at the
most. "They bring forth, like horses, but one young
for the most part, and the females suckle their
young for six years. The span of life for most of
them is about that of men who attain the greatest
age, though some which have reached the highest
age have lived two hundred years.

There are among the Indians also magistrates ap-
pointed for foreigners who take care that no foreigner
shall be wronged; moreover, should any foreigner
fall sick they bring him a physician and care for
him in every other way, and if he dies they bury
him and even turn over such property as he has
left to his relatives. Again, their judges examine
accurately matters of dispute and proceed rigorously
against such as are guilty of wrongdoing.

DIODORUS OF SICILY

IIepi pev ov 75js lvOuctjs kai TOv kar' a)rt)v ap-
xa40Ào'yov.évcov apkeaUraópueÜa. TOS pueetaw.

49. Iept Oc TÓv 2kvÜOv vOv ockoUrTQV Ti ópto-
pov Xxdpav ev pépec Oté£u1sev. obrot yàp TÓ Lv e£
apytjs oAtyxv évéuovro Xopav, Üoepov Óe KaüT. OX-
vov a)0£nÜévres Ouà& às aGÀ«às kai TT» AvOpe(av
moAÀMv ev karekro»]gavro Xcpav, TO 9. éÜvos eis
peyaAv Tyyepoviaw «aL Oo£av mponjyayov. TÓ Hév
oov Tpárov vapà TOv "Apdenv ToTQJLO0v 0ÀCyor kar-
qQKovv rravTeAOs KaL Óua Tv d8ogtav KaTa dpo-
voUJ.evot* eva Oc TÓv dàpxaiov €yovres pa cia.
dto óAequov KaL ua óépovra orpaTyyta. mpoae]-
OOVTO Xxcopav, TÜs uév opeuijs écos TrpOs TÓV
Kavkacov, Tíjs O€ meOwijs. 70, TQ TOV (OKeQvOv
«aL viv Maurw Atuvqv kat T)» 4AMyv. xyopav. éos
Tavdtoos vorago.

"Yorepov 0€ poU oAoyo6at XkUÜau map' abTots
yevéata ynyevi, mra pÜévov: TOV O €yetv
TÓ Lev ive) uépy ToU acia Tos péypt Tfjs Cas yv-
vauceta, TÀ Ó€ karcoTepa extóvns. TaUTy» O6 Aía
jueyévra, yevvijaac vatóa. 2:kUÜxv Ovoua. TobTov 0€
yevóptevov. ésrtóavéorarov 7Óv Tpo avToUÜ TOUS Àa-
ovs 4$ éavroU likUÜas zpocayopebcat. TOv Oé
aToyóvov Tovrov ToU paciAéos dàOeÀQovs Ovo
yevéaÜa« Guudópovs áperfj, kat Tóv uév IIaAÀov, rov
óé Ndsqv óvopudoÜat. ToUTcv O' émi$avets mpá-
Éets karepyacajtévov kat OveAouévov Tyjv DactÀe(av,
&$' ékarépov rovs Àaovs To)s uév llaAovs, rovs

1 'The Aras.
? ''he Sea of Azof.

BOOK Il. 42. 4-43. 4

As for India, then, and its antiquities we shall be
satisfied with what has been said.

43. But now, in turn, we shall discuss the Seythians
who inhabit the country bordcring upon India.
This people originally possessed little territory, but
later, as they gradually increased in power, they
seized much territory by reason of their deeds of
might and their bravery and advanced their nation
to great leadership and renown. At first, then, they
dwelt on the Araxes ! river, altogether few in number
and despised because of their lack of renown; but
since one of their early kings was warlike and of
unusual skill as a general they acquired territory, in
the mountains as far as the Caucasus, and in the
steppes along the ocean and Lake Maeotis ? and the
rest of that country as far as the Tanais ? river.

At a later time, as the Scythians recount the myth,
there was born among them a maiden sprung from
the earth; the upper parts of her body as far as her
waist were those of a woman, but the lower parts
were those of a snake. With her Zeus lay and begat
a son whose name was Seythes. "This son became
more famous than any who had preceded him and
called the folk Seythians after his own name. Now
among the descendants of this king there were two
brothers who were distinguished for their valour, the
one named Palus and the other Napes.* And since
these two performed renowned deeds and divided
the kingship between them, some of the people
were called Pali after one of them and some Napae

* The Don.

* A similar story is in Herodotus (4. 8 ff.), where, however,
the father is Heracles and the sons are Agathyrsus, Gelonus,
and Seythes.

DIODORUS OF SICILY

oe Náras mpocaxyopevÜfjvas. nerà óé rwas Xpóvovs
TOUS G0 óvoUs TOUTOV TÓV PactAéov. avópeta Kal
aTpaToytd. ÜLeveyyKóvras 70ÀÀTv puév zépav roD Ta-
vatOos "orajLo0 ycpav karaorpépac0a. Héypt Tijs
Opáxns, € és 06 Üdrepa pep] OTpoeUcavras Ota Tet-
va, 7jj Ovrápec * uéypi ToU kar Atyvmrov Neilov.
7O0ÀÀA Oé kai peydÀa TÓV dàvà gécov ToUTQV
cÜvdv kara OovAdaag.évovs "rpopiBáaat Tiv mTye-
poviav. TÓV ZkvÜdv Tfj uev evi TÓV T»pOS GvaroAàs
ckeavóv, 7jj 9 émi rv Kaomíav ÜdÀarrav kai
Matórw Atuvqv. o£ yàp. ézt zoÀ9 Toro TÓ
€Üvos kat BacuAetg &éayev á£voAóyovs, ad' v vovg
uév Lakas mpocayopevÜmrvat, ovs 0€ Maoccayézas,
Twüàs OÓ '"ApuiaozoUs, kai ToUTOLs Okoics dÀÀous
zÀetovas. wo 0€ roUTOV TÓV DaciAéov zroAÀAa. uév
KQL TOV QÀÀov TÓV karamoAeurÜevrov eÜviàv
nerekiatas, Ovo Oé uey(ioras üzotkias yevéataa,
TTV u€v €ék TÓV '"Acavptov p.eraoraÜetaav etg TTV
nera£) ycpav 73js Te llaódAayovías kai ToO IIóvrov,
T»)v 9 ék Tíjs M«96as zapà TOv Távaiv kafiópv-
Üetcav, Tjs TOUS Aaovs Zavpopáras ovop.aoU05jva4.
ToUTroUus O boTepov TOÀÀOlSs éT eat aen Ücvras
ropÜsca. zoÀÀ)rv Ts MxvÜias, kai roDs karazo-
AeunÜévras Japon avatpotvzas épnuov 7oO0wj)cai TO
7ÀetaTov népos Tijs Xxepas.

44. Mera 8€ mara vapxias. yevouévms kard
T)v XkvÜ(av, éBaoiAevoav yvvatkes aGAÀ«fj Ouaoé-

! 7f Ówápev II. Dindorf, Vogel (cp. 1. 4. 3): cv 8vvajuv
A B D, Bekker.

! Probably the south side of the Black Sea is meant;
cp. chap. 46. 2

BOOK II. 43. 4-44. 1

after the other. But some time later the descendants
of these kings, because of their unusual valour and
skill as generals, subduéd much of the territory
beyond the "Tanais river as far as Thraee, and
advancing with their armies to the other side ! thev
extended their power as far as the Nile in Egypt?
And after enslaving many great peoples which lay
between the Thraeians and the Egyptians they
advanced the empire of the Sceythians on the onc
side as far as the ocean to the east, and on the
other side to the Caspian Sea and Lake Maeotis;
for this people increased to great strength and had
notable kings, one of whom gave his name to the
Sacae, another to the Massagetae, another to the
Arimaspi, and several other tribes received their
names in like manner. lt was by these kings that
many of the conquered peoples were removed to
other homes, and two of these became very great
colonies: the one was composed of Assyrians ? and
was removed to the land between Paphlagonia and
Pontus, and the other was drawn from Media and
planted along the Tanais, its people receiving the
name Sauromatae. Many vears later this people
became powerful and ravaged a large part of Scythia,
and destroving utterly all whom they subdued they
turned most of the land into a desert.

44. After these events there came in Scythia a
period of revolutions, in which the sovereigns were
women endowed with exceptional valour. or

? [n this incursion, which occurred between 630 and 625
B.C., the Scythians overran Palestine, but according to Herodo-
tus (1. 105) were turned back from Egypt by Psammcetichus.
A vivid picture of these foes from the north is preserved in

Jeremiah, 4—5 passim.
3 "These are the ** White Syrians '' of Strabo (12. 3. 9).

Ue»

DIODORUS OF SICILY

povaat. év ToUTOws yàp TOUS éÜveciv a4 yvvaikes
yvuvátovrai pos ÓÀeuov mapazÀmnoios TOS
1 A 5 / ^
dvÓpdci ka& rats aGvOpetaug ovOév Aetzovrat TÓV
3 ^ M 1 "S $ ^ 1 A
àvOpAOv. Oi0 kai yvvaucQv émzi$avóv soAÀÀat kat
pueyáAaw mpá£ew ézereAécÜ0qcav o) póvov kará
1 / $ * * * * ej /
Tr)» 2£ikvÜiav, GÀÀà kat kara TV Onopov TOavT)S
/ / 4 4 ^ P /
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^ ^ $ *
TAÀetoTrov ioyUcavros rv kaÜ' aoTOv kat aTpaTeU-
3 / F $ M / e
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BaciAuoca TÓV MkvuÜcv TÓ T€ gTparÓgeOov TÓV
^ 4 —-
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yevónevov àveoTraUpoge: TO T€ GvoraÜév éÜvos
^ $ PN
TOv 'AÁgatlóvov TocoÜrov àvOpeig Oujveykev doTe
4 €, ^
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A * S * PES $ /
aÀÀAà kat zoAÀMQv T9s Liv)poys kat Ts ^ ÁAoias
karaacpédaaÜ0at. 74€ ts o éTreiÓT) 7epl TÓV
"ApaLovióov éuvrja0nuev, OUK QVvOLKciOV elvat
/ ^ * $3 ^ $ X & A
vopuiLopev OiwcÀÜetv epi avTOv, ei kat Ou TTV
f. / / ef / X e /
rapaOo£oAÀoyiav iÜois 61.012. Gavijoerat 70. prÜévra.
X 1 / , 1 »
45. IIapà vov OcpucOovra Totvvv zoragov éÜvovs
^ * t
«pacroüvros | yvvawokparovuévov, kat TÓV yvvat-
KQv Opuoics TOig àvÓpáci Tüs TroÀeuuKüs xpetas
neraxeuitopnévov, aoi ptav é£ abrOv BaciAumv
éfovoiav éyovcav dàÀkj kai pony Ovwveyketv:
cvorQcajévyv 0é yvvawucóv avparóreOov yvuvácat
T€ TOÜTO kai Twas TOV OLÓpov karamoÀeufjoa.
PS * m *
a)Déouévgs O06 Tijs vepi avTTv aperis T€ kai OO0£qs
| &parotvrog MSS: xaroikobtvros Rhodomann, Dindorf,
Vogel.
30

DOOK II. 44. 1-45. 2

among these peoples the women train for war just
as do the men and in acts of manly valour are in no
wise inferior to the men. . Consequently distinguished
women have been the authors of many great deeds,
not in Seythia alone, but also in the territory border-
ing upon it. For instance, when Cyrus the king
of the Persians, the mightiest ruler of his day, made
a campaign with a vast army into Scythia, the queen
of the Scythians not only cut the army of the Per-
sians to pieces but she even took Cyrus prisoner and
crucified him!; and the nation of the Amazons,
after it was once organized, was so distinguished for
its manly prowess that it not only overran much of
the neighbouring territorv but even subdued a large
part of Europe and Asia. But for our part, since
we have mentioned the Amazons, we feel that it is
not foreign to our purpose to discuss them, even
though what we shall say will be so marvellous that
it will resemble a tale from mythology.

45. Now in the country along the Thermodon
river,? as the account goes, the sovereignty was in
the hands of a people among whom the women held
the supreme power, and its women performed the
services of war just as did the men. Of these
women one, who possessed the roval authority, was
remarkable for her prowess in war and her bodily
strength, and gathering together an army of women
she drilled it in the use of arms and subdued in war
some of the neighbouring peoples. And since her
valour and fame increased, she made war upon

! There are many different accounta of the death of Cyrus,
but they all agree that he met his end fighting on the far
eastern border of his empire.

? [n Pontus (cp. Strabo, 12. 3. 14-15).

DIODORUS OF SICILY

GUVexyós éri rà mÀnaióxycpa TÀv éÜvàv avparevew,
kat Tífjs TUxns ebpooUans ópovíuaros éurtumrAaa0os,
Kai Üvyarépa uév "Apeos arryv mpoocayopeücat,
TO(S O. dvÓpáoi mpoovetuai Tàs TaÀaGctovpyias
KQi Tüs TÓV *yvvatkÓv kKQT OoliKovs épyaoías.
voLovs Te karaóeiéat, OU dv Tàs puév yvvaikas
émL TOUS TOÀejukoDg dyÓvas mTpoáyew, Toig Ó
avOÓpáct raretvaiow kat OovAetav srepuámTew. — TV
O€ yevvopévov To)0s pév áppevas émw»povv TÀ T€
cKkéÀn kai ro)s Dpay(ovas, üyprjorovs karackevd-
Lovres pos Tüs TOoÀep4KkQs xypetas, Ov 0€ ÜnAÀvre-
pAÀv rÓv Oe£ióv uaorÓv émékaov, tva. pr) karà Tàs
akpàs 1 TÓv cwcpnárov érawópevos évoyAg* à fjs
atrias cvupijvau TO éÜvos rÀv '"Apatóvov ravsTqs
Tvxeiv Tfjs vpoomyopias. kaÜóAov 9€ Ouaóépovoav
abT)v Guvéce( kai oTpaTqytia TÓÀw pév kTicaL
neyáAnv rapà ràs éxDoÀas o9 Oeppo9ovros sora-
uo0, roovoja, Oeutokvpav, kat BaciÀeua ka raakevd-
cau, mepiBónra, karàü Oé vràs arpareias émuieAopé-
vyv ToÀ) Tijs evrafias TO pév mpüTov kaTaToAe-
uijcat. vávras Tos OpOopovs uéxypi ToU Tlavdióos
TOTOGJLOUÜ. kai TaUTQv uév daot Tao/Tas TÓÀS
mpáéew émvreAecauévgv kat. kard Twa uáxymv
Aapjumpós aycvwaévmv TpoukOs TeÀevrícat TOV
Biov.

46. Aua8e£apévgv 06 T)v 7aUsTqs Üvyarépa Tcv
PBaciMetav (mAcat uév Tiv Qperwv Tüs uwuTpós,
omepBaAécÜa. 8é rais karQà pépos mpá£eot. Ts

! ax«uàás Dindorf: uáyas.

BOOK Il. 4s. 2-46. 1

people after people of neighbouring lands, and as
the tide of her fortune continued favourable, she was
so filled with pride that she gave herself the appella-
ton of Daughter of Ares; but to the men she
assigned the spinning of wool and such other domestic
duties as belong to women. Laws also were estab-
lished by her, by virtue of which she led forth the
women to the contests of war, but upon the men
she fastened humiliation and slavery. And as for
their children, they mutilated both the legs and the
arms of the males, incapacitating them in this way
for the demands of war, and in the case of the females
they seared the right breast that it might not pro-
Ject when their bodies matured and be in the way ;
and it is for this reason that the nation of the
Amazons received the appellation it bears. In
ceneral, this queen was remarkable for her intelli-
gence aud abilitv as a general, and she founded a
great city named Themiseyra at the mouth of the
Thermodon river and built there a famous palace ;
furthermore, in her campaigns she devoted much
attention to military discipline and at the outset
subdued all her neighbours as far as the Tanais river.
And this queen, they say, accomplished the deeds
which have been mentioned, and fighting brilliantly
in a certain battle she ended her life heroically.

46. The daughter of this queen, the account con-
tinues, on succeeding to the throne emulated the
excellence of her mother, and even surpassed her in

! Amazon is commonly derived from a and paZós, a form
of puaorOs (breast ), and so means ** without a breast,"
because the right breast was got rid of, that it might not
hinder the use of the bow. For a slightly different account,
cp. Book 3. 53.

DIODORUS OF SICILY

Hév yàp zapÜévovs ao Tís mporwus 9nÀuas €v Tc
rats Üypoais yvuváGew kat kaÜ' Tjuépav aoketv rà
Tipos Tr'óÀeuov àvyokovra, karaóei£a. 0€ kai Üvotas
peyaAompemets "ÁApev Te kat " Apréjaàs Tfj mpoca-
yopevouévm lavpozOóÀq: oTrpareUcacav Ó. eig Tv
répav ToU Tavaióos zrorapo ycpav karasoAeutjoat
Tüvrü TQà €Üvg và ovwveyi) néyp( Ts Opdkns:
avakápubacav Óé puerà moAÀÀQv AÀa$Upwv eis Tiv
oikeiav vaoUs pqeyaAompemets karaokevágau TÓV
mpoeuponp.évo Üedv, kat TÀv Üroreraypévov émtec-
KÓs dpyovcav amoOoy?s Tvyydvew TÜs ueytormaS.
orpareücat. O6 kai émi Ü&repa uépm, kai moAMv
Tüs 'Ácias karakrQioacÜat, kai Ouretvac. Tjj
Ovvdperc uéypoi T5js Zivpias.

Mera 0€ 75v Ta/TQs TcÀevT)v dei TOS Tpoocm-
KkoUcas TO yévev OuaOeyouévas T)v BaciAetav
&áp£au. uév émi$avOs, ajbf$oa. 8é TO &Üvos TÓw
'Aualoviócv Ovvdue: Te kai Oó£n. perà Oe
TaUra ToÀÀais *yeveais vorepov, OueDonuévnus
KüTü Tücav TTV oiKovuuévgv Ts epi abrüs
aperfs, 'llpakAéa d$aot TÓv é£ 'AÀxpovQs kai
Aus &ÜÀov AaBetv rap! EopvoÜécs TOv 'ImroAUr0s
Tfs ÁApgnalióvos Go oTfjpa. Ouómep oTpaTeÜoat pev a)-
TÓv, zrapará£e, 0é eyáy vuajoavra 7TÓ Te arpaTó-
Te00v TOV Aualóvov karakódjat kai T7)v 'IezroAUTgv
neraà ToU GooTiüjpos Cwypicavra TO €Üvos ToÜTo
TeÀécs avvrpülat. Otómep rovs mreptoucotvras Dap-
Pápovs Tíjs u.év aoÜeveias aDrÓv karaópovyjcavras,

BOOK Il. 46. 1-4

some particular deeds. For instance, she exercised
in the chase the maidens from their earliest girlhood
and drilled them daily in the arts of war, and she
also established magnificent festivals both to Ares
and to the Artemis who is called Tauropolus.| "Then
she campaigned against the territory lying beyond
the Tanais and subdued all the peoples one after
another as far as Thrace; and returning to her
native land with much booty she built magnificent
shrines to the deities mentioned above, and by
reason of her kindly rule over her subjects received
from them the greatest approbation. She also cam-
paigned on the other side? and subdued a large
part of Asia and extended her power as far as Syria.

After the death of this queen, as their account
continues, women of her family, succeeding to the
queenship from time to time, ruled with distinction
and advanced the nation of the Amazons in both
power and fame. And many generations after these
events, when the excellence of these women had
been noised abroad through the whole inhabited
world, they say that Heracles, the son of Alcmené
and Zeus, was assigned by Eurystheus the Labour
of securing the girdle of Hippolyté the Amazon.3
Consequently he embarked on this campaign, and
coming off victorious in a great battle he not only
cut to pieces the army of Amazons but also, after
taking captive Hippolyté together with her girdle,
completely crushed this nation. Consequently the
neighbouring barbarians, despising the weakness of

! 'The Taurian Artemis, so well known from the 7 phigeneia
among the Taurians of Euripides.

? 4.e. south of the Black 5ea.

3 "The story is given in detail in Dook 4. 16.

DIODORUS OF SICILY

TOv O6 kKaÜ' éavrobs gvqowak)cavras, ToA«c-
uijca. GuveyOs T0 éÜvos émi TocoÜrov oe
uxo ovop.a. To0 y€vovs TÓV Apaboviócv aToÀ-
TelV. peTà yap TTV IpakAéous cTrparetav OÀL-
ots VOTepov éregt KaTÀ. TOV Tpawóv TOÀenóÓv aot
HevQeotetav Tv PactAeiovaav TOv ÜmoAeAeus-
.évav Apabovioov, "Apeos puév o9Gav Üvyarépa,
$óvov à' cp. UAov émvTeAecauévnv, vyetv. ék Tíjs
zrarpióos Oud TO pLUgOos. cupupuaxngacav 8é Totg
Tpcoot perá TV Exropos TeAeuTTv zroAMoUs
aveAetv. rÀv 'EAMvov, apugreóaagay Ó abro
ev Tfj zaparà£eu karacTpélau TOV Ptov ajpaucós
DT Axis avo4peÜetoav. TÓV pév oOv '"AÁgua-
Coviócov ca xdv TOUTYV Aéyovaw avópeta Otevey-
Ketv, kat TO Aowróv del TÓ €Üvos TOmewoUpLevov
doÜcvijoa: TQVTeÀQs* OO kat KG TÀ TOUS Vec)TÉpoUs
KatpoUs, érmei0dv Twes Tepi Ts a)TÓV avópetas
Ote&icau, nuUÜovs cyobüvra. memÀaopnévovs Tàs
Tepi TÓV Apaboviocv apxatoAoytas .

4T. Hpets O'. émet TÀ mpós dpkTovs kKkekAuiéva
uépy Tfs Aoias ze capuev avoyypa$fjs OUK
avotketov etvat votiGojiev T cepi TÓYV Yrreppopécv
jiuÜoÀoyoUpueva. OucAÜetv. TÓV "yàp Tàs mraAaus
pvÜoAoytas avayeypadórov 'Ekaratos kai Tes
érepot $aow év mois üvrurépas Tfs KeArucfs
TÓTOULS KGrTd TOv ckeavOv eivat vfjoov oUK éÀáTTO

— —À o M — —— 0000 MM MM M —À ———9—

! Quintus Smyrnaeus (1. 24 f.) says that she killed her sister
Hippolyté on a hunt, while hurling her spear at a stag.

? "There seems good reason (sce. R. Hennig, *' Die Anfánge

des kulturellen und Handelsverkehr in der Mittelmeerwelt, d

Historische Zeitschrift, 139 (1928), 1-33) to see in this people

who live '! beyond the north wind,'' as their name signifies,

BOOK Il. 46. 4-47. 1

this people and remembering against them their past
injuries, waged continuous wars against the nation
to such a degree that they left in existence not even
the name of the race of the Amazons. For a few
years after the campaign of Heracles against them,
they say, during the time of the TroJan W ar, Penthe-
sileia, the queen of the surviving Amazons, who was
a daughter of Ares and had slain one of Ber kindred,
fled from her native land because of the sacrilege.!
And fighting as an ally of the Trojans after the
death of Hector she slew many of the Greeks, and
after gaining distinction in the struggle she ended
her life heroically at the hands of Achille. Now
they say that Penthesileia was the last of the
Amazons to win distinction for bravery and that
for the future the race diminished more and more
and then lost all its strength ; consequently in later
times, whenever any writers recount their prowess,
men consider the ancient stories about the Amazons
to be fictitious tales.

41. Now for our part, since we have seen fit to
make mention of the regions of Asia which lie to
the north, we feel that it will not be foreign to our
purpose to diseuss the legendary accounts of the
Hyperboreans.? Of those who have written about
the ancient myths, Hecataeus and certain others
say that in the regions beyond the land of the
Celts ? there lies in the ocean an island no smaller

an early acquaintance of the Greeks, through the medium of
the Celts, with Britain and its inhabitants. In this chapter
Apollo would be the Celtie sun-god Borvon, and the '' sacred
precinct'' of Apollo would be the famous Stone Áge remains
of Stonehenge.

? $.e. Gaul.

DIODORUS OF SICILY

^ ; , € J/ A M X
Tis 2ukeÀiag. Ta/UTQV Ümrápyew gév kaTQ TAS
&pkTovs, kaTowetaÜau, óé vo TOv Ovoualouévov
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2 » ? , L4 L4 A
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b $5 ^ A X / A Ml A » /
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puüAcra rÀv GAÀÀov Üeív map abrots TuGoÜ0au:
T ? , M e € ^ , ,
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Ou TO TOV Üeóv Tobrov kaÜ' fjtépaw UT QGUTÓV
ouvetoÜa ner. e otis QUvexás KQL rui GoÜa. Oua-
$epóvrcs. Ümápyew Oé kxaií xarà TT7)v vijcov
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* ^ L4
a£iAÀoyov avaÜ'uaot zoAÀAots kekxoopugpuévov, a$ac-
^^ ^ X
poeO08 T oy"nuaT.. kaGi TOÀw gév Umápxyew
tepàv. ToU ÜeoÜ -ToUTrov, TÓv Oé karo'xoUvraov
bl /
ab0TrT)v TOUS mÀeiarovs «ivau kiÜapiaTás, | kai
^ ^ ^ [4 e ^
cvveyós év rà vaà kiapiCovras vuvovs Aéyew rà
^ 3c ^ ^
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"E $e ety ; n IA
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X A A e 3 / ^
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1 , A i] b] / A /
KaL pAÀuoTA Tpos TOUS AÜmnvatovs kat AqvAtovs,
€K sgrüÀauDv ypóvov apewAnóóras TT?v «cUvotav
Ml ^ ^
rü)TQv. kaL TOv 'EAAgvov Twàs pvÜoAoyobo:
^ ? € / M *? /
zapaBaÀetv eig "YmepBopéovs, kat avaÜ9uara
TOoÀvTeÀ karaÀwretv ypápuaow: "EAAqvucots. ém-
yeypagutéva. cocavros 0€ kat ék rv YepBopéuv

! The mother by Zeus of Apollo and Artemis.
? 'The island of Delos was from the earliest period of the
Greek civilization a centre of the worship of Apollo.

BOOK II. 47. 1-5

than Sicily. This island, the account continues, is
situated in the north and is inhabited by the Hyper-
boreans, who are called by that name because their
home is beyond the point whence the north wind
(Boreas) blows; and the island is both fertile and
productive of every crop, and since it has an unusually
temperate climate it produces two harvests each
year. Moreover, the following legend is told con-
cerning it: Leto! was born on this island, and for
that reason Apollo is honoured among them above
all other gods; and the inhabitants are looked upon
as priests of Apollo, after a manner, since daily they
praise this god continuously in song and honour him
exceedingly. And there is also on the island both
a magnificent sacred precinct of Apollo and a notable
temple which is adorned with many votive offerings
and is spherical in shape. Furthermore, a city is
there which is sacred to this god, and the majority
of its inhabitants are plavers on the cithara; and
these continually play on this instrument in the
temple and sing hymns of praise to the god, glorifying
his deeds.

Ihe Hyperboreans also have a language, we are
informed, which is peculiar to them, and are most
friendly disposed towards the Greeks, and especially
towards the Athenians and the Delians,? who have in-
herited this good-will from most ancient times. "The
myth also relates that certain Greeks visited the
Hyperboreans and left behind them there costly
votive offerings bearing inscriptions in Greek letters.
And in the same way Abaris? a Hyperborean, came

* Abaris is apparently à purely mythical figure, who in
some authors sailed on his arrow, as on a witch's broomstick,
through the air over rivers and seas.

Ub»

DIODORUS OF SICILY

"ABapw ets 79v 'EAAG0a. karavr5)jcavra 7O zaAÀatÓv
advag(iga,. TT?v "pos AmAtovs «e)voiàv T€ kai
gGvyyéveuav. aot 0é kat T?)v oeAvqv ék raUTqS
Tüs v5cov $aivecÜau zavTeAOs OMyov améxyovcav
Tüs yTs kaí Twas é£oxyàs yecOeus éyovcav €v
arf davepás. Aéyerav 8é kai TOv Üeóv àv
érÓv évveakaióeka karavrüv «eis TTVv vífjocov, €v
ots ai TV dGGTpcov dQTokaraOTdOeuls éÉmL TéÀos
dyovrüv — Kat Ou&. ToDTO TOV €évveaka4Oekaei)
yxpovov voz0 TOv 'EAXjvov Mérovos évwavrov
ovoudiecÜau. karà 0é r^v éztódáveiav TasTqv TOV
Ücóv kiÜapiLew Te kat yopeUew avvexyóis às vUkTas
a7O0 io"Leptas éapwTjs €ws zÀeu400s araroAds émi
TOis iOtots eünnepracot TepmOjevov. BaotÀevew
0€ Tfj; mOÀens raU7T09s Kai TOÜ TeLévovs émápyew
ToUs Ovouatopnévous DopedOas, üoyóvovs Ovras
Bopéov, kai kaTà "'yévos dei Owa0éyeoÜaw Tàs
apyds.

48. Tosrav Ó Tuv Oteukpun.évaov perafiá-
TOpLev TOV Aóyov € ézi Tà €Tepa uépr Tfjs Aocias 7
Ia) TerevyoTa Tis avaypadfis, KaL páAa Ta TÀ
KaüTQ TTV Apaptav. QUT? yop KetraL [Lev pera£u
XMupias kat Tfje AÁvyUr TOV, 70ÀÀOtS O€ kat zavroóa-
TOig €Üveou Ove(Aymr Tau. TÀ puév oOv mpos TQ»V €c
Hp KQT 7oukobaw Apapes 00s ovo. Covat Nafa.-
raioUs, vepó[.evot ycopav TT" [Lev epnjuov, T?v Oé
avvOpov, oAbyny O€ kapzroéópov. €xovat O€ Btov

ÀnpoTpikÓr, kat zroÀMv TTS OJ.ÓpoU xcopas KQTOTpÉ-

1 The ** Metonic Cycle "' is described in Book 12. 36. The
cycle of Meton, which was introduced in Athens in 432 z.c.,
was designed to reconcile the lunar and the solar year, the latter
being reckoned at 3655, days. That this nineteen-year cycle

DOOK II. 47. 5-48. 2

to Greece in ancient times and renewed the good.
will and kinship of his people to the Delians. They
say also that the moon, as viewed from this island,
appears to be but a little distance from the earth
and to have upon it prominences, like those of the
earth, which are visible to the eye. The account is
also given that the god visits the island every nine-
teen years, the period in which the return of the
stars to the same place in the heavens is accom-
plished; and for this reason the nineteen-year period
is called by the Greeks the " vear of Meton."! At
the time of this appearance of the god he both plays
on the cithara and dances continuously the night
through from the vernal equinox until the rising of
the Pleiades, expressing in this manner his delight
in his successes. And the kings of this city and the
supervisors of the sacred precinct are called Boreadae,
since they are descendants of Doreas, and the
succession to these positions is always kept in their
family.

48. But now that we have examined these matters
we shall turn our account to the other parts of Asia
which have not yet been described, and more espe-
cially to Arabia. "This land is situated between
Syria and Egypt, and is divided among many peoples
of diverse characteristics. Now the eastern parts are
inhabited by Arabs, who bear the name of Naba-
taeans and range over a country which is partly desert
and partly waterless, though a small section of it is
fruitful. And they lead a life of brigandage, and

overrunning a large part of the neighbouring terri-

was actually inaugurated at this time has been maintained,
most recently, by W. B. Dinsmoor, 7'he Archons of Athens in
the Hellenistic ÁAge (1931), pp. 320-1 and passim.

DIODORUS OF SICILY

xovTes Ajarevovaw, Oves OUGJLQYOL KaGTQ TOUS
mroAépovs. KQTQ yop Tv GvvOpov xc)pav Aeyo-
névav KQTeO KevaKÓTes eUKa4pa. $péara, Kai ra0Ta
Temowkoóres Toig GÀÀow €Üveow !. áàyvoo ra, aup-
$eUyovow eig TT)v xopav Ta)TrQv dkwOUvos.
a)TOL pL€V yàp eiO0óTres TQà karakekKpujuJLéva TÓYV
ÜOdTcv, kat vrabr votyovres, xpóvracv OaiiuAéot
TOTOUs* oi 0€ voUrovs émQwokovres üAAocÜvets
aTaviLovres 7fjs VOpeias Ouà. Tr)v àyvoiav TOv ópeá-
TÓV, ot L€v GzróAÀvvrat Ou&. TT)v Ozrávtw TÓV DOGTOV,
ot 0é moÀÀà kakomaÜWcavres quóytws eig TTV
oiketav GcoLovrat. Olómep ot TüUTQv TT» xcpav
kaTowKoüvres "Apapes, óvres OvokaramoAéunrot,
OtuTeAoUcw &OoUVÀc TOL, TpOs Oé ToUTOwg EmTyÀvv
pev c)yepóva. TO sapámav o) mpoocOéyovrat, OtaTe-
Aobtat 6€ 77v éAevÜepiav OuaóvAdTTOvTes üadAevrov.
Olózep oUrT AacUpto. TO TaÀau.0v oUÜ. ot MyjGov
xai llepaóv, ér. 0€ Maxeoóvov facets )9vvr-
Üncav a)Tro)s karaóovÀccacÜat, moÀÀAs uév kai
|.eyáÀas Ovvápews és aDToUs dyayóvres, ovOÉmore
0€ ràs ézfoAas ovvreAécavres.

"Eorc 9. év Tfj Xopq TÓY NaBaratav kat TÉéTpa
kaÜ' bmepBoMjv óxvpá, piav aváBaow éxovoa,
ÓU js KaT OAÀtyovs àvaBaivovres amor(Üevrat
Tüs àzockKevds. Auuvm T€ ueydÀm óépovoa moAÀMv

! gAAots €Üveow MSS.: aAMoecÜOvéow Dindorf, Vogel.

! A fuller description of this custom 1s given in Book 19. 94
in connection with the expedition of Antigonus against the
Nabataeans.

? Cp. chap. 1. 5.

3 "The city of Petra (rock); ep. Book 19. 97 and Strabo,
16. 21.

BOOK 1I. 48. 2-6

tory they pillage it, being diffieult to overcome in
war. Flor in the waterless region, as it is called,
they have dug wells at convenient intervals and
have kept the knowledge of them hidden from the
peoples of all other nations, and so they retreat in a
body into this region out of danger.! For since they
themselves know about the places of hidden water
and open them up, they have for their use drinking
water in abundance; but such other peoples as
pursue them, being in want of a watering-place by
reason of their ignorance of the wells, in some cases
perish because of the lack of water and in other
cases regain their native land in safety only with
difüi«culty and after suffering many ills. Conse-
quently the Arabs who inhabit this country, being
difheult to overcome in war, remain always un-
enslaved; furthermore, they never at any time
accept a man of another country as their over-lord
and continue to maintain their liberty unimpaired.
Consequently neither the Assvrians of old, nor the
kings of the Medes and Persians, nor yet those of
the Macedonians have been able to enslave them,
and although they led many great forces against
them, thev never brought their attempts to a
successful conclusion.?

There is also in the land of the Nabataeans a
rock, which is exceedingly strong since it has but
one approach, and using this ascent they mount it a
few at a time and thus store their possessions in
safety. And a large lake * is also there which pro-

1 'The Dead Sea; cp. Strabo 16. 42f. The remainder of this
chapter appears in the same words in Book 19. 98, which has
been thc basis of many changes in the text of the present
passage.

DIODORUS OF SICILY

ac$aArov, é£ 5s Aaufávovaw o)k OAvyas mpoocó-
Oovs. aUT9) O éxyev TrÓ pév uijkos araO(nv os
TevraKoc(lov, TÓ 0€ mÀdros cs é£vXkovra, TO Ó
DOcop Ovaé)Oes kai Dd rU pov, cOTe p OvvacÜa
por tix00v Tpédew p5T &AÀo TrÀv kaU DOo;ros
eicoÜór«wv Civ etvav.. éufaM vro 9' eis admi
morap Gv peydáAcv 7fj yAvkUrqri 8adópo, rovrav
pev epvyterau Ka rà T)v OvowO(av, é£ a)Tfs
0€ péos KaT €viav TOv ék Qvod aoóáXroU p.éyeÜos
TOTÉ LéV j.etbov 7 TptrAeÜpov, éor. 89. Ove Ovotv
mÀéÜpuv: ej LN 0n cuvnuÜws ot zrepuowcobv-
TES PapBapo. TO pév puetGov kaÀobD0t rabüpov, 7Ó Ó
éAaTTOV LÓGCYOV errovopáGovaw. emumrAeobos 0€ : Tfls
da óáArov mTeÀayias Ó TÜTOS " $atverau Tots 3 e
dmooTijjLaros Üecopotoctw otovet vjoos. 71v 9. ékzrToo-
gw TÍjs Go$áATov cvpipatvet $avepàv yiveaÜa, TOlS
avÜparows mpÓ v)uepáv etkoav: * KÜKÀQ yap Tis
Aus zt zroAAoUs craOtovs o ogpu) mpoamirret perá
TveUpnoros, kai vüs Ó Tepi TOV TÓTOV üpyvpós T€
Kai ypvaOs kat xaÀkos aroBaAAet 71)v CO.OTYTa. TOÜ
xpopnaros. QàAA 2 Lev amokaDiora roa Tw,
eme v ara dvaÜsvat ? cvu pf "ücav Tv odd
TOV: Ó [E "rAyatov TÓTOS epumropos àv Kai OvooOns
TOL€C 7à. Goa Ta, Tv av Üperreov € égrivoca kal 7ravre-
Aós Owyoxpóvua.. a'yaÜ7) 9. éovi. $owiwódvros Ógv
aoTí]s cvpipatret TOTO4OÍlS OveuA 0a. Xpxatpovs
7 mTi]yats Ovvauévaus dpOeUew. —yiverat Óé mepi

e Wesseling: cv.

TUTOS Sehüfer: Tó7os.

p&v after rots deleted by Dindorf.
óJo after ei«oot deleted by Dindorf.
avaóvoyüjva. Dindorf: avaóvosoa:.

^m o t to nf

BOOK Il. 48. 6-9

duces asphalt in abundance, and from it they derive
not a little revenue. It has a length of about five
hundred stades and a width of about sixty, and its
water is so ill-smelling and so very bitter that it
cannot support fish or any of the other animals
which commonly live in water. And although great
rivers of remarkable sweetness empty into it, the
lake gets the better of them by reason of its evil
smell, and from its centre it spouts forth once a year
a great mass of asphalt,! which sometimes extends
for more than three plethra, and sometimes for only
two; and when this occurs the barbarians who live
about the lake usually call the larger flow a " bull "
and to the smaller one they give the name "' calf."
Since the asphalt floats on the surface of the lake,
to those who view it from a distance it takes the
appearance of an island. And the fact is that the
emission of the asphalt is made known to the natives
twenty days before it takes place; for to a distance
of many stades around the lake the odour, borne on
the wind, assails them, and every piece of silver and
gold and brass in the locality loses its characteristic
lustre. DBut this returns again as soon as all the
asphalt has been spouted forth; and the region
round about, by reason of its being exposed to fire
and to the evil odours, renders the bodies of the
inhabitants susceptible to disease and makes the
people very short-lived. Yet the land is good for
the growing of palms, wherever it happens to be
traversed by rivers with usable water or to be
supplied with springs which can irrigate it. And

| Asphalt even now occasionallv floats ashore from the

Dead Sea.
45

DIODORUS OF SICILY

Y / / l^? ?A ^ f NES /
TOUS TOT7TIOUS TOUTOUS Vid QUACJOVUL TULPUL KQ. TO Ka Àov-

pevov BaÀcagov, eE o9 TpócoOov Gópav : Aag Bá--
vovgu, oj0aj100 név TÜs GAS otKovjLévis eÜpt-
cKoptévov TOÜ d$vroD ToUrov, Ts O éf& a)Tro0
ypetas eis óàppaka Tols LaTpois kaÜ' jmeppoAnv
eüÜerovans.

49. 'H $' €Xoptév) TÍS avOOpov Ka | eprjpov
Xopas "Apafta rogoDro OLaépet rTaDTQs cGoTe ou
TO mÀijÜos TÓÀv €v a)Tij $voj.évom Kapmóv T€ Kai
TÓv GAÀÀcv dayaÜóov Ev0aiporva Apafíar "rpogo;yo-
pevÜTvaa. kdAauov Lév yàp kai gxoivov kat Tiv
aAAQv vÀqv T"v GpopaTiGovcav ToÀÀQv dépeu kai
«aÜóÀou mavroóOamàs dUAÀcv eUo0(as, kat TÓV
Gmoorabóvrov OaKpcov oops mrouciÀaus OLec-
Ama Tv T€ yàp cjLDpvav Kai TOV mrpoaQué-
cTaTOv TOiS Üeots eis me TV oiKoU|Lévrv &zacav
O.amÓó,muLov ABavcróv at raUrqs 9 éoxyariai é-
pougt. TOÜ 0€ kógTOU KaL kacias, ert Oe kwap[.d-
pov kaL. TrÓv GÀÀcv TÓV TOLOUTOV XÓpTOL Kal
Ü&uvov BaÜetau rocabrat zredókaow core rà vapáà
TO(s &ÀÀotus ozavíos és fcopovs Üeàv TÜépeva
Tap. éketvous kai KiuB&vov Dmápyew ékkaDpara,
KQi TOÀ Trapà TOis GÀAotS pAKpQ Oevypamt Uzrápyovra.

| rovrovs omitted by C D F, Vogel; but ep. 19. 98. 4.

? aópav Vogel, from 19. 98. 4 : ju«pàv D, Bekker, who adds
ov, Aajzpàv 1I, Dindorf.

3 a( Tas heiske: az avrijs a4 ravrqs.

! 'The Jordan valley at Jericho.
? Strabo (16. 2. 41) briefly deseribes how the resin, perhaps
the Biblical ** balm of Gilead," was extracted from this tree.

406

BOOK Hl. 48. 9-49. 3

there is also found in these regions in a certain
valley ! the balsam tree, as it is called, from which
they receive a substantial revenue, since this tree is
found nowhere else in the inhabited world and the
use of it for medicinal purposes is most highly valued
by physicians.?

49.3 That part of Arabia whieh borders upon the
waterless and desert country is so different from it
that, because both of the multitude of fruits which
grow therein and of its other good things, it has
been called Arabia Felix. For the reed * and the
rush ? and every other growth that has a spicy scent
are produced in great abundanec, as is also, speaking
generallv, every kind of fragrant substance which is
derived from leaves, and the land is distinguished in
its several parts by the varied odours of the gums
whieh drip from them; for myrrh and that frank-
incense which is most dear to the gods and is ex-
ported throughout the entire inhabited world are
produced in the farthest parts of this land. And
kostos 5 and cassia? and cinnamon and al other
plants of this nature grow there in ficlds and
thiekets of such depth that wbat all other peoples
sparinglv place upon the altars of the gods is
actually used by them as fuel under their pots, and
what is found among all other peoples in small speci-

?* Chaps. 49-53 are commonly attributed to Posidonius
(ép. dacoby, FGR HIST o. 5T, E-TbD.

1 The " sweet reed '' (sweet-flag) of Theophrastus, Enquiry
Dto Plants; 9. 5. 1,0 (VoL 2; pp. 21/4. am L.C.L. £r. b5- Host).

? Ginger-grass; op. ibid.

$ Saussurea Lappa ; cp. ibid.

? Cinnamomuwm iners, idem, 9. 5. 3 (Vol. 2, pp. 243 f. in
LIO D..

5 i.e. aromatic planta.

DIODORUS OF SICILY

zap. éketvou; oaTupáOas oikeruküg émt TÓV. oLKuÜV
rapéxeaa. TÓ T€ KaAoUpLevov KWVdqUO[LOV Óud.-
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yivovrav ék 0€ TOUTOV TÓS oikias gvAAeyovres
kara. kevdLovau: a.ts óTQV ek TOÜ mepiéyovros
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Tfjs ikquáos gvppet eis Tàs Qppoyàs TÓV Acc,
kai Tw yvonevov cvupnoveis amrepyáberaa Toixovs.

50. MeraAAeverac ó€ karà T)v "Apafiüav kat o
mpoga;yopevóp.evos Grupos ypvGós, oUy oOoTep
7a. 0 TOÍS GAAOLS ék Jyypá roov RO uen
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! 70 Ó&uarqkóuevov Wesseling: ró omitted A D, óià vo
T?kópevov C F.

* $76 Dindorf: aO.

3 uév after r0 added by Jacoby.
! lTurpentine tree; ep. Theophrastus, tbid. 3. 15. 3—1 and
passim.

DOOK II. 49. 3-30. t

mens there supplies material for the mattresses of
the servants in their homes. Moreover, the cinnamon,
as it is called, which is exceptionally useful, and resin
of the pine, and the terebinth,! are produced in these
regions in great abundance and of sweet odour. And
in the mountains grow not only silver fir and pine in
abundance, but also eedar and the Phoenician cedar ?
in abundance and boraton? as it is called. "There
are also many other kinds of fruit-bearing plants of
sweet odour, which vield sap and fragrances most
pleasing to such as approach them. Indeed the very
earth itself is by its naturc full of a vapour which is
like sweet incense. Consequently, in certain regions
of Arabia, when the earth is dug up, there are
discovered veins of sweet odour, in the working of
which quarries of extraordinary magnitude are
formed; and from these they gather stones and
build their houses. And as for their houses, when-
ever rain drops from the enveloping atmosphere,
that part * which is melted down by the moisture
flows into the joints of the stones and hardening
there makes the walls solid throughout.

50. There is also mined in Arabia the gold called
'' fireless, 5 which is not smelted from ores, as is
done among all other peoples, but is dug out directly
from the earth; it is found in nuggets about the
size of chestnuts, and is so fiery-red in colour that
when it is used by artisans as a setting for the most
precious gems it makes the fairest of adornments.

* These two cedars are distinguished in Theophrastus,
ibid. 3. 12. 3—£ (Vol. 2, pp. 235 f. in L.C.L.).

3 Juniper.

* Presumably, the clay of the roof.

5 $(.e. unsmelted.

DIODORUS OF SICILY

2 TOv Kkocunuárcov. Üpeupudrwov 7e zavroOamÓv
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5 à Oc TÓ Pápos o? Ovvápevov e£üpat kal vérealat
kaTá Tfs yis (KÉ(QS akpoporet, KaL ÓwcoKÓ|Levov
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AdÜovus oUvrws c)rOvcs dmocóQevóovd mpós ToUs
OÓuDkKovras «oOTe moÀÀdkus kaprepats mÀnyais

! zr9yvóy. Rhodomann, Dindorf, Bekker: xqgvov MSS.
Vogel.
? medpucvías Cobet: sedvkvtas.

BOOK II. so. 2-5

There is also in the land such a multitude of herds
that many tribes which have chosen a nomad life
are able to fare right well, experiencing no want of
grain but being provided for in abundance by their
herds. "That part of the country which borders upon
Syria breeds a multitude of fierce wild beasts; for
the lions and leopards there are far more numerous
and larger and superior in ferocity as compared with
those of Libya, and in addition to these there are
the Babylonian tigers, as they are called. And it
produces animals which are of double form and
mingled in their natures, to which belong the strutho-
cameli, which, as their name implies, embrace in
their form the compound of a bird ! and of a camel.
For in size they are like a newly-born camel, but
their heads bristle with fine hair, and their eyes are
large and black, indistinguishable in general appear-
ance and colour from those of the camel. [It is also
long-necked and has a beak which is very short and
contracted to a sharp point. And since it has wings
with feathers which are covered with a fine hair,
and is supported upon two legs and on feet with
cloven hoofs, it has the appearance of a land animal
as well as of a bird. But being unable by reason of
its weight to raise itself in the air and to fly, it
swiftly skims over the land, and when pursued by
hunters on horseback with its feet it hurls stones as
from a sling upon its pursuers, and with such force

! The MSS. write ' of a goose." Oppian, OCynegetica,

3. 483, says that the animal was of the nature of a camel and
of an *' ostrich "' (strouthos).

? uaÀak«ós Suggested by Vogel, adopted by Jacoby:

paÀakots.

Ub»

DIODORUS OF SICILY

G)TOUS TepumümTew. émei0àv Óé mepucaráü Am Tov
7), T)v KeóaAM)v etis Twa Üáuvov 7?) ToiasTqv
gGkéTwQV GTOkKpUmTEeTQl, OUXY, QS Ooltovrai TUES,
aópooUvg kai voUpórwT ioxfjs 0ux 70 ju) BAérrew
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érépuowv, aAÀa 0ià 7O TOÜ GccopaTOs €yew cToDTO TO
pépos àaÜevéaraTov akémnv abr ! mpós owTwqpiav
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Tois ÜLoots TpOs OiaT»pyuow o) góvov éavTÓv,
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diAobcas ràs OuaO0yàs eis atóuov aryovaa Ouaovfs
KÜkÀov.

51. At 06 kaAovpevat kajmÀosapódAeis Tr ?
uw apóorépov éyovat TOv év vf mpoomyopía
repieiAnuévoov ocv. TO puév yàp ueyéÜDet PLU DO-
repa. TÓV kKkajrÀcov eiat Kal BpaxvrpaynAórepas,"
T)v Oé ke$óaM)v kai T TÓv ÓpjdTcv OváÜea w
zapódAe( Tapejóepets *. OuarerU mc vrav TO. Ó€
KaTà Tv pàxw kvproua Tapeuóepés éyovaat
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Tiv TOU Ünpiov $vUoiv amoTvmoÜvrai. yivovrat Ó€
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T)v $Ucw kexcpuaptérow éyovra, eot Qv Tà kard

i aor Jacoby : QUT(O.
? uv after rijv deleted by Dindorf.
M dod Re has been suggested.
3 mapeuóepetgs Hertlein: mzpooeuóep D, mpoceuóepet À B,
vapepudoepet C

BOOK Il. 5o. 5-51. 2

that they often receive severe wounds. And when-
ever it is overtaken and surrounded, it hides its head
in a bush or some such shelter, not, as some men
suppose, because of its folly and stupidity of spirit,
as if it thought that since it could not see the others
it could not itself be seen by others either, but
because its head is the weakest part of its body it
seeks a shelter for it in order to save its life; for
Nature is an excellent instructor of all animals for
the preservation not only of their own lives but also
of their offspring, since by planting in them an
innate love of life she leads successive generations
into an eternal cycle of continued existence.

51. The camelopards,! as they are called, represent
the mixing of the two animals which are included in
the name given to it. For in size they are smaller
than the camel and have shorter necks,? but in the
head and the arrangement of the eyes they are
formed very much like a leopard; and although they
have a hump on the back like the camel, yet with
respect to colour and hair they are like leopards;
likewise in the possession of a long tail they imitate
the nature of this wild beast. "There are also bred
tragelaphoi (goat-stags) and bubali? and many
other varieties of animals which are of double form
and combine in one body the natures of creatures
most widely different, about all of which it would

1 ** Camel-Jeopards,"'' or giraffes.

2 "longer necks'' has been suggested. Agatharchides
(ap. Photius 455. 4) had said that their necks were so long that
they could get their food from the * tops of trees." Giraffes
had been exhibited in Alexandria in the third century B.c.,
and one was brought to Rome by Julius Caesar in 46 n.c.
(Dio 43. 23).

3 Apparently a kind of antelopoe.

DIODORUS OF SICILY

3 népos |o póv àv et) ypàóew. | Óoket yàp 1) avvey-
'yLG,OUVGG. XCOp0. Tjj peonuptig. TT) à) jov OUvaquv
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robTo ToÀÀÓv kai sowuiAcov, érv 06 kaÀOv boov

4 ces ycvváàvy: 0u& 0€ Tàs aDrÀs airías kard ev

* » /, Di /, N
T?v AvtyusTOV TOUS T€ kpokoOetÀous $vUeoÜa. kal
TOUS "oTQpuous Urmovs, kaTà, 0é rv AtÜvorríav kat
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zravroóamáv Ojecv T€ kat vÓÀv dQÀAÀuv Ünpicov
kai ópakóvrov é£nAÀaypévov rots re neyéÜeoc kai
rais aÀkais, Ojtotcos 0€ kat ToUs cepi Tr]v.— lvOuenv
? / e / ^ 3 A
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TÀnÜeaw, érc 06 rais aÀkats.

52. Ov uóvov 0. év ravraus rats xyopaas 6àa yev-

^ ^ ? / ? y à. A b ? e ,
vürau. Tats LOéaus é£yÀÀaypéva Ou) 71). à vjJACOV

/ 3 /, 5 X X / /
cvvepytav kai OUvajuwv, GÀÀa kat AlÜcyv. zravrotcov
ékdiaeis Oud opor rats ypóo«s kai rats ÀAaumpórgot

2 àuudavets. ToUs yàp kpvarüAAovs AtÜovs éyew vT)v
cUoTragcuw éÓb 0O0aros kaÜapoD «ayévros o)y vmO

, 5 ? e 3 , Ml / ? a
Jóyovs, aAA OmO0 Üeiov svpós Ovvdpeos, Óv mv
5 / M , X / ^ M
acYymrovs pév a)TOoUs O.uuévew, Dadijvac 0€ 7roÀv-

3 nóp$cos avaÜvpadoec veoparos. apiapdvyóous yop
«a, rà kaÀojpeva pnupvAAa KaTG TÀS €v Tots
yaÀkoupyetows jieraAAe(as ywópveva, Ouà Tv aO
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0€ ypucoAUovus UO kamvobOovs avaÜvjuáaecs
jjAtov Üepp.órwyr. $vopuévovs A€yovat TUyXvetv

4 ToUrov TOoÜ xpoparos. OiÓ kai TOUS ovojia.-
Lop.évovs J'evQoy pUcovs karackevabcaUat Ou& ToD
ÜvnroU kai óm^ àvÜpcormrov yeyovóros svpos Basrro-

| Perhaps emeralds.

BOOK II. 5r. 2-52. 4

be a long task to write in detail. Llorit would seem
that the land which lies to the south breathes in a
great deal of the sun's strength, which is the greatest
source of life, and that, for that reason, it generates
breeds of beautiful animals in great number and of
varied colour; and that for the same reason there
are produced in Egypt both the crocodiles and the
river-horses, in Ethiopia and in the desert of Libya
a multitude of elephants and of reptiles of every
variety and of all other wild beasts and of serpents,
which differ from one another in size and ferocity,
and likewise in India the elephants of exceptional
bulk and number and ferocity.

52. In these countries are generated not only
animals which differ from one another in form because
of the helpful influence and strength of the sun, but
also outeroppings of every kind of precious stone
which are unusual in colour and resplendent in
briliancy. For the rock-crystals, so we are in-
formed, are composed of pure water which has been
hardened, not by the action of cold, but by the
influence of a divine fire, and for this reason they
are never subject to corruption and take on many
hues when they are breathed upon. For instance
smaragdi! and beryllia? as they are called, which
are found in the shafts of the copper mines, receive
their colour by having been dipped and bound
together in a bath of sulphur, and the chrysoliths;?
they say, which are produced by a smoky exhalation
due to the heat of the sun, thereby get the colour
they have. For this reason what is called '' false
gold," we are told, is fabricated by mortal fire, made

? A diminutive of the word beryl.
5 '' Gold-stones,'' perhaps the topaz.
93

VOL. II. C

DIODORUS OF SICILY

/ ^ / & X ^ ? /
Lévov TÀv kpvaTdÀÀov. Tàs Oé rÓÀOv avÜpákov
/ M d ? ^ ^ ld
j/cew d«wroós Osvapgw éumiMÜetocav Tj mü£«

M ^ ^ ^ M T M L
jaciv! da«xorceAetv 7 pGÀÀov kat TyrTov TOS ÉvV

^ M! ^
avTots Ouadopás. mapamAmoios O6 kat ràg TÓV

? / X ? / X A e /
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$ouvouévas, ràüs 0€ karà pépos mavrotauws xypóaus
X
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M bi / A A ^
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M A ^ / ^
$atveoÜa. karà ràs mpOs TÓ Qs éykAtoew aDràv,
^ M
«ai kaÜóAov mroAveuOets kat OvoeppmveUrovs amore-
^ / € X ^
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ipiGos op&cÜac yiwópevov Ómó TOÜ Tepi TOv TJÀvov
/ ? A / b! /

deós. ék Oé ToUro ToUs QvotoAóyovs ovAÀoyiLbo-

/ ^
uévovus àmoQaiveoÜau. Ouórv.. kat. TY)v. AvoÜev. Tfjs

^ ? 4
TÓv Tpoeupmpuévov ékóvoeos mouuAav éBaiev
M / 7 ^
7 ocvyyev)s Üepuaota, ovvepyrcavros TÀiov ToD
CcoTroioÜvros Tàs €ékdoTwov puopóás. kaÜóAÀov €
«ai Tfj mepi rà àvÜm Ouajopás Tíjs wpóas xai
Ts Ts ys ToukA(as robTov Uvüpxew avrtov kat
Onpuwovpyóv: ob T)v Qvcucv évépyeuav Tàs Üvnras
Téxvas pupnoagévas Bárew ékaara kat zrouctÀÀew,
/ ^
uaÜnrp(as yevouévas Tfjs Qvaeos. rà uév yàp xpo
uaa, T0 óÀs arepydteoÜat, ràs 0€ 0opàs TÓv kap-
TÓv KQGi Tàs (OiÓTqyTas TÓV xvÀOv, ér( Oé mà
peyéün vÀv ÜQwv kat ràgs ékáarov OuaÜéoets,
TpOs 0€ roUTois Ts TÍ]s yíjs (OtOTT]TaS, yevvüv TTJV
! $acw Rhodomann : $vow.

1 Such a8 earbuncles, rubies, and garneta.

BOOK IL. sa. 4-8

by man, by dipping the rock crystals into it. And
as for the natural qualities of the dark-red stones,!
it is the influence of the light, as it is compressed
to a greater or less degree in them when they are
hardening, which, they say, accounts for their differ-
ences. In like manner, it is reported, the different
kinds of birds get their colouring, some kinds appear-
ing to the eye as pure red, other kinds marked with
colours of every variety one after the other; for
some birds are flaming red in appearance, others
saffron yellow, some emerald green, and many of
the colour of gold when they turn towards the light,
and, in brief, hues are produced in great variety and
difhcult to describe; and this same thing can be
seen taking place in the case of the rainbow in the
heavens by reason of the light of the sun. And it
is from these facts that the students of nature draw
their arguments when they affirm that the variety of
colouring that is put forth by the things which we
have mentioned above was caused by the heat
coincident with their creation which dyed them, the
sun, which is the source of life, assisting in the pro-
duction of each several kind. And it is generally
true, they continue, that of the differences in the
hues of the flowers and of the varied colours of the
earth the sun is the cause and creator; and the
arts of mortal men, imitating the working of the sun
in the physical world, impart colouring and varied
hues to every object, having been instructed in this
by nature. For the colours, they continue, are pro-
duced by the light, and likewise the odours of the
fruits and the distinctive quality of their juices, the
different sizes of the animals and their several forms,
and the peculiarities which the earth shows, all are

DIODORUS OF SICILY

Tepl TÓV "Avv Üepunaoiav, eis moÀvrpaót] xycpav
kat yóvutov. UOcop évÜ&Amovcav kai Orjpitovpryóv
ywojLeviv Tis €küaTov $voeos. DuómTep OUTE K
ILapía Àvy8os ovr. àAMg Üavpatopén TéTpQ TOÍS
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uev *) Aevkómms, Papsraros 0€ 0 oraÜuós, 7 Oc
AeióTQs ozepBoArjv érépous o)k àcroÀeczovoaa. atría
€ Tüjs xcpas Tíjs karà pépos totóTTyTOs, kaÜamep
mpoetov, 7 Tepi TÓv TÀwv Ovvajus, Üepuaota
puév s/£aca, £npórqr. O06 miWoaca, $éyyev 06
Aapmpvvaoca.

53. At kat 7Ó TOv Opvéov yévos mAeto Ts Üepua-
cias KeKOoww«mvrkKOs éyévero Ou uév Tv kovdóTnTa
TTW4vóv, Ou& 6€ 71v àdj' vÀ(ov cuvepytav gouctÀov,
kai gáAora karà Tíàs "pookeuiévas | — yÀG

, e A A / / b /
xycpas. *) uév yàp BafvAovia Tacwvov ékrpédet
TzÀiÜos mavroiaws xpóaus. émqvÜuouévov, at 9$ Tíjs
Mvpias co Xara JurrakoU0s kai vopóvpiovas kat
peÀeaypióas kat àÀÀas Óocov t(as $aets ToÍs
xpopaot kat mrouias TUyKptaets . o- o. arOs
Àóyos kai kaTà TÀs GÀÀas xopas T7ís yj Tàs
kaTà Tr" Opotav kpáct Keuiévas, ÀAéyo à. "Ivouajv

A A 5 1 7 » M 5 / ,
kai r1)v "EpvÜpàv 0GAaTrav, érv 0€ AtÜtostav kai
TwG gépn Tíüs Mns. dA TÜs pév TpOS
avaToAas KekÀuuévns mt07épas obons ciyevéa repo.
kai netLova $verac Goa: Tíjs Ó. &ÀN]s dei kará
TOV Tíjs áperís Aóyov ékaora Taís OuaÜéoceot
yevváraa.

'Opnotcs 96 kat rv Gévópov ot Qotvuces karà. uév

1 qpockeuicvas Jacoby : mpoketuiévas.

BOOK Ill. zz. 8-53. 5

generated by the heat of the sun which imparts its
warmth to a fertile land and to water endowed with
the generative power and thus becomes the creator
of each separate thing as it is. Consequently,
neither the white marble of Paros nor any other
stone which men admire can be compared with the
precious stones of Arabia, since their whiteness is
most brilliant, their weight the heaviest, and their
smoothness leaves no room for other stones to sur-
pass them. And the cause of the peculiar nature of
the several parts of the countrv is, as I have said,
the influence of the sun, which has hardened it by
its heat, compressed it bv its drvness, and made it
resplendent by its licht.

53. Hence it is that the race of birds also, having
received the most warmth, became flying creatures
because of their lightness,| and of varied colour
because of the influence of the sun, this being
especially true in the lands which lie close to the
sun. Babylonia, for instance, produces a multitude
of peacocks which have blossomed out with colours
of every kind, and the farthest parts of Svria produce
parrots and purple coots and guinea-fowls and other
kinds of animals of distinctive colouring and of every
combination of hues. Andthe same reasoning applies
also to all the other countries of the earth which lie
in a similar climate, such as India and the Red Sea
and Ethiopia and certain parts of Libya. But the
eastern part, being more fertile, breeds nobler and
larger animals; and as for the rest of Libva, each
animal is produced in form and characteristics
corresponding to the quality of the soil.

Likewise as regards trecs, the palms of Libya bear

i Cp. Book 1. 7. 5.
59

DIODORUS OF SICILY

TTV Ain ptpaPs Kat pukpoUs ek épovat
KapmoUs, Tis 0€ 2. 2uptas KQ TO pev T)v KotÀqv ol
Kapvoot rrpoaa;yopevópLevot yevvávrau, Ot. dopot
kaTá T€ TT yÀvksrnra K«a& TO géyeÜos, €T Oc
TOUS XUHOUS.. TOUTOV O€ T0ÀÀÓO piettovs Ka Td TV
" Apafiav kai TV BafvAowav Opüv éoTt yivop.é-
VOUS, Ka Td, pev TO néyeÜos &£ OcuerÜAQv óvTas,
Tj O€ xpóq ToUs uév puyAÀwovs, roUs 0€ Qowtikobs,
éviovs 0€ mopQvpiLovras: «o0 Dm a)brÓv ya
«ai Trjv Ow TépzeoÜac kat v1)v yebGoww jvyayoryet-
oÜa.. và 06 oTrecÀéyq vÓÀv $owikov rÓ uév uíjkos
Gépuov exe, T?YV O€ mrepióépetav iv T'avTaxoU0ev
péxpt Tfjs Kopvdijs. GKpókojua. Ó OvTQ Ou.óópovs
eXet TOS om Ts KOpus O.aÜéoets* TY pév yap
mávr]) TOUS , páó.kas yet mepukexvpévovs, Kat
kaTà pnégoov €k Twos mepippayyévros $Àoto8 Borpv-
c)0n KapTOv avion, Trà Oé éd! É£v népos €YovTa
kekAup.évas Tüs éÉémi Tíjes kopudüjs kópas oxnpa-
Tu0LOv aToTeÀet AapurmráBos amadvaaopnévns, €vLa
0. ém apóórepa rà uépm mrepukAcop.eva. KaL OvrAfj
Tf karaÜéce. TOV KAáOcv apjiyavra ywópeva
ypaducrv àsoreÀet Tv)» mpócoyuw.
9t. Tm*s9 óAns "Apaftas 1v pev € érl peanuBptav
veUovOay IEv0atp.ovo. mpocayopevovat, T)V OÓ. évOo-
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caknvérnv. Biov ?pnuévcv. oTov. 9€ Üpeuparorpo-
$obvres a'yéAas p.eyáAas Booknpároov cvavAtbovraa
mreütous auerprTots. 7) Gv nécov TQUTIS T€
kai ríj; E90a(iovos 'ApaB(as épquos kat. ávvOpós
éaTt, kallámep mpoetpurav. Tà Oé mpós Ovonas uépm

1 4. at the side. The lamp of Diodorus' period had its
60

DOORK Il. 535. 5-34. 2

dry and small fruit, but in Coele-Syria dates called
caryoti are produced which excel as to both sweet-
ness and size and also as to their juices. But dates
much larger than these can be seen growing in
Arabia and Babylonia, six fingers in size and in
colour either yellow like the quince, or dark red, or
in some cases tending to purple, so that at the same
time they both delight tbe eye and gratify the
taste. 'Ihe trunk of the palm stretches high in the
air and its surface is smooth all over as far as its
crown. But though they all have a tuft of foliage
at the top, yet the arrangement of the foliage
varies; for in some cases the fronds spread out in a
complete circle and from the centre the trunk sends
up, as if from out its broken bark, the fruit in a
cluster like grapes, in other cases the foliage at the
crown droops down on only one side so that it pro-
duces the appearance of a lamp from which the
flame flares out,! and occasionally they have their
fronds bent down on both sides and by this double
arrangement of the branches show a crown of foliage
all about the trunk, thus presenting a picturesque
appearance.

54. That part of Arabia as a whole which lies to the
south is called Felix, but the interior part is ranged
over by a multitude of Arabians who are nomads and
have chosen a tent life. "These raise great flocks of
animals and make their camps in plains of immeasur-
able extent. The region wbich lies between this
part and Arabia Felix is desert and waterless, as has
been stated ?; and the parts of Arabia which lie to

nozzle on the side opposite the handle, and so the comparison
ls apt.
? Cp. chap. 48.

DIODORUS OF SICILY

KekÀuquéva, Tfs Apafitas Oel mrraa mreütous d4L-
juo eau aeptots TO péyeÜos, OU àv oí Tüs OO0UTO-
ptas ToioUpevou kaÜdmep ot év Tots meÀáyeot
zpOs Tàs dO TÓv üàpkTov can9pacias T»v OuéfoOor
7otobvraa. TÓ Ó ÜroAevmrójLevov népos Tfs "Apa-
Bias TO mrpós TV Zupiav KekAutévov miUe
yeapydv Ka mravroóazÓv epimpoov, ot OLQ TS
TÓV dopricv eUkaipovs àvri0OGets rà Tap. üudoré-
pows cmaviGtovra pos Oajüeuav TOV ypyoüucov
OvopÜobüvrai. v) Oé mapà TOv ckeavóv 'Apafia
Ketrau év Umepávo Tí E)00atovos, voraots
X ^ 1 / /; *
06 «oAÀÀots kat peyáÀois OveAmpjuévg | oÀÀoUs
TOw.e0 TÓTOUS Auuválovras Kai geyáAcov éAÓv
Tepuiérpous. TOls Ó ék TOv morajuóÓv érakrots
Uoact kai Tots ék TOv Üepwóov ópuflpov ywogévoius
apóeUovres ToÀM)v xopav, kat OvrÀoÜüs kaproUs
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Tobrows Üpeupuárcov zavroóazOv mÀnÜUe, ai
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TGyetas €yovTO o)pás.
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][Aetora 9é kai Ota dopcrara. yévm Kapo]Aav
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üvareraKÓTOV TO kaTü Tüjv pàxw KÜprcogua kai
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mapexópuevat kai kpeoayoULeva. mroAX]v "ap-
éyovrat TOS , €yxooptots DciytAetav, aL Oc TpOs
voTo$éopiav Yvjckguévat TUpóv uev và Oéka
j.eOtuvous. voyroóopoüciw, avÜpcrmovs Óé karaket-

1 Ünpia after xepoata omitted by E.
62

BOOK Il. 54. 2-6

the west are broken by sandy deserts spacious as
the air in magnitude, through which those who
Journey must, even as voyagers upon the seas,
direct thcir course by indications obtained from the
Bears. The remaining part of Arabia, which lies
towards Syria, contains a multitude of farmers and
merchants of every kind, who by a seasonable ex-
change of merchandise make good the lack of cer-
tain wares in both countries by supplying useful
things which they possess in abundance. "That
Arabia which lies along the ocean is situated above
Arabia Felix, and since it is traversed by many
great rivers, many regions in it are converted into
stagnant pools and into vast stretches of great
swamps. And with the water which is brought into
them from the rivers and that which comes with the
summer rains they irrigate a large part of the country
and get two crops yearly. his region also breeds
herds of elephants and other monstrous land animals,
and animals of double shape which have developed
peculiar forms; and in addition to these it abounds
in domestie animals of every kind, especially in
cattle and in the sheep with large and fat tails.

This land also breeds camels in very great numbers
and of most different kinds, both the hairless and
the shaggy, and those which have two humps, one
behind the other, along their spines and hence are
called dituloi) Some of these provide milk and are
eaten for meat, and so provide the inhabitants with
a great abundance of this food, and others, which
are trained to carry burdens on their backs, can
carry some ten medimni ? of wheat and bear up five

|! ** Double-humped '' or *' double-knobbed."'
? About 141 bushels, or 900 pounds.

DIODORUS OF SICILY

L4 5 / / ; € MI
Lévous égzt kAuivms sévre Daorálovow: ai óé
? / M A ^
avaàKwoAÀow kat Àamyapat Trals ovoTráceou Opojudoes
€(gt, Kal Ota.Tetvovgt TÀetoTov 0000 Hikos,. Kat
pAAuoTa Tpós Tràs Ou Ts aviOpov kai épT)LoU
c'wvTeAovp.evas óOovropias. aL Ó a)raL Kat Kad
TOUS TOoÀéLovs eig TÓüS paxas €xyovcat Tofóras
» £ 5 / 5 / b /
àyovra,. 9vo àvrucaÜnuévovs aAMjAows avrworrovs:
TOUTCOV Ü€ Ó uév TOUS ka TQ, TrpóccrTOV üravrOvras,
o Oé TOUS emukovras a4i0verat.

ILept pev obv Tíjs "ApeBtias kai rÀv év a)Tj

Ml
$vojévov et KaL mremÀeovákaquev, aAÀÀ oiv rroAAa
rots $iÀavayvooroÜco( mpós duiÀmkotav | darmy-
yéAkaqtev.
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20. Ilept 8é T$ karà TOv ckeavov eópeÜeians
N ^

v)cov karà T)V ueonufpüiav kat TOV kar abTqV
rapado£oAÀoyoupévov TeuqaoópeÜa, avvrójos OuA-

^ / ^ 3 ^
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p.erà, 06 71)v T0 aTpÓs TeÀevrmyv óvros éjrrópov kat
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TO pév oOv TpTOV perà TwwOS TÓV GUVEGÀOKOTOV
3 L4 / ej 5 € / ? /
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perà ToÜ acvwvóvros ÀgorevÜeis arixen TrpOs TV
rapaÜaAdrriov Tfjs AiÜvomias. | obrou 06 ovvopra-

! ài after óé deleted by Kallenberg.

! Perhaps Ceylon, if the unknown writer of the following
account of a fabulous people and a political Utopia localized
it in any known spot.

BOOK II. 54. 6-55. 3

men lving outstretched upon a couch. Others which
have short legs and are slender in build are drome-
daries and can go at full stretch a day's journey of a
very great distance, especially in the trips which
they make through the waterless and desert region.
And also in their wars the same animals carry into
battle two bowmen who ride back to back to each
other, one of them keeping off enemies who come
on them from in front, the other those who pursue
in the rear.

With regard, then, to Arabia and the products of
that land, even if we have written at too great
length, we have at any rate reported many things
to delight lovers of reading.

55. But with regard to the island ! which has been
discovered in the ocean to the south and the mar-
vellous tales told concerning it, we shall now en-
deavour to give a brief account, after we have first
set forth accurately the causes which led to its
discovery. "Phere was a certain Iambulus ? who from
his boyhood up had been devoted to the pursuit of
education, and after the death of his father, who
had been a merchant, he also gave himself to that
calling; and while journeying inland to the spice-
bearing region of Arabia ? he and his companions on
the trip were taken captive by some robbers. Now
at first he and one of his fellow-captives were ap-
pointed to be herdsmen, but later he and his com-
panion were made captive by certain Ethiopians and
led off to the coast of Ethiopia. 'They were kid-

* Perhaps the author of the following account, which is
known only from this passage.

3 The C" spice-bearing country'' was usually placed in

Somaliland, but according to Strabo (1. 2. 32) it is in Arabia,
where Diodorus also apparently places it.
65

DIODORUS OF SICILY

yncav eis kaÜappuóv Tüjs xyopas, ovres aAAoeOvets.
vóojuiov yàp Tv TOls TjOe karoucoUow Atto
7:0paO0e80ouévov ék zaÀatv ypóvov, ypropots Üeàv
Kekupcoyiévov, Oud yeveOv gquév etkogtw, érÓv

é£fakocicv, Tíjs yeveds apiÜuovpuévus Tpiakovra.-
eroÜs: Tob 0€ kaÜlapuoÜU ywojévov Ovoiv üvÜpoyrois
7v a)TOls TzÀotdptov kaTeakevaop.évov TO peyéÜet
cópjLerpov, TOUS T €v mj ÜaAárTQ xewuvas
dvaóépew (axÜov kat paOts vro Ovotv üvÜpc mov
ó7»)peretaÜa, Ovvdpievov: eis 06 ToUTo Tpodv Ovotw
àvÜpa mois (kavrv eis €£ pijvas évÜépevot, kai Tous
avopas éupiBáaavres, "poaéraTTov àvdyeoÜat kara.
TOv xpmajtóv. TÀetv Oé OwkeAevovro mpos TTv
peonpppraw: "éew yàp avTOUS ets víjcov e0DatqLova
Ka émrueucets avÜpcorrovs, "ap ots paKapiws
(XjocaÜa.. Opotcs 8€ kai TO éavrOv &Üvos €$acav,
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MjKos ToÜ 7eÀdyous etg roUTioc) ToOwvjcovraL TÓV
zÀobv, cs acefets xa( AvkeOvas OóÀov ToU &Üvovs
Tucoptaus TepureaetaÜat Tats peytoTaug. TOUS pév
otv Ai0toznds $aov peyáAÀqv maviyvpw dyayetv
7apa& Tv ÜdGÀarrav, kat Üvotas pueyaAompemeits
émvreAécavras karaoTélau rovs akejopuévovs kat
«aÜappjóv owjoopévovs ToU éÜvovs é£amooTe(Aat.
ToUTOUS O€ zÀcUcavras 7réAayos uéya kai xyeuiuaa-
Üévras év joi rérrapot zpoaeveyÜijvat 75] Tpoan-

BOOK II. 55. 3-6

napped in order that, being of an alien people, they
might effect the purification of the land. For among
the Ethiopians who lived in that place there was a
custom, whieh had been handed down from ancient
times, and had been ratified by oracles of the gods,
over a period of twenty generations or six hundred
vears, the generation being reckoned at thirty years;
and at the time when the purification by means of
the two men was to take place, a boat had been
built for them sufficient in size and strong enough
to withstand the storms at sea, one which could
easily be manned by two men; and then loading it
with food enough to maintain two men for six months
and putting them on board they commanded them
to set out to sea as the oracle had ordered. Further-
more, they commanded them to steer towards the
south; for, they were told, they would come to a
happy island and to men of honourable character,
and among them they would lead a blessed exist-
ence. And in like manner, they stated, their own
people, in case the men whom they sent forth should
arrive safely at the island, would enjoy peace and a
happy life in every respect throughout six hundred
years; but if, dismayed at the extent of the sea,
they should turn back on their course they would,
as impious men and destroyers of the entire nation,
suffer the severest penalties. — Accordingly, the
Ethiopians, they say, held a great festal assembly
by the sea, and after offering costly sacrifices they
crowned with flowers the men who were to seek out
the island and effect the purification of the nation
and then sent them forth. And these men, after
having sailed over a vast sea and been tossed about
four months by storms, were carried to the island

b32

DIODORUS OF SICILY

p.avüetom vioq, apoyyUim ev ÜTO.DXOUOT) TÓ
OXT7HMQATL, T? O€ mepiuerpov éyovo;y) oTaO(lv cs
T€VTOG.KAOXLÀCOOV.

506. , Hón o. ard éyyilóvrov Tjj vijoa TÓYV
&yxcopiay TiVÓS dzavryjgavras KaTa/yaeiv TO aá-
$os* TOUS 0€ ka rà TT)» vijoov ovvopap.óvras Üavpatew
ev TÓV TÓV Sévov kaTazÀovv, 7 pogev exÜfjvaa O€
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xypuoüuucv. elvat 0€ ToUs 77v vfjcOv otkoüvras TaÍS
Te TV OcpdáTrcov (QuóTQci Kai TGls dyovyats
TOÀ) OuaAAdTTOvTas TÓV Kkarà T)V eTépav
oikovjévgv: Távras uév yàp mapazAnotovs eitval
TOÍS vadat TÓY ccypárov, kat kará TÓ
p.éyeÜos Ümepdryew TOUS TérTapas mixes, Tà €

/
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ccpnuTos ovro Aeta core poóé TOv £AdáxuoTov
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kat. kaÜdámep emvyAorribas avrois ere dukcévau.
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[ev vous QUTOÍS gvyyeyevnp.évov, TÓ Ó e
émwoías diÀAoTexyvolpevov: Oimrvyxov pév yàp avT0Us

BOOK II. 55. 6-56. s

about which they had been informed beforehand;
it was round in shape and had a circumference of
about five thousand stades.

56. But when they were now drawing near to the
island, the account proceeds, some of the natives
met them and drew their boat to land; and the
inhabitants of the island, thronging together, were
astonished at the arrival of the strangers, but they
treated them honourably and shared with them the
necessities of life which their country afforded. "The
dwellers upon this island differ greatly both in the
characteristics of their bodies and in their manners
from the men in our part of the inhabited world;
for they are all nearly alike in the shape of their
bodies and are over four cubits in height, but the
bones of the body have the ability to bend to a
certain extent and then straighten out again, like
the sinewy parts. They are also exceedingly tender
in respect to their bodies and yet more vigorous
than is the case among us; for when they have
seized any object in their hands no man can extract
it from the grasp of their fingers. There is absolutely
no hair on any part of their bodies except on the
head, eyebrows and eyelids, and on the chin, but
the other parts of the body are so smooth that not
even the least down can be seen on them. They
are also remarkably beautiful and well-proportioned
in the outline of the body. "The openings of their
ears are much more spacious than ours and growths
have developed that serve as valves, so to speak, to
close them. | And they have a peculiarity in regard
to the tongue, partly the work of nature and con-
genital with them and partly intentionally brought
about by artifice; among them, namely, the tongue

-—-]1

DIODORUS OF SICILY

éyew TT]V yAóyrrav éTi m0góv, Th Ó cvooTépo)
zpocouaupety,! coe OvrAiv aUT5v vyiveaÜa wuéypt
Tüs pilus. Ow xai TTOLKLÀO) T; TOUS QUTOUS etyau *
TGÍS d«ovats o) góvov «mácav avÜparmümy kai
OvpÜpcouéviy OLGÀekTOV puutovpuevous , aAÀà xai
Tüs TÓV Opvécmv mroAvjavtas, Kal kaÜóAov Tücav
7 XOU (QuóTTTO. vrpoteaUat: TO O€ "TÉ TOV Ta. pa90-
£óraTov, aqua T. pos Oo TÓV cvrvyxavóvroov AaActv
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érépa. s TVXL TrpOs TOv €&va, Tfj 09 dÀÀq máÀuv Opotcs
Tzpos TOv érepov OuaÀéyeala.

E)íxparOTarov OÓ. etvat TOv aàépa map a)Tois,
CS v KQTQ TOV (om puepuwov otKoÜvras, kat p
oro kaüjpnaros punÜ UO J'Uxous cvoxAovjLévovs .
KQL Tàs Ocpas oc Tp avrots "op OÀOv TOV
éviavróv ákuátLew, comep kai 0 Tours now

óxvQ ém Óxvy yypáoke, uíjÀov O' émi po,

a)Tàp émi oTaQvÀAM) oraóvA, aükov O. éri adkqo.

etvat 0€ Oià mavros Tap a)TOÍS TV zjuépav iov

Tjj vUKTl, KG KO TG TÓ pécov Tfjs zjuépas Hi yive-

aÜa. map aorots ckKiàv jnoevós Ou TO karà Kopv-
$9v eiva« TOv v]Àvov.

^ $ 3 s M! / X /

01. Biotüv Ó' avroUs kara avyyevetas kai avartr-

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? ^ ^ ^
Kodtcv: ToUTOUs Ó. év rots Àeuudot Qua Uv, moAAa

TÓs xcpas éyojc)s mpós OÓtaTpoonv: Oià yàp TTV

! zpooOuaipety Schüfer: mpós 0:atpeaty.
? kai after etvac deleted by Dindorf.

BOOK Il. 56. c-57. 1

is double for a certain distance, but they divide the
inner portions still further, with the result that it
becomes a double tongue as far as its base. Conse-
quently they are very versatile as to the sounds they
can utter, since they imitate not only every articulate
language used by man but also the varied chatter-
ings of the birds, and, in general, they can repro-
duce any peculiarity of sound. And the most re-
markable thing of all is that at one and the same
time they can converse perfectly with two persons
who fall in with them, both answering questions and
discoursing pertinently on the circumstances of the
moment; for with one division of the tongue they
can converse with the one person, and likewise with
the other talk with the second.

Their climate is most temperate, we are told, con-
sidering that they live at the equator, and they suffer
neither from heat nor from cold. Moreover, the
fruits in their island ripen throughout the entire
year, even as the poet writes,!

Here pear on pear grows old, and apple close
On apple, yea, and clustered grapes on grapes,
And fig on fig.

And with them the day is always the same length
as the night, and at midday no shadow is cast of
any object because the sun is in the zenith.

5T. ]hese islanders, they go on to say, live in
groups which are based on kinship and on political
organizations, no more than four hundred kinsmen
being gathered together in this way; and the
members spend their time in the meadows, the land
supplying them with many things for sustenance;

! Odyssey, 7. 120-21, describing the land of the Phacacians.
74

DIODORUS- OF SICILY

aperTv Tfs vcov kat T5v «Ükpaotav ToU dépos
yevváaÜa. rpoóás aDTojiáTovs mÀetovs rÀv (kavàv.
$UeoÜa. yàp zap' avTois kdAaquov TOÀUV, oépovra
Kapzroy Soy, apep.depr) TOS Acvkots. opoópois.
TOÜTOV obv cvva/yavóvres Bpéxovatw €v boat
Üepi., Héxpt. àv TO péyeÜos oxóaw cs «cob
mrepua repas" éTevra .avvÜAacavres kat rpülavres
éu7e(puos TQOÍS xyepoi O.azAdTTOvOw dpTovs, oUs
ovTijcavres gvTobvrat O.a.dópovs óvras Tjj yÀv-
KUr)TL. elva. Oé kai vmyás boda DaxtAets,
TÓS giév Üepp.v €ts AovTpü. kai KÓrtYv dd$atpeow
eoÜérovs, Tüs € Vuxpáv Tij yAvkUTqTL Otu.OÓpovs
Kat 70s byleuay gGUvepyetv Ovvapiévas. Üzdpyew Oé
7ap' aUTOÍlS KG mauetas "áams emu éAeuxv, náALTa
O€ G.a7poAoytas ypápnpaot T€ GÜTOUS xpfjaaa ka à
ev i74 UvaHiv TÓV onawóvrav €e(KoOL Kal
OKTC) TOV dpibpóv, KkaTü Oé To)s vapakriüjpas
émrdá, Qv CKQ.OTOV T€7paxás peraoxnpartbeaaa.
ypádovai Ó€ TOUS GTixous OUK els TÓ TÀd-yLov
éKkTeivovTes, doep 7u.€ts, aÀÀ. àvoev kávo Kkara-
ypá$ovres eis opÜóv. soÀvypowovs O' eivat
TroUs avÜpoxrovs kaÜ' b-epBoÀnv, cs àv àypu TOv
TevT1)KOVTQ. Kl €éka.róv éràv LOvras Kat ywopévovs
dvógovs Karà TÓ mÀetorov. TOv Oé swpoÜévza 7,
«aÜóÀov Ti éÀárrcopa €xyovra év TO GcopnaTt
p.eÜ.arávew éavróv ék vob 0v avaykdLovot kard
TL'a vóuov dzóTrouov. vópuiov Ó ^ avTois €cTi
Üfjv &ypt ér&v cpiopévow, kat TÓóv ypóvov ToUTOV

! ópfóv transposed by Wesseling: after azóropov in second
sentence below.

BOOK Il. 57. r-5

for by reason of the fertility of the island and the
mildness of the climate, food-stuffs are produced of
themselves in greater quantity than is sufficient for
their needs. l'or instance, a reed grows there in
abundance, and bears a fruit in great plenty that is
very similar to the white vetch.! Now when they
have gathered this they steep it in warm water until
it has become about the size of a pigeon's egg;
then after they have crushed it and rubbed? it
skilfully with their hands, they mould it into loaves,
which are baked and eaten, and they are of surprising
sweetness. "There are also in the island, thev say,
abundant springs of water, the warm springs serving
well for bathing and the relief of fatigue, the cold
excelling in sweetness and possessing the power to
contribute to good health. Moreover, the in-
habitants give attention to every branch of learning
and especially to astrologv; and they use letters
which, according to the value of the sounds they
represent, are twenty-eight in number, but the
characters are only seven, each one of which can be
formed in four different ways. Nor do they write
their lines horizontallv, as we do, but from the top
tothe bottom perpendicularly. Andthe inhabitants,
they tell us, are extremely long-lived, living even to
the age of one hundred and fifty years, and experienc-
ing for the most part no illness. Anyone also among
them who has become crippled or suffers, in general,
from anv physical infirmity is forced by them, in
accordance with an inexorable law, to remove him-
self from life. And there is also a law among them
that they should live only for a stipulated number of

! Possibly a reference to rice.
? [n order to remove the husk.

DIODORUS OF SICILY

ékmmpdgavras €KOUGLUS peraAAarrew EE
pév« Üavárq: $UeaÜa. yàp vap' a)Toits (Ouf, !

Borávnv, eo^ ?s. órav mts Kou, AeAnÜóTes xai
TpocqvÓs «is Umvov karevexÜeis amoÜvijakec.

98. l'vvatkas Oé L7) yapietv, aÀÀa kowás €xew,
ka TOUS yevwnÜévras zraias os KowoÜs rpéQovras
em. (g7]s Gyazüv: vnmicov à OvTOOV aorÓv groÀAákts
Tàüs TpedoUcas OuuAAárrew Tà Dpé$w, Omws uo
aL unrépes émUywdakagt TOUS (Olovs. OióTep
pajoepaás Tap aXrots ywojLévns duAoriuAtas agTa-
giAOTOUS KGi TT)v OnÓvouav qrepi TrÀe(a Tov srovovué-
vovs OtTeÀeiv.

Eiva. 96 vap' a)rots kai Lào, pupa pev rots
peyéUeax, rrapáóo£a. 0€ Tfj Qvoev roD co) ros KaL
Tí OÓuvdáuet Tob alparos: elvau yàp avrà TÓ
OXT"LOTL opoyy/^a Kat mapepidepéa rara. TGOÍS
xeAcvaas, TWO Ó emu jáveuay Ovgi vypaju.a.ts pnAc-
Vas kexia.péva,, éd. eáans oe dKpas €xyew
o$Ü0aAuóv kai cTÓua: O0 kat Térrapow Opugact
DAérovra kai Tots ioows orÓpacu ypoypueva ets eva
$ápvya cavváyew Tà Gvria, kai Ou. ToUTOV KaTaTuwo-
pévqs Tíijs Tpoofjs eis pav kouMav avppetv amavra-
opotus 0€ 7a crÀAdüyyva kai TàÀÀa Trà €vrOs vávra
€éyew ovaxá. sró0ag O€ vwmoketoÜau KÜKÀq) TÍs
Teptoepetas TroÀÀoUs, Ov cv OvvagoÜat mopeveoÜac
7pOós ó àv uépos DovAgra.. TÓ Ó. atia. rovrov ToU
Coov Üavkdácwov éyew OUvapav: zv yàp TO Ot-
ruauÜév éumvovv oópa koAÀáv mTapaxpiüjíia, Kàv

! (àvojvg Dindoif: 0i$v$.

! Plato's famous theory recurs here.

BOOK ll. 57. 5-58. 4

vears, and that at the completion of this period they
should make away with themselves of their own
accord, by a strange manner of death; for there
grows among them a plant of a peculiar nature, and
whenever a man lies down upon it, imperceptibly
and gently he falls asleep and dies.

58. They do not marry, we are told, but possess
their children in common, and maintaining the
children who are born as if they belonged to all,
they love them equally 1 ; and while the children are
infants those who suckle the babes? often change
them around in order that not even the mothers may
know their own offspring. Consequently, since
thereis norivalry among them, they never experience
civil disorders and they never cease placing the
highest value upon internal harmony.

There are also animals among them, we are told,
which are small in size but the object of wonder by
reason of the nature of their bodies and the potency
of their blood; for they are round in form and very
similar to tortoises, but they are marked on the
surface by two diagonal yellow stripes, at each end
of which they have an eye and a mouth ; consequently,
though seeing with four eyes and using as many
mouths, yet it gathers its food into one gullet, and
down this its nourishment is swallowed and all flows
together into one stomach; and in like manner its
other organs and all its inner parts are single. [t
also has beneath it all around its body many feet,
by means of which it can move in whatever direction
it pleases. And the blood of this animal, they say,
has a marvellous potency; for it immediately glues
on to its place any living member that has been

? «e. the wet-nurses of the community.

DIODORUS Or SICILY

a7okoTeiga xeip T) Onotor etmeiv TUXTI, OL aUTOÜ
k«oAAGcÜ0at ,mpoaóárov Tis Topf) ovas, Kat
TÀÀAa 0€ pépy TOÜ G'pATOS, óca un) kvptots TÓTOLS
Kai g'UVéxovat TO Ww Ka TÉxerat. €éx«agTOov €
TÓV cvoTnuGTOV Tpéoew Opreov eÓpéveÜes (OuíCov
Tjj Ucet, kat Óuà ToUToU mreipálerat rà, viymua, TÓV
PBpeóóv vrotas Twasg €yev Tàs. Tfjs diuyfjs Qua éoew:
avaÀauávovat yàp a)rà ézt rà (ia, kai roUrcv
Terouévov 7à Lév TTv Oi& 70Ü àépos dopàv Dzopé-
vovra TpéÓovot, 7d Oc Tepwarua Jwópneva KaL
Oa ovs 7ÀnpoULeva pimrrovaw, cs oUTe T7oÀv-
xpovua KkaÜeoTró Ta oUTe Tois GÀÀouwg Tots Tfj
jvxtfis Ajpacw a£tóAoya.

"Exdáarov 0€ cvoT:)haTOs O Tmpeaopurepos dei TTV
Tyyepioviav €yei, K kafámep TLS Daouevs, KaL TOUTQ
TrüvTes mreiÜovrau orav Ó Ó vpárros TeÀécas T
ékaTrÓv KaL mevrikovra €T» KaTà TÓV vOLOV
amaAAdéw €avrov ToU Lv, O nera TroÜrov mpeaDo-
TOüTOS OiaO0Éyerat TTV ryyepovtav. 7 Óé 7 mept. TV
v5jcov ÜdAaTTa, poc)ons obca Kat p.eyáAas à CETTE
kat mAvpipas. zroLoULL€vT), yAvkeita Tv ,yebow
kaÜcake. TÓvV O€ "ap 7v GoTpav TÀs apicrous
Kai ToAÀAÀA ! kaÜOÀou py) $aiegÜat. émrà 0. 9oav
a0raL. v5cou. capamAvncotau. qév TOig pneyéÜeot,
cUpLerpov 0. aAAÀcov. Ovea ry kviat, Goat 0€ Tois
a)üTrots éÜegu kat vójots xpcogp.evaa.

59. IÍávres ^ ot kavoucoüvzes év abrats, xacmep
OaujiÀets éyovres vrávrow xopiyytas avroouets , Ójucs
ovK àvéOqv wpórzaw vatis aoAavoecow, aÀÀà Twv

| zoAAa E, Wesseling: zoAÀa 70 C, zoAÀa TÓÀv xoÜ' 5uàs all
other M55.

BOOK II. 58. 4-59. r

severed; even if a hand or the like should happen to
have been cut off, by the use of this blood it is glued
on again, provided that the cut is fresh, and the same
thing is true of such other parts of the body as are
not connected with the regions which are vital and
sustain the person's life. Each group of the in-
habitants also keeps a bird of great size and of a
nature peculiar to itself, by means of which a test is
made of the infant children to learn what their
spiritual disposition is; for they place them upon
the birds, and such of them as are able to endure
the flight through the air as the birds take wing they
rear, but such as become nauseated and filled with
consternation they cast out, as not likely either to
live many vears and being, besides, of no account
because of their dispositions.

In each group the oldest man regularly exercises
the leadership, just as if he were a kind of king, and
is obeved by all the members; and when the first
such ruler makes an end of his life in accordance
with the law upon the completion of his one hundred
andfiftieth vear,thenext oldestsucceeds tothe leader-
ship. The sea about the island has strong currents
and is subject to great flooding and ebbing of the
tides and is sweet in taste. And as for the stars of
our heavens, the Bears and many more, we are in-
formed, are not visible at all. The number of these
islands was seven, and they are very much the same
in size and at about equal distances from one another,
and all follow the same customs and laws.

59. Although all the inhabitants enjoy an abundant
provision of everything from what grows of itself in
these islands, yet they do not indulge in the enjov-
ment of this abundance without restraint, but they

DIODORUS OF SICILY

/ M A ^
AvróT1)T&. ÓvokOvOL kai 77)v üpkoücav pod mpoa-
/ / M M » / b M A b
$épovrau Kpéa Óé kat 7dÀÀa Tdvra OmTÀ kai éÉ
e? e M /, ^ * » ^ -
vOcTos é$Ua. okeváCovav 7v 0. GAÀAov rÓv rois ua-
/ ^ ^
yetpots 7edilorexvnuévov xvpiÀv kai 77$ karà Tàs
?/ ^
dpTrUGeis 7OoUKLÀAas avezwonrot TavTeÀÓOs eiat.
/ M M! 1 / / i € A
céBovrat 0é Üeoüs TO Treptéyov mTávra. kai rÀvov kat
/ / M , 7 , /, A ^
«aÜóÀov závra rà o0pávua. | tyÜUcv 0€ vravroóamráv
TÀ9Üos aàAvevovres moucÀcs kat 7Àv mTqVÓV ok
/ ^
oÀtya Ümpevovot. yürerau 0€ map' abrots aàkpo-
^ NO F9 ^
OpUcov Te zrÀfiÜos aDToJLÀ TOV, kat éAatau óUovrat kat
» ; - » , Ee 4 1
ajuTeÀot, €£ cv €éÀatóv Te motoÜ0ov OoaduAMés kai
T » e^ / / $ A
otvov. Odets re rots peyéÜeov O.a.oépovras, oíO€v
0€ üO.koÜvras ToUs àvÜpcrmovs, eócOutov éyew Tv
cüpka kai yÀvkUTQTL OL.adépovcav. éoÜijras O€
aüroUs kaTagkevdLew €K TOv kKaAduov éyóvTOV
€v TQ géoQ xvotv Aajmpóv kai paAakOv, Ov
cwvdyyovzas kat Tots ÜaAarrtows oaTpéots avykekoj-
/ [4
pévow ! uiovyovras ÜavjaoTà karaokevdtew (uda.
^ / M / "i A X
7zop$vpG. oov 0é zapgAAayuévas $voets kac Óu
TO TapdOofov àTwioTovLévas.
/ M b] $ ^ € l4 » €9 / M
I[&vza 96 zap' a97ots opwpévqv €xew ? rTG£w 7a.
€ M A
kaTà TTVv Ótavrav, ovy &pa. vrávrcv ràs Tpoóas kat
X b] M , / 5 * /
rüs aóràs Aauavóvrwov: OwreráyÜau O. éri mwas
b / ^ A
cpuévas vépas voré uev UxyÜbvcv Dpàow, vore
Nes Roy » » 9 / AL & 198 ^
O€ Opvé«v, éoT( Ó. Óre yepoatcv, éviore 0€ eAavóv
A ^ , / $ A A
kai TÓVv AÀworárov «pocojmudárcov. évaÀAaÉ Oe
b] X M! M , "4 m M €
aUTOUs TOUS gqév dGÀAvAÀots Otakovetv, ToUs OE
! cyykekojjiévors Reiske: avykekoMWmpuévois.

2 € yetv Reiske: €ye:.

BOOK Il. zo. 1-6

practise simplicity and take for their food only what
suffices for their needs. Meat and whatever else is
roasted or boiled in water are prepared by them,
but of all the other dishes ingeniously concocted by
professional cooks, such as sauces and the various
kinds of seasonings, they have no notion whatsoever.
And they worship as gods that which encompasses all
things! and the sun, and, in general, all the heavenly
bodies. Fishes of every kind in great numbers
are caught by them by sundry devices and not a few
birds. There is also found among them an abund-
ance of fruit trees growing wild, and olive trees
and vines grow there, from which they make both
olive oil and wine in abundance. Snakes also, we
are told, which are of immense size and yet do no
harm to the inhabitants, have a meat which is edible
and exceedingly sweet. And their clothing they
make themselves from a certain reed which contains
in the centre a downy substance ? that is bright to
the eye and soft, which they gather and mingle with
crushed sea-shells. and thus make remarkable
garments of a purple hue. As for the animals of
the islands, their natures are peculiar and so amazing
as to defy credence.

A]l the details of their diet, we are told, follow a
prescribed arrangement, since they do not all take
their food at the same time nor is it always the same;
but it has been ordained that on certain fixed
days they shall eat at one time fish, at another time
fowl,sometimes the flesh of land animals, and some-
times olives and the most simple side-dishes. "They
also take turns in ministering to the needs of one

|! ;,e, the atmosphere or aether.
? Probably eotton is meant.

DIODORUS OF SICILY

GAevew, TOUS OÉ srepi Tàs Téyvas elvai, aAÀovs
Oe mepi GÀÀa TOv xpmuoipov GoxoÀctoÜau, ToUs
O . éK mrepuóÓoU KUKAÀucrs Aevrovpyetv, mÀrv TÓV
7n yeynpokóav, €v re TaÍs éoprais kai Tails
coco Xtats t Aéyeatlat T€ KaL a0eaÜat sap. abrots eis
rovs Üeo)ós UDuvovs kat éykcopua, uàAora Oé eig
TOv TÀtov, à$' ? o) rds Te vroovs kai éavroUs
Tpogayopevovort.

(Odzrovou 86 rovs TeÀevTXoavras ÓTav AymOTLs
yévmrau karaxcvvüvres etg TTJV QLov, c00T€ KQaTQ
T)v TÀmpupióa TOv TOTOV ÉéTwycvvvoÜau. To)s 0€
kaÀàuous, é£ Gv O kapmós Tüs Tpojfs yiverai,
$aoi omÜapaatovs ? Ovras TÓ váxyos kara Tràs TÍjs
ceA)vns avazÀqpoocews àvarÀqpoboÜau, kat. m&AÀw
Ka Td Tüs é€ÀaTTOGcew àvà Aóyov ramewoÜaUaa.
TÓ 0€ rÀv Üeppuv qxyycv 0Oop yAvkU kai ÜyLewwov

y 4 O.u$vAr Tet TTV Üepp.aatav, Ka obOerrore
ien éàv Ha) Jruxpov UOcop 1) olvos cvpupo ynrat.

60. *Ezrà 9 érm uetvavras Tap aorots TOUS cepi
TOv 'laufoóAov ékBAmÜTvaw àkovras, cs kakoUp-
yous kat srovrpo ts eÜ.o ots cvvreÜpaqipi.évovs.
TA oUv TÓ mrÀAotáptov. karackevácavras GUVavay-
kagÜfvau TOv x«wpiopov rroujacÜaa, Kal Tpo$rv
evÜej.évous mrAeÜaau TÀéov m rérrapas pfjvas
ékmeoetv Oé Kar TT)V -Ivàucrv eis duLovs kai
Tevaye)Oeis TÓTOUS' KQGi TOV pev érepov GUTOV
O7O TOÜ KkÀUO«cvos Oa dÜaptjva, rov 9é 'laufoüAov
7pós rwa Kcop9v TpoceveyÜévra v0 TÓV éyxcpicov
€ UcoxLats Wesseling ; cUxaits MSS., Bekker.
aó' added by Kallenberg.

anajcatovs Reiske: ore$avatovs MSS., Bekker.
ov added by Dindorf.

$4» 00 r2 €

BOOK Il. c9. 6-60. 2

another, some of them fishing, others working at
the crafts, others occupying themselves in other
useful tasks, and still others, with the exception of
those who have come to old age, performing the
services of the group in a definite cycle. And
at the festivals and feasts which are held among
them, there are both pronounced and sung in honour
of the gods hymns and spoken laudations, and es-
pecially in honour of the sun, after whom they name
both the islands and themselves.1

They inter their dead at the time when the tide is
at the ebb, burying them in the sand along the beach,
the result being that at flood-tide the place has fresh
sand heaped upon it. The reeds, they say, from
which the fruit for their nourishment is derived,
being a span in thickness increase at the times of
full-moon and again decrease proportionatelv as it
wanes. And the water of the warm springs, being
sweet and health-giving, maintains its heat and
never becomes cold, save when it is mixed with cold
water or wine.

60. After remaining among this people for seven
years, the account continues, lambulus and his
companion were ejected against their will, as being
malefactors and as having been educated to evil
habits. Consequently, after they had again fitted
out their little boat they were compelled to take their
leave, and when they had stored up provisions in it
they continued their voyage for more than four
months. Then they were shipwrecked upon a sandy
and marshy region of India; and his companion lost
his life in the surf, but Iambulus, having found his
way to a certain village, was then brought by the

|! 4,e. *' The Islands and Children of the Sun."'
GI

DIODORUS OF SICILY

avaxÜrvac pos rÓv BaciMéa. eis zów ITaA(BoOpa,
TOÀÀÓCVv TpLepov oO0vr aT éyovcav TÜS ÜaAÀacTws.
óvros 6€ duAéAAqvos 700 DaciAéos kai maiOetas
avTeyonévov, jqieyüAgs a)»T0v da7oOoyis kara-
£uOgawv TO Óé TeÀevratov uerü Twos aàoóaAÀe(tas
TO uév póOTov ets T?|v Ilepoióa 0veAÜetv, vVorepov
O€ eis T "EAAa0a OUO

M 0€ Japifothos * TaÜTd, T€ avaypo.drfjs VIS
KaL mept TÓV KT Tv Tvóuctv oUK OÀCya cUverd-
Saro TÓY /yvooup.évaov 7apQà TO(s GAAots. miets
OC TTV €v apxij Tíjs PuBAov yeyevauuévav eayyeAtav
rereAekóves aDToU mrepvypdulopev 71v0e 77v BiBAor.

! otros after 'laufobAos omitted E, ail editors.

BOOK 1I. 6o. 2-3

natives into the presence of the king at Palibothra,
a city which was distant a Journey of many days from
the sea. And since the king was friendly to the
Greeks and devoted to learning he considered
Iambulus worthy of cordial welcome: and at length,
uponreceiving a permission of safc-conduct, he passed
over first of all into Persia and later arrived safe in
Greece.

Now Iambulus felt that these matters deserved to
be written down, and he added to his aecount not a
few facts about India, facts of which all other men
were ignorant at that time. But for our part, since
we have fulfilled the promise made at the beginning
of this Book, we shall bring it to a conclusion at this
point.

j ^ ^
T4à8e évearw év TÜ Tpiry TÓV

Awoócpov BiBAcv

b! / ^ ^ M! ^ ,
IIepi Aifvózov TOv vzép Tüs AwDvs kai TOv Tap
^ /
avTots ápxatoAoyovj.érav.
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, ^ m^ ^ ^
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M ^ ^ bj
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* ? * / * d "^ & * *
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b. / ^ ? ^ ^ *
okeavov jéxpt Ts lvOugs. év Ó6€ rovrows ÓyAoUra4 TÓ
kaT& jépos éÜvy T(c( vopükots xprrat kai Tapàü TliVas
3.07 A ? E ^ € ^ ^ 5 L4
atr(as T0ÀÀG Tap abrois Lo ropetrat zayreAQs é£nAAXaypéva
kai tà TÓ zapáóo£cor ái TOULeva.
X ^ x & / 5 /, A X
ILept vOv xarà. Tv. AuBUvyv. ápxatoAoyovjévov kat epi
/ 9? PEN x A M
I'opyóvov kat Apgatovióov kat Appovos kat ArÀavTOos
(g TOpovj.évov.
Iul *& ^ * * Nov 0 À 4 , ba 3
epi TOv kavrà Tv Nicav uvÜoXoyovpaévov, év ots éa7i
* ^
kai epi 'Terávov kai Atoviaov kat uyrpós Oeov.

CONTENTS OF THE THIRD BOOK OF
DIODORUS

On the Ethiopians who dwell beyond Libya and
their antiquities (chaps. 1-11).

On the gold mines on the farthest borders of Egypt
and the working of the gold (chaps. 12-14).

On the peoples who dwell upon the coast of the
Arabian Gulf and, speaking generally, upon all the
coast of the ocean as far as India. In this connection
there is a discussion of the customs which each
people follows and of the reasons why history records
many things in connection with them which are
entirely unique and are not believed because they
are contrary to what one expects (chaps. 15-48).

On the antiquities of Libya and the history of the
Gorgons and Amazons, and of Ammon and Atlas
(chaps. 49-61).

On the myths related about Nysa, in connection
with which there is also an account of the Titans and
Dionysus and the Mother of the Gods (chaps. 62-74).

87
VOL. Il. D

BIBAOX TPITH

I. Tàv mpó TaUTIS Pipicov Ovolv o)oQv 7?) uév
mrpari] vrepucxet TS Kama. Tv Á tyvirTOV mpá£&eis
TÓV c pxatav BacuMéav KQL TÀ i.vÜoAoyoUpeva. mepi
TÓÀVv Tap AvyuiT(ous ÜeOv, vpós Óé roDTows mepi
TOU NetÀov kat 7v év aUryj Qvonévov kaptmóv Te
«ai vavroOamzOv Lqwov, mep( ve Tfs TomoÜeoías
Tüs! Aiybmrov kai TÓv vojujuov TÓVv Tapà TOÍS
€yycptots kat TÀV OuaoTrypicov, 7) 0€ Ocvrépa vàs
KaTQà TT» Actav? év rots ápyatous avvreAeaÜctoas
Tpüéetg 030 TÓV 'Áccvupüov, év ais éomw 7) ce
XMepupdpu8os yéveats kat avénoaus, kaÜ' Tv ékruaoe pev
BafvAd&va. kat z0ÀÀàs &AÀas v0AÀews, éoTpárevoe O€
egi TV Tiouev Ley&AÀaus Óvvápeow* é£fjs O€ vrepi
vrüv XaÀOatov kat Tfs cap aUTOls TÓV üOTDCOV
7aparnproewos, kat epi Tíjs ApaD(as kai TOV €v
ab7j TapaOóftov, mept Te Tijs 2ikvÜOv DBaoiueias,
Kai ep. "Apatóvov, kai TO TeÀevratov 7repi TÓV
"YmepBopécv. €vOé ravUr: TQ ovveyj Tots vrpotoro-
pnuévois zpoaiÜévres Oué£quev epi Atliózrov. kat
TOv Awfwv kai rÀv ovouaGouércv. '" ArAavricov.?

2. Ai(ioras rotvvv to TopoD0t zpuarovs avÜpormov
dTüvTQV yeyovévai, kai Tüs dTOoO0eif£ets TOUTOV
éuóavets eivai óaow. Ort uév yàp o)k émjÀvóes

| obons after Tfs deleted by Reiske.
? kai ras &fter Aotav deleted by Dindorf.

BOOK III

1. Or the two preceding Books the First embraces
the deeds in Egypt of the early kings and the ac-
counts, as found in their mx ths, of the gods of the
Egyptians; there is also a diecuesem of the Nile and
of. the products of the land, and also of its animals,
which are of every kind, and a description of the
topography of Egypt, ofthe customs prevailing among
its inhabitants, and of its courts of law. The Second
Book embraces the deeds performed by the Assyrians
in Asia in early times, connected with w hich are
both the birth and the rise to power of Semiramis,
in the course of which she founded Babylon and many
other cities and made a campaign against India
with great forces; and after this is an account of
the Chaldaeans and of their practice of observing the
stars, of Arabia and the marvels of that land, of the
kingdom ofthe Seythians, of the Amazons, and finally
of the Hv perboreans. E this present Book we shall
add the matters which are connected with what I
have already narrated, and shall describe the Ethio-
pians and the Libyans and the people known as the
Atlantians.

2. Now the Ethiopians, as historians relate, were
the first of all men and the proofs of this statement,
they say, are manifest. For that they did not come
into their land as immigrants from abroad but were

98 ^ArAavriov Dindorf: 'ArAavr(Óoov.

Lt»

DIODORUS OF SICILY

ceAÜóvres, aAA éyyevets Ovres Tfjs yopas Ouais
aUTÓyÜoves óvop.áGovraa, axyeoov rapa rào ovi. óo-
vetaÜav 1 — órv. Óé rovs UO Tv peonpippiav
otkoüvras TuÜavóv éacTt TmpoYTOUS ÜTO Tís yijs
c5cooyovijaOaa, TpoQavés omápyew &maogu Tis yap
mept TOv rov Üepp.aatas Gvaerpoawotos TT)V yfv
Dypàv o0av eru? KQTQ, TTV TÓÀYV OÀQY yéveow. KQL
C«woyovovans, etKkOs civau TOV éyyvTáro TÓTOV
ovra. TOÜ :jJÀ(ov ripóov éveyketv óvaes épubiiyovs.
$aoct Oé map! aD7ois mporotis karaóeuyÜijvau ÜcoUs
TuAGv kai Üvatias ézvreAetv kat rojas kat gravg-
yüpeus kat TGÀAÀa. OU. cv &vÜpormrot 70 Üetov uso:
0.0 kai TT)v rap. arots evaéBeuav OuaieBotjioÜac zrapà
z&ciw dAvÜpoow, kaií Ooketv ràs «ap — Atioyi
Üvcias páÀwT ctvau. T Oawiovi keyapuopévas.
nMàprupa Oé coUTov mapéyovrat rOv mpeoDUrarov
OXeO0v Ka páAaa. TÓV mrou]rv Üavpalópnevov Tap
EAM TOÜTOV yàp. KaTà TT Mudóa mrapeurdyetw
TÓv T€ Áa ka TOUS GÀAÀovs per abro0 Ücous
aToónuotvras eis Alliorav mpós re Tas Üvatas Tàs
aTovepop.évas a)TOls Kar. érOS KG €Uc)X(av KOLvT)V
rapa Tots Aitoyu,

Zeüs yàp és '"Diceavóv ier! agbpovas At0vomjas

x0u0s éBm perüà Oaira, Üeot OÓ àpa maàvres

éTOVTO.

Aéyovat 0€ kai Tfjs eis TO Üetov evoeDeias $avepos
avTOUS KopiGecÜau. ràs xydápvras, pnoémore OeoTo-

| guudovetoÜa. Wesseling : evudovetra:s.
? 6e after ér. deleted by Vogel.

! d.e. " sprung from the soil itself."
9o

DOOK III. 2. 1-4

natives of it and so justly bear the name of '"' auto-
chthones "'! is, they maintain, conceded by practically
all men; furthermore, that those who dwell beneath
the noon-day sun were, in all likelihood, the first to
be generated by the earth, is,clear to all; since,
inasmuch as it was the warmth of the sun which,
at the generation of the universe, dried up the earth
when it was still wet and impregnated it with life,?
it is reasonable to suppose that the region which was
nearest the sun was the first to bring forth living
creatures. And they say that they were the first
to be taught to honour the gods and to hold sacrifices
and processions and festivals and the other rites by
which men honour the deity ; and that in consequence
their piety has been published abroad among all
men, and it is generally held that the sacrifices
practised among the Ethiopians are those which
are the most pleasing to heaven. As witness to this
they call upon the poet who is perhaps the oldest
and certainly the most venerated among the Greeks ;
for in the /liad? he represents both Zeus and the
rest of the gods with him as absent on a visit to
Ethiopia to share in the sacrifices and the banquet
which were given annually by the Ethiopians for
all the gods together :

For Zeus had yesterday to Ocean's bounds
Set forth to feast with Ethiop's faultless men,
And he was followed there by all the gods.

And they state that, by reason of their piety towards
the deity, they manifestly enjoy the favour of the
gods, inasmuch as they have never experienced the

? Cp. Book 1. 7. 4. ?* Book 1. 423-4.
OI

DIODORUS OF SICILY

Teías émijÀvoos meipav AaBóvras e£ aóyvos yap
év éAevÜepia pepievikévaa kat Tfj vpós àAÀMAovs
optovota, TroAAÓv Lév «ai OvvarOv éorparevkÓcav
em avTOUs, juóevos 0€ Tíjs émwBoAMfs xa8io-
évov.

2. Kaufvarv pev yàp peyáàm DvvdjLet oTpaTeU-
gcavrTa TÜV T€ OTpaTiàv dmoBaAeiv d7zagav kai
aUTOV TOlS OÀOots Kkuóvvebaa Mentpapuv Oé, TÓ
peyeUec TÓV emuoAGv Kat zrpáeecv Buovopioouévny,
ent Bpaxv Tíjs AiÜvostas s poceAÜobcav droyvávat
T? Éémi TO opima éÜvos rpaceíay: TOUS T€ Tl
"HpaxAéa kat Aióvvoov émtóvras dmacav Tv
oUKovLévmv Lóvous TOUS AiÜlomvas To)s Umép
AiyUrrTOU mi kazamoAepiaa Oud, T€ E ev?aéBetav
TÓV QVOpódv ka. T0 OvokpárT»TOv TÍjs emos.

(Pact 0€ kat rovs AtyvmTLOUS éavTÓV dTTOLKOUS
ÜTpxew, Oaiptóos "yqgapévov TfS dvowtas.

2 kaÜóAov yàp TT vÜv o)cav A tyvsrrov Aéyovaw
ov xopav, aÀÀa ÜáÀarrav yeyovévau. | kavrá
T»)v éf dpxyfüs ToÜ kóouov ovoracw: voTepov
pévro. ToÜ. NetÀov karà vas aàvaDáoets T)V ék Tis
AiÜvozias (Av kaTaóépovros ék ToU kaT' OÀCyov
TpocxcocÜTnvat. OTt Ó. écTiv aDTÓV Y) xyopa. vráaa
TOoTGOUÓYcGTOS €vapyeoTdüTQv éxew amó0eiw TT

3 ywop.évr KaTà 7s ckBoAàs ToU NetÀov: kaU' eKa.-
oTov yàp éros det véas tÀvos af poubop.évis Tpos Td
oTÓnaTa TOD "orapo0 kaÜlopára. TÓ pev 7réAaryos
é£coÜoUpevov | Tots "poaxcopagw, 7 Oé Xoopa. Tl!
avémat Aapipávovaa.. Tà 0€ mÀetora TÓV VOLL UOOV
TOls ÁiyvzT(ous Drápyew Aiwmikda, Trpovuévgs

! An account of his campaign is in Herodotus 3. 25.

BOOK IIl. 2. 4-3. 3

rule of an invader from abroad; for from all time
they have enjoyed a state of freedom and of peace
one with another, and although many and powerful
rulers have made war upon them, not one of these
has succeeded in his undertaking.

3. Cambvses,! for instance, they say, who made
war upon them with a great force, both lost all his
army and was himself exposed to the greatest peril ;
Semiramis also, who through the magnitude of her
undertakings and achievements has become re-
nowned,after advancing a short distance into Ethiopia
gave up her campaign against the whole nation ; and
Heracles and Dionysus, although they visited all
the inhabited earth, failed to subdue the Ethiopians
alone who dwell above Egvpt, both because of the
piety of these men and because ofthe insurmountable
difficulties involved in the attempt.

They say also that the Egyptians are colonists
sent out by the Ethiopians, Osiris having been the
leader of the colony. For, speaking generally,
what is now Egypt, they maintain, was not land but
sea when in the beginning the universe was being
formed; afterwards, however, as the Nile during
the times of its inundation carried down the mud
from Ethiopia, land was graduallv built up from the
deposit. Also the statement that all the land of the
Egvptians is alluvial silt deposited bv the river
receives the clearest proof, in their opinion, from
what takes place at the outlets ofthe Nile; foras each
year new mud is continually gathered together at
the mouths of the river, the sea is obscrved being
thrust back by the deposited silt and the land reeeiv-
ing the increase. Andthe larger part of the customs
of the Egyvptians are, they hold, Ethiopian, the

DIODORUS OF SICILY

TÍs "roads cvuvmÜetas vapà Toís amo eto.
TÓ 7€ yàp rovs DBaoctAets Ücoüs vopibew Kai TO epi
Tàs ra Qàs nara ozovóáCew Kat 7'0ÀÀà Toua00
érepa. mpárrew Atiómrowv Ózndpyew émvr9esuara,
Tdg re TÓv àyaÀuárov (Oéas kal roUs TÀv ypaj-
HàToV TUTIOUS AtÜvomukcoUs , bmrápxew- OvrTO 1
yap Acyvmriots C OVTOOV ypajud Tcov, Tà. uv QUITE
mpocayopevópueva. mávras pavÜavew, TG 70 ep
KaAoULeva Tp |Lev TOS AtyvrrTUOLS |.óvous
ywaokew TOUS (epets szapà TOV "ATÉpQV ev
Gmoppnjrots p.avÜavovras, "apa. Ó€ rois AtÜioyyw
&Tavras ToUTOis xpfjoÜa. Toig TUTO. TÀ T€
cvor))uaTa. TÓV Lepécv vapazÀnoiav éxyew Táfw
TOp Gpporépou Tois éÜveot kaÜapevew. yàp
Gmavras TOUS T€pl T?]v TÓÀYV Ücàv Üepametav € óvras,
OjLobcos eCup?)uévous. KaL TAS oroAás TügS aOUTAÀg
€yovras kal TOv ToÓ cKQ)mrTpov TUTOV GpoTpoeió
kaÜearó a, Oóv éyovras To)Us PaotAets xpijoÜat
Triots IL a. pots ent TOU 7répa.Tos óp.daÀOv €yovot
KaL mrepveareipapLevous o$eow, oUs ka AoÜUGctv Gorias
ToOro Oóé TO qTapácuuov €owe cvveujatvew OTt
ToUs émiÜécÜa. TroÀuwoovras TO aout ovup-
cerav. Üavarnóópows mepureaetv Ovynaat. 70a
0€ kai GÀÀa Aéyovot epi TÍjs aGUTÓV apxatórvTos
kat Ts TÓY AiyvmTU)Y QzOUuK(as, Trepi Qv oUO€v
KaTEzelyet ypádew.

4. [Iept 86 rv AiÜvozukóv ypapiarov TOV ap.
AtyumzT(os kaAovuévow iepoyÀvéukdv prnréov, iva

1 Gurróv Stroth : iàtov.

! Cp. Book 1. 81. ) and note.
? Now commonly called the ** hieratic."'

BOOK III. 3. 3-4. t

colonists still preserving their ancient manners.
For instance, the belief that their kings are gods,
the very special attention which they pay to their
burials, and many other matters of a similar nature
are Ethiopian practices, while the shapes of their
statues and the forms of their letters are Ethiopian;
for of the two kinds of writing ! which the Egyptians
have, that which is known as '' popular " (demotic)
is learned by everyone, while that which is called
'" sacred " ? is understood only by the priests of the
Egyptians, who learn it from their fathers as one of
the things which are not divulged, but among the
Ethiopians everyone uses these forms of letters.
Furthermore, the orders ofthe priests, they maintain,
have much the same position among both peoples ;
for all are clean? who are engaged in the service of
the gods, keeping themselves shaven, like the
Ethiopian priests, and having the same dress and
form of staff, which is shaped like a plough and is
carried by their kings, who wear high felt hats which
end in a knob at the top and arecircled by the serpents
which they call asps; and this symbol appears to
carry the thought that it will be the lot of those who
shall dare to attack the king to encounter death-
carrying stings.M Many other things are also told
by them concerning their own antiquity and the
colony which they sent out that became the Egypt-
ians, but about this there is no special need of our
writing anything.

4. We must now speak about the Ethiopian writing
which is called hieroglyphic among the Egyptians,

3 i.e. they observe certain rites and practices of purification.
! The snake was the sacred uraeus, the symbol of the
Northern Kingdom.

DIODORUS OF SICILY

unóév mapaAéirapev TÓV apxatoAoyovpévov. gup-
BeBne TOLvUV TOUS LéV TUTOUS Urrpyew GUTOV
ópLotovs boots mravroóomol Üs kai d«pernptots avÜpcó-
TOV, ez Ó opyávots, Kai pnducTa TekTovuco ts
oU yàp ek 7ís TÓY cvAAaBàv gvvÜéaecs 7) ypo4-
paTur) Tap' avrots TOV ÜrrokeqLevov Aóyov a. Troot-
OÓcoow, aAA. e£ cp. deos TÓVv peraypa.dopévov kai
pero. dopüs pvo) cvvioXiuévrs. ypá.dovat yàp
ipaa, Kai kpokóóetAov, éru O. OQw kai TÓV' éK
TOU capa ros TÓV GvÜpdomrav o$ÜaAÀuóv. ka Xe (pa.
X

kai mpóccarov kai érepo. rouaóra.. O nv OUV
iépa£. aro ts a"jjLatvet rüvra TQ OÉfÉcws ywópeva,
O.& TO TO Liov robTo TÓV "mT0vÓy axeoov 9 Umápxeu
ofvraTov. peradéperaí T€ o Aóyos ras otketaus
nueraóopais eig mávra 7à OÉféa kai Tà ToUTOLS
oiketa, apazAnguos TOis eipnuévots. O0 Ó€ kpokó-
OeÀos omnuavrukós éoT( Tdo"9s kakias, Ó Ó«
oóÜaAnos Oü«ns Tup"T/)S kat mraüvTOs TOU g OLLa/T 0x
QUAaf. vOv O GKpoy1)piov 7 6v Occ TOUS
DakrÜAovs e kreraqLévous €YOUGAQ a"jovet pio
Topwuóv, v) O. cocovupLos cuvmypév1y T/prow Kai
$vAoda)v Xppárov. Ó Ó Q.UTÓS ,Aóyos kat eT.
TÓÀV GAÀÀcov TÜTOV TÓV ÉK ToO ccOpLaToS kat TÓ»
opyavucQv kai rÀv GAÀÀmv &závrov: Tas yàp é
ékáarous évoUcaus ep. óá.eat cvvaKoAovÜobvres,
kai neÀérn TroAUXpovieo Kal uium yvp.váLovres
Tüs J'uxás, ékTUKÓs €kagcra TÓYV yeypapévon
dV O/yUCOOKOUOL.

5. Tóv oé TOp At0ioui VOLLUILCOV OUK oÀcya. OOKel
l zv Hertlein: 79y.

BOOK IIl. 4. 1-5 r

; order that we may omit nothing in our discussion
"their antiquities. Now it is found that the forms
" their letters take the shape of animals of every
. nd, and of the members of the human body, and
/ implements and especially carpenters' tools; for
1eir writing does not express the intended concept
y means of syllables joined one to another, but by
,eans of the significance of the objects which have
i»en copied and by its figurative meaning which has
sen impressed upon the memory by practice. For
istance, they draw the picture of a hawk, a crocodile,
snake, and of the members of the human body—an
ye, a hand, a face, and the like. Now the hawk
gnifies to them everything which happens swiftly,
ince this animal is practically the swiftest of winged
-eatures. And the concept portrayed is then
ansferred, by the appropriate metaphorical transfer,
allswift things and to everything to which swiftness
appropriate, very much as if they had been named.
nd the crocodile is a symbol of all that is evil, and
1e eye is the warder of justice and the guardian of
he entire body. And as for the members of the
ody, the right hand with fingers extended signifies
procuring of livelihood, and the left with the fingers
losed, a keeping and guarding of property. The
ime way of reasoning applies also to the remaining
haracters, which represent parts of the body and
nplements and all other things; for by paying
lose attention to the significance which is inherent
1 each object and by training their minds through
rill and exercise of the memory over a long period,
hey read from habit everything which has been
'ritten.
5. As for the customs of the Ethiopians, not a few

| 97

DIODORUS OF SICILY

X ^ ^^
TOoÀU TÓV TGpà TOls GÀAots Ouadépew, kat uda
X X ^
Tà Tepi Tiv atpeow TOv DaotAécv. ot uév yàp
S $ EN
tepets é£ abTOv ToUS àpioTovs mpokpivovotw, ék à€
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^^ e ^ / $ v b! 1 ^
mÀijÜos aipetra, BaciMéa: c000g Ó€ kai mpookuvei
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Trpovotas €ykexeiupiapiévis a)TÓ TS QpxyTfs. Oo OÓ
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vóuovs Kai TÀÀAÀGa TpáTTeL Kkarà TO TáTptov éOos,
oUT Uepyeoiav oUre TWLcpiav azovéuov oU0€k
zapa 70 OcOoyp.évov é£ aàpytjs rap. abrots vópuuov:
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oT»)perÓv Twa o"puetov éyovra Üavárov mpós TÓV
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EN PS / / o 3 1
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xcpas eis T")v Ópopov kai Tjj peraoTáoet. Ti]s za-
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Aévros 07-0 ToU DaciAécs, émupaAMéoÜa. uév. ék Tfjs
^ b! X
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Tjj Govy TOv TpáyygÀov a)TOU OQvyyovo"s, ra)T
$ — ^
px9€ kaÜ' éva Trpórov TroÀuijoau mpoceveyketv Tàs

TÜS LOLaS

| à' é« Vogel: 96 MSS., Bekker, Dindorf.
98

BOOK III. s. 1-3

of them are thought to differ greatly from those of
the rest of mankind, this being especially true of
those which concern the selection of their kings.
The priests, for instance, first choose out the noblest
men from their own number, and whichever one
from this group the god may select, as he is
borne about in a procession in accordance with a
certain practice of theirs, him the multitude take for
their king; and straightway it both worships and
honours him like a god, believing that the sovereignty
has been entrusted to him by Divine Providence.
And the king who has been thus chosen both follows
a regimen which has been fixed in accordance with
the laws and performs all his other deeds in accord-
ance with the ancestral] custom, according neither
favour nor punishment to anyone contrary to the
usage which has been approved among them from
the beginning. It is also a custom of theirs that
the king shall put no one of his subjects to death,
not even if a man shall have been condemned to
death and is considered deserving of punishment,
but that he shall send to the transgressor one of his
attendants bearing a token of death ; and the guilty
person, on seeing the warning, immediately retires to
his home and removes himself from life. Moreover,
for a man to flee from his own into a neighbouring
country and thus by moving away from his native
land to pay the penalty of his transgression, as is
the custom among the Greeks, is permissible under
no circumstances. Consequently, they say, when a
man to whom the token of death had been sent by
the king once undertook to flee from Ethiopia, and
his mother, on learning of this, bound his neck about
with her girdle, he dared not so much as raise his

Ue»

DIODORUS OF SICILY

xeipas, abrÓv Ó' a/yxópievov kaprepijaa. Léypt TTjs
TeÀevTfs, tva. uv) T0ts avyyevéow Oveiór karaAUm
peto.

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aycyiüjs kat diAocodnjoas, piros cÜdpprae KaTa-
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Ts BacuAetas. à£tov mrapijAe pera TOV? oTpa.-
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xpvcoüv vaóv vÀv AiÜwov, kai TOUS pév Lepets

! àv added by Dindorf.
? rv omitted by D, Vogel.

1 'The Grecks considered strancling a shameful death, but

ét

it would have been a
flee from his country.

IOO

greater disgrace'' for an Ethiopian to

BOOK IIl. s. 3-6. 4

hands against her in any way but submitted to be
strangled until he died, that he might not leave a
greater disgrace ! to his kinsmen.

6. Of all their customs the most astonishing is
that which obtains in connection with the death of
their kings. For the priests at Meroé who spend
their time in the worship of the gods and the rites
which do them honour, being the greatest and most
powerful order, whenever the idea comes to them,
dispatch a messenger to the king with orders that
he die. For the gods, they add, have revealed this
to them, and it must be that the command of the
immortals should in no wise be disregarded by one of
mortal frame. And this order they accompany with
other arguments, such as are accepted by a simple-
minded nature, which has been bred in a custom that
is both ancient and difficult to eradicate and which
knows no argument that can be set in opposition
to commands enforced by no compulsion. Now in
former times the kings would obey the priests, having
been overcome, not by arms nor by force, but because
their reasoning powers had been put under a con-
straint by their very superstition; but during the
reign of the second Ptolemy the king of the Ethio-
pians, Érgamenes, who had had a Greek education
and had studied philosophy, was the first to have
the courage to disdain the command. For assuming
aspirit which became the position of a king he entered
with his soldiers into the unapproachable place where
stood, as it turned out, the golden shrine of the
Ethiopians, put the priests to the sword, and after

? Some of the following account is found in Strabo (17. 2. 1-3,
especially 8 3, tr. by Jones, in the L.C.L.).

IOI

285-210

B.C.

DIODORUS OF SICILY

améada£e, rÓ 8é éÜos roUro karaAvoas ÓwuopÜcaaro
TpOS T^v cavToO mrpoaíipeauw.

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urpóroAw QUTOV oukobat KaL vepLop.évous TÜV T€
vfücov T)v Mepóqv kai Tiv xopav T)v TÀqotov
AvyUmTOV.

8. Eort 6€ kai àAAa yévn TÓV AtUvómaov map,
TÀ EV eg auóorépav TOv pepáv TTV mrapaoTá.-
piov ToU Ne(Aov karowoÜvra kat Tàg €v TQ

| r0 after xai deleted by Dindorf.

? So Kichstádt: karà TÀv d(Àov cs àv ToU BaciAécs kai TÀv
diÀov aàzávr av.

IO2

BOOK III. 6. 4-8. 1

abolishing this custom thereafter ordered affairs after
his own will.

7. As for the custom touching the friends of the
king, strange as it is, it persists, they said, down to
our own time. For the Ethiopians have the custom,
they say, that if their king has been maimed in some
part of his body through any cause whatever, all his
companions suffer the same loss of their own choice ;
because they consider that it would be a disgraceful
thing if, when the king had been maimed in his
leg, his friends should be sound of limb, and if in
their goings forth from the palace they should not
all follow the king limping as he did; for it would be
strange that steadfast friendship should share sorrow
and grief and bear equally all other things both
good and evil, but should have no part in the suffering
of the body. They say also that it is customary for
the comrades of the kings even to die with them of
their own accord and that such a death is an honour-
able one and a proof of true friendship. And it is
for this reason, they add, that a conspiracy against
the king is not easily raised among the Ethiopians,
all his friends being equally concerned both for
his safety and their own. These, then, are the
customs which prevail among the Ethiopians who
dwell in their capital! and those who inhabit
both the island of Mero& and the land adjoining
Egypt.

8. But there are also a great many other tribes of
the Ethiopians, some of them dwelling in the land
lying on both banks of the Nile and on the islands in

! Napata.
I03

DIODORUS OF SICILY

mora vijgovs , 7d Ó€ TV OJLopov Tfs " Apafias
veuóopeva, Tà OÓ. év rois |.eaoyetous TÍjs A« Bons
kaÜiópup.éva.. ot meta vot 0€ TOUTCOV kat po
oí Tapà TOV TOTOLOV otKobvres Tas pév xypóous
etg puéAaves, rais Óé (Ocaus. ouiot, rots 0€ Tpuycó-
paw obÀot. Kai ais 6v J'uxa.ts TavTeÀÓs
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€ün T:3jv Ouuóopáv.

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kaÜoxzAijovou. O€ kai Tàs '"yvvatkas, OpiGovres
a)Ura(s Teraypévgv T|Àucav, dw TQOÍs TAÀe(oTO4S
vouuiov égT. yaÀkoÜv kpikov óépew év TQ xyeiÀe
Tob oTóparros. eoÜfr. Oé Ttves pev GOTÓV ados
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mrpos póva TÓ kaDpara TrOpUCOJLevot. BorjÜeuav
a)TOUpyOv ék ToU mrapa.Teoóvros" Twég Oé TÓÀv
rpoBárcov ràs o)pàs azokózTovres ék TOV OTOÜev
kaÀUzTOvGu Óià ToUTOYV TQ (Ox(a, kaÜdmep aiàÓ)

IO4

BOOK Ill. 8. 1-5

the river, others inhabiting the neighbouri ing country
of Arabia,! and still others residing in the interior
of Libya. The majority of them, and especially
those who dwell along the river, are black in colour
and have flat noses and woolly hair. As for their
spirit they are entirely savage and display the nature
of a wild beast, not so much, however, in their temper
as in their ways of living; for they are squalid all
over their bodies, they keep their nails very long like
the wild beasts, and are as far removed as possible
from human kindness to one another; and speaking
as they do with a shrill voice and cultivating none
of the practices of civilized life as these are found
among the rest of mankind, they present a striking
contrast when considered in the light of our own
customs.

As for their arms, some of them use shields of
raw ox-hide and short spears, others javelins without
a slinging- -thong and sometimes bows of wood, four
cubits in length, with which they shoot by putting
their foot against them, and after their arrows are
exhausted they finish the fight with wooden clubs.
They also arm their women, setting an age limit for
their service, and most of these observe the custom
of wearing a bronze ring in the lip. As for clothing.
certain of them wear none whatsoever, going naked
all their life long and making for tiemsels es of what-
ever comes to hand a rude protection from the heat
alone; others, cutting off the tails and the ends of
the hides of their sheep, cover their loins with them.
putting the tail before them to screen, after a

! 'Theland between the Nile and the Red Sea; cp. Vol. I, p.
21" and note.

IOS

DIODORUS OF SICILY

ravTQv TpoDaAMÀópevouv — €vo( O06. ypáüvrav Tas
Oopais TÓYv kTQvOv, eici O. oti mrepubcopuaat nexpt
pécov ! T0 .cópa kKaAUTTOUGW, €éK TÓV Tpuxdv
mrÀékovres, 7T dv TÓV "ap aDTOLS mpoBárev à ÓvrQV
nu» $epovrov epa. td. TÜv iOuóTYITG TS xopas.
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vas srepucAóyres, ots kat Td c dopuara ciiáeovres epi
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oÀtyou 0. a)rÀv kai Talis ToÉeias évnÜAnkóres
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TT)V Tüjs QUGecs €vÓóeuav aàvamrAnpotow: | ot mrÀetarot
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kat TvpQ TOV Trávra. Biov Gualio:.

9. ILepi 8é Üev ot uév avoyrepov Mepóns oikoüvres
€vvotas exovat DvrTds. brroAauiBdvovot yàp TOUS
uev aUTÓV aieovtov €yew kat ad Üaprov TTV vow,
otov "Avv kai oeXyijvgv kai TOv aUpavra. Kógpuov,
TOUS € vopubovot Üvnijs $Uaecs Kekowcvikéva.
kai óc aperyv Kai Kot ets avÜpozrovs eDepyeaíay
TeTeUxévat TUA V aDavárov: Tv T€ yàp "low
xai rOv lláva, zpós 96 rovrots 'HpakAéa. kai. Aía

! uécov Dindorf: uéoov.

1 The obscure description of this custom may be clarified
by à statement of Strabo (17. 2. 3) who apparently is greatly
condensing the same source which Diodorus has used in this
passage. Strabo writes of the Ethiopians: ** .. . and some
go naked, or wcar around their loins small sgheep-skins or

Io06

BOOK III. 8. z-9. 2

manner, the shameful part!; and some make use of
the skins of their domestic animals, while there are
those who cover their bodies as far as the waist with
shirts, whieh they weave of hair, since their sheep do
not produce wool by reason of the peculiar nature of
theland. For food some gather the fruits which are
generated in their waters and which grow wild in
both the lakes and marshy places, certain of them
pluck off the foliage of a very tender kind of tree,
with which they also cover their bodies in the midday
and eool them in this way, some sow sesame and
lotus,?? and there are those who are nourished by
the most tender roots of the reeds. Not a few of
them are also well trained in the use of the bow and
bring down with good aim many birds, with which
they satisfy their physical needs; but the greater
number live for their entire life on the meat and
milk and cheese of their herds.

9. With regard to the gods, the Ethiopians who
dwell above Mero&é entertain two opinions: they
believe that some of them, such as the sun and the
moon and the universe as a whole, have a nature
which is eternal and imperishable, but others of
them, they think, share a mortal nature and have
come to receive immortal honours because of their
virtue and the benefactions which they have bestowed
upon all mankind ; for instance, they revere Isis and
Pan, and also Heracles and Zeus, considering that

girdles of well-woven hair " (tr. of Jonesinthe L.C.L.). When

this statement is combined with that of Diodorus, it would

appear that when the tail of the sheep was cut off a portion

of the hide was left attached to it and that this hide was put

about the loins in such a way that the tail hung down in front.
* Cp. Book 1. 34. 6.

107

DIODORUS OF SICILY

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^ A ^ 3 ^
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b 7 /
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b] N 7 / M hj
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^ ^ 3. N N Lj
émKovpety rots óyAots OvvaaoÜac Óuà. rr)v érouuóT«TO.

^ , / 34.5 , «a M! ? / /

Tfjs eUmop(as, eigi O. ot ToUs avópeta. Qua dépovras
^ ^ 7 hl , 4
aípobüvra, Dactets, xpivovres TOUS é€v moÀéuQ
^ P. 5 / /
TÀetoTov Ovvaputévovs a£iovs eirau uóvovs Tvyyavew
^ 7
TÓV T"pOTÉioV.

108

DOONK III. 9. 2-4

these deities in particular have been benefactors of
the race of men. Buta few of the Ethiopians do not
believe in the existence of any gods at all!; con-
sequently at the rising of the sun they utter im-
precations against it as being most hostile to them,
and flee to the marshes of those parts.

Different also from those of other peoples are the
customs they observe with respect to their dead;
for some dispose of them bv casting them into the
river, thinking this to be the best burial; others,
after pouring glass about the bodies,;? keep them
in their houses, since they feel that the countenances
of the dead should not be unknown to their kinsmen
and that those who are united by ties of blood should
not forget their near relations; and some put them
in coffins made of baked clay and bury them in the
ground in a ring about their temples, and they
consider that the oath taken by them is the strongest
possible.

The kingship some of them bestow upon the most
comely, believing both supreme power and comeliness
to be gifts of fortune, while others entrust the rule
to the most careful keepers of cattle, as being the
only men who would give the best thought to their
subjects; some assign this honour to the wealthiest,
since they feel that these alone can come to the
aid of the masses because they have the means
ready at hand; and there are those who choose for
their kings men of unusual valour, judging that the
most efficient in war are alone worthy to receive
the meed of honour.

! Strabo (17. 2. 3, tr. by Jones in the L.C.L.) says that these
Ethiopians lived near the torrid zone.
* Cp. Book 2. 15 for a fuller account of this custom.

IO9

DIODORUS OF SICILY

10. T9s 9é vapà róv NetAov yópas Tí €v Tfj
A«Bon keuLevis éoTi TL Lépos TÓ KáAMeL Dua. dépov-
Tpo$ás. T€ yap $épei OauÀeis kai TrOUcLÀGS, Kai
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cüÜérovs Tüs €V rois £Acot karadóvyás Ó.0 kai
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k«aradÜedew OU Tjv acriav karava'ykáGovrat de-
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eig aüÀkmv mepvrAékovra( Talg oGméipatgs eig TÀ

| eis after óevyew deleted by Vogel.
IIO

BOOK III. 1o. 1-5

10. In that part of the country which lies along
the Nile in Libya ! there is a section which is remark-
able for its beauty ; for it bears food in great abund-
ance and of every variety and provides convenient
places of retreat in its marshes where one finds
protection against the excessive heat; consequently
this region is a bone of contention between the
Libyans and the Ethiopians, who wage unceasing
warfare with each other for its possession. Jt is
also a gathering-place for a multitude of elephants
from the country lying above it because, as some say,
the pasturage is abundant and sweet ; for marvellous
marshes stretch along the banks of the river and
in them grows food in great plenty and of every kind.
Consequently, whenever they taste of the rush and
the reed, they remain there because of the sweetness
of the food and destroy the means of subsistence of
the human beings ; and becauseof this the inhabitants
are compelled to flee from these regions, and to live
as nomads and dwellers in tents—in a word, to fix
the bounds of their country by their advantage.
The herds ofthe wild beasts which we have mentioned
leave the interior of the country because of the lack
of food, since every growing thing in the ground
quickly dries up; for as a result of the excessive
heat and the lack of water from springs and rivers it
comes to pass that the plants for food are rough and
scanty.

There are also, as some say, in the country of the
wild beasts, as it is called, serpents which are marvel-
lous for their size and multitude; these attack the
elephants at the water-holes, pit their strength
against them, and winding themselves in coils about

1 i.e. on the west bank.
III

DIODORUS OF SICILY

ckéÀr, kai zépas €ws ToUTov avvéyovat Pualópevot
KaL c obyyovres Tots Ocopois écsg àv àópicavra Tà
Üpta. 7€0y Ou& TO Bápos. émevr. àÜpoiLópjevor TO
7reaov capKo$ayoboi, paOíus émuparoüvres Ou
T)v Ovokumoiav ToU Loov. dmoAeurouévou
a7op"üLaTOSs, Oià Tiv aGirlíav OU Guvémovrau TOÍS
éAéQaow eis -T7)v "poewmuévqv — zapazoraptav
OL KOVTES TS cwwi]Üets Tpoóds, $aoi ! TOUS
T1 ÀcoUToUS ódets TV 6v emimeóov Tis Xopas
$evyew, .mept Ó€ T UT copeLaw €v Tails $aàpay£fi
TOis eig ? TO ufjkos àvnkoUaats Kai Trois oT Àatots
rots TO faÜos éyovou( ocuveyós évavA(LeoÜac-
OLOTep TOUS OuLhdjépovras kai cuvryÜew TÓmOvS
uyóapds ékAevrew, abroOl8akrov mpós rà Touabra
Tíjs $vcews ovons áraoc Tots boots.
llept uév ov AiüwcGv kai Tás ycpas avTOv
—€— Aéyop.ev.
IIeot 86 7v Ovyypadécv "tv ÓLODLOTÉOV,
ÓTL ou cvyyeypdeaat Tepi Te Tíjs AvyUTTOV
ka TÍS AtÜvomtas , c v oL Lev V 'evóet dp T€TALOT€U-
Kóres, oi 0€ mzap' éavTÓv 7roAAá Tijs Joxaycaytas
évekKa memAakóres, Ducatcos üv &TiGTOlvTO. 'ÁAya-
Üapxtórs uev yap o Kwtotos év Tí] Oeurépa. BLBAo
TÓV Tel Tiv 'AÁciav, kai O Tüs yearypa.dias
cvvra£dq.evos "Aprepibcpos O Edéotos KQTQ TTV
oyoóonv BüBAov, ka Tues érepot TÓV É€v Atyómra
Ka TOLKOUVTOV, LOTOpY)KOTES TÀ TÀetoTa TÓV Trpoet-
! 68 after $aci deleted by Reiske.

?* eis added by Wesseling, Vogel; omitted by Bekker,
Dindorf.

! An historian and geographer of the second century 8.C.

I12

BOOK III. ro. 5-11. 2

their legs continue squeezing them tighter and
tighter in their bands until at last the beasts, covered
with foam, fall to the ground from their weight.
Thereupon the serpents gather and devour the flesh
of the fallen elephant, overcoming the beast with
ease because it moves only with difficulty. Dut
since it still remains a puzzle why, in pursuit of their
accustomed food, they do not follow the elephants
into the region along the river, which I have men-
tioned, they say that the serpents of such great
size avoid the level part of the country and con-
tinually make their homes at the foot of mountains
in ravines which are suitable to their length and in
deep caves; consequently they never leave the
regions which are suitable to them and to which
they are accustomed, Nature herself being the
instructor of all the animals in such matters.

As for the Ethiopians, then, and their land, this is
as much as we have to say.

1l. Concerning the historians, we must distin-
guish among them, to the effect that many have
composed works on both Egypt and Ethiopia, of
whom some have given credence to false report and
others have invented many tales out of their own
minds for the delectation of their readers, and so
may justly be distrusted. For example, Agathar-
chides of Cnidus ! in the second Book of his work on
Asia, and the compiler of geographies, Artemidorus of
Ephesus,? in his eighth Book, and certain others
whose homes were in Egypt, have recounted most of
what I have set forth above and are, on the whole,

? His work in eleven books on the lands and peoples about
the Mediterranean Sea was composed around 100 n.c.

II3

DIODORUS-OF-SICIEY

3 piévav ev mrágt OXe80v em Urv'yxdvovat. Kai yàp
)Lets kaÜ0' óv Koupóv. vrapepáAopuev etg A tyvmTOV,
mroAAotis Lev TÓV tepécy ever óyojtev, OUK oÀCyots
Óe «ai mpeapevrats amo Tfjs AlBvomias rrapotauw
ets Aóyovs ajukópeÜa: map! àv àkpupás éxacca
rUÜOuevo,, kai ToUs Aóyovs rv (aropu«iv é£eMy-
tavres, Tots udÀuora. Gvjudeovotow àkóAovÜov TÀ)v
àvaypadnv memoujjea.

i Heg gie otv Atómzov TOv mpOs Tjj ÓUcet
karToukoUvTov apkea0naójeÜ0a rois prBetas, zepi óé
TÓV kQaTà TTV peanupptav Kai TV Epv0pàv
ÜdAarrav ,Keuieva €v pnépet Ovée quer. Ooket ÓO
Um app.órrew vrpoOeAÜetv mept Tis ToÜ Xpvaob
karackevtjs Tfjs €v TOUTOLS TOÍS TÓTOlS ywopévis.

12. Hep: yàp Tüs €0yaTiàs Tijs AtyUTTOU kal Ts
óp.opoUars Apafías ve ka. Aiior(as TÓTr OS €GTiV
eXcov LéraAÀa vz0ÀÀÀ kai pueyáAÀa Xpudob, awvaryo-
p.évov T'0ÀÀo9 70ÀM] kakomaDeca T€ Kal Domávy. TÍs
yàp y'fjs p.eAaois obcys TÜ dca KaL GuaQvas
kai $AéBas € exoUas papuápov Tjj Àeukór «TL. Óua.oe-
povgas kaL Tágas TÀs vrepuAaqimojuévas $vaets
UrepDaAAovaas TÍj Aaqumpórt, OL mpogepeVovres
rois ueraAÀLkots €p'yots TÓ zÀnÜe. TÓV epa. Co-

2 Lévav karraakeváCovat TÓV xpvaóv. oL yàp
PaciAets Tfjs Atybmrov TOUS ét Kakovpyta. kara-
Ouca.aÜ€vras Kat TOUS KaTQ, mÓÀeuov aixp.aAcoTLa-
Üévras, érc. 0€ ToUs àOikows O.apoAats mepureaóvras
Kai ótà Üvpóv eig $QvÀakàs mzapaOeOouévovs, more
Lév a)TroUs, moTÉ Óé kai nerà záaqs avyyeveias,
&Üpoicavres Tapaou00ac. pos TT)V TOoÜ xpvco0

! The Persian Gulf.
II4

BOOK III. rr. 2-12.2

accurate in all they have written. Since, to bear
witness ourselves, during the time of our visit to
Egypt, we associated w ith many of its priests and con-
versed with not a few ambassadors from Ethiopia as
well who werc then in Egypt; and after inquiring
carefully of them about each matter and testing the
stories of the historians, we have composed our
account so as to accord with the opinions on which
they most fullv agree.

Now as for the "Ethiopians who dwell ia the w est,
we shall be satisfied with what has been said, and we
shall discuss in turn the peoples who live to the south
and about the Red Sea.!1 However, we feel that it
is appropriate first to tell of the working of the gold
as it is carried on in these regions.

12. At the extremity of Egypt and in the con-
tiguous territory of both Arabia and Ethiopia there
lies a region which contains many large gold mines,
where the gold is secured in great quantities with
much suffering and at great expense. For the
earth is naturally black and contains seams and
veins of a marble? which is unusually white and in
brilliancy surpasses everything else which shines
brightly by its nature, and here the overseers of the
labour in the mines recover the gold with the aid of
a multitude of workers. For the kings of Egypt
gather together and condemn to the mining of the
gold such as have been found guiltv of some crime
and captives of war, as well as those who have been
accused unjustly and thrown into prison because of
their anger, and not only such persons but occasionally
all their relatives as well, by this mcans not only

* Cp. the account of the mines in Spain (Book 5. 35 ff.).
? 4.6. a quartz-rock; cp. below, $ 5.

LIS

DIODORUS'"OF SICILY

peraAAetav, dpa pév Tuuoptiav. Aauavovres mapa
7ÀVv kaTa.yvcooÜévrov, &pa. 66 6u& TOv épyalopévov
peyaAas vpogóOovs Aajávovres. ot 0€ zapao-
Üévres, moAÀot pév TO mÀfjÜos Ovres, mávregs Óé
TéOats OeOcuévot, mpockaprepoÜGgt TOls épyots
cuvexós kat je. »épav kat Ov oÀgs Tfjs vukTÓs,
ivámavgw ev ov0epiaw Aapufávovres, OpacjoÜ0 O€
TAVTOS $tAoT(uos etpyopuevot $jvÀakat yàp ék
GTOGTHUTCN PapDápov xat raís O.GAékTOLs O.a.QÓ-
pots ! ypouévov eóeorykaaw, coTe jiro€va OUva.-
cÜa. àv opua 7) $uavÜparmov TLVOS €vreUteas
$Ueipat TwG, TÓV emu raToUvrav. Tis O€ TÓV
xypvcov €xovas ys Tv pev ckA)porármv TUpL
T0ÀÀO kaUgavres Kat mroujgavres xyavvQv Tpoocd-
yovgcu 77V Oià TÓV xetupóv kaTepyaciav: TTV
O€ aveuteviy méTpav Kat puerpup Ove Ovvapévnv
UTe(Kkew AaTouucQ ocun)po karazovobat pupudoes
GkArnpoUvrov dvÜpcmrov. Kai TÍg Lev óArjs Tpay-
p.aretas ó TOv A(Üov Oakpivow Teyvir9s kaÜ-
yetrau kai Tots épyaLouévous UmoOÓcikvvOU — TÓV
óc "pos TTV dTUXtav TOUTnV aroOeuyÜévroov ot
pev ccparos pom O.a.dépovres TUTGL ouójpa.ts
Tiv pappapitovaav TÉéTpQv KózrTovau, OU Téxviv
TO(s €pyois, aAÀÀa Piav mpoaáyovres, bzrovójLovs
Oe OtakómTOovres, o)k émw eüÜelas, GdÀÀ. cs àv *
Ouióvots 5. Tíüjs d7ooriMBovons érpas. obroi
Lév ov O4 Tüs £v vais Owopvéí. kaprmüs kal
cokoAulórqyras €év okórev OwarptBovres Avxvovs émi
TÓVv geromov memmyuévovus ? mepijbépovov. | moÀ-

! Gvadópos Dindorf: óraópos.
? So Capps, zezpayparevpévovs 8l] editora, meópaypuévovs

IIÓ

BOOK III. r2. 2-6

inflicting punishment upon those found guilty but
also securing at the same time great revenues from
their labours. And those who have been condemned
in this way—and they are a great multitude and are
all bound in chains—work at their task unceasingly
both by day and throughout the entire night, enjoy-
ing no respite and being carefully cut off from any
means of escape; since guards of foreign soldiers
who speak a language different from theirs stand
watch over them, so that not a man, either by con-
versation or by some contact of a friendly nature, is
able to corrupt one of his keepers. The gold-
bearing earth ! which is hardest they first burn with
a hot fire, and when they have crumbled it in this
way thev continue the working of it by hand; and
the soft rock which can yield to moderate effort is
crushed with a sledge by myriads of unfortunate
wretches. And the entire operations are in charge
of a skilled worker who distinguishes the stone?
and points it out to the labourers; and of those who
are assigned to this unfortunate task the physically
strongest break the quartz-rock? with iron hammers,
applying no skill to the task, but only force, and
cutting tunnels through the stone, not in a straight
line but wherever the seam of gleaming rock may
lead. Now these men, working in darkness as they
do because ofthebending and winding ofthe passages,
carry lamps bound on their foreheads; and since

! Here and below " earth"" must be the equivalent of the
" marble '" mentioned before.

? 4.e. picks out that which is gold-bearing.

3 Literally, ** the rock which contains the marble."'

CE; ep. Agatharchides 25 (Müller): obro« uév oóv A/yvovs
vpocOeOeuévovs rots perorrous éxovres ÀAaroguotatv.
II7

DIODORUS OF SICILY

Aaxós 0€ mpós ràs Tíjs Térpas (O.OTqTOaS Leraaoyn-
naTribovres rà a«cpara karafláAAovoww «eis éOados
7T& ÀaTouoUpeva Üpajpara: kai ToÜTo aOuaAeirTas
évepyoüa, pos émwrárov fap/rqra kai mÀmyds.

13. Oc 8€ avnBov sratóes etoÓvop.evor Óuà TÓv Dmo-
vOL.c)v €ts Tà. kekot.Acouéva, 1f, Trérpas avafdAAovaw
éTVTTOVO)S TTV purrovuévqv kaTà pukpóv érpav Kal
TpOs TOv ÉékrOs TOU oTopiov TÓTOV elis UrauÜpov
azokoputGovgw. ot Ó Umép éTQ TpiákovTa Trapà
roUTuv AapBavovres cpupévov uérpov ToU AaTopa]-
pa Tos év óÀpuows AUtvows rU TOvat ciOnpots Ümépois,
GXpt àv opópov. TO LuéyeÜos karepyáacavrat.
rapa 0€ roUvcv TOv opoBirqv Ac€ov ac yvvatkes Kai
ot mpeapUTepou 7Àv àvOpáv ékOéyovras, kai uiAcv
é£ijs mAe|0vowv Ovrov émw ToUTovs émaAovot,
Kai TapagTávres àvà pets T OUo TpOs TT]v kooTqQV
aAjovaw, éus üv eis aepuód ens 7pózrov 70 Oo0€v
péTpov Ko;repyáacvraa. mpogoóas 9 a&raow a6e-
pamevatas c puarTos 1 Kai Tfjs Tv alo) mrepurreAMoSams
caUfyros m mpocoUo)s, OUK €OTlV Og (OQV OUK
av éAerjoew ToUs akAypotvras oui TTV UmrepBoArv
TÍjs TaAaumoptas. oU yàp. TVUyxdvet cvy yvdpns
oU avégeos GTÀÓS oUk &ppcoros, oU T€TTpO-
Lévos, o) yeynpakos, o) yvvawOs aoÜÉvea,
mrávTes O€ mAnyais avorykdeGovra. TpoaoKaprepety
7ois €pyois, Léype àv KakovxoUp.evot TeAevT1)GQ00w
cv Tais dváykaus. Omep oi OÓvarvxets. dopepo-

! ;.e. as the gold-bearing stratum turns in one direction and
another.

? Agatharchides 26 (ed. Müller), whom Diodorus is following
here, say these workers were '' under "' thirty.

I1I8

BOOK III. 12 6-13. 3

much of the time they change the position of theh
bodies to follow the par ticular character! of the
stone they throw the blocks, as they cut them out,
on the ground; ; and at this task they labour without
ceasing " beneath the sternness and blows of an over-
seer.
13. The boys there who have not yet come to
maturity, entering through the tunnels into the
galleries formed bvthe removalofthe rock,labor iously
gather up the rock as it is cast down piece bvpiece
and carry it out into the open to the place outside
the entrance. Then those who are above? thirty
years of age take this quarried stone from them and
with iron pestles pound a specified amount of it in
stone mortars, until they have worked it down to the
size of a vetch. Thereupon the women and older
men receive from them the rock of this size and cast
it into mills of which a number stand there in a row,
and taking their places in groups of two or three at
the spoke or handle of each mill they grind it until
they have worked down the amount given them to
the consistency of the finest flour. And since no
opportunity is afforded anv of them to care for his
body and they have no garment to eover their shame,
no man can look upon the unfortunate wretches
without feeling pity for them because of the exceed-
ing hardships thev suffer. For no leniency or respite
of any kind is given to any man who is sick, or
maimed, or aged, or in the case of a woman for
her weakness? but all without exception are com-
pelled by blows to persevere in their labours, until
through ill-treatment they die in the midst of their
tortures. Consequently the poor unfortunates be-

3 Or ** illness."

II9
VOL E

DIODORUS OF SICILY

repov dei TO guéÀÀov roD mapóvros vwyobüvrau Oud
T)v OTepfoMv Tfs Twuwp(as, zoÜewócepov 96 rob
Cv TOv Üávarov mpooOéxyovra.

14. To 06 vreAevratov ot rexyvirac rrapaAaBóvres
rov üÀmAeo.évov AiÜov pos 7')jv 0Àqv ayovot ovvré-
ÀAeuav:. émi ydp mAaretas cavióos ,AKpov €yke-
kAuievrs Tpifovot TV kaTeupyaop.évmy pápp.apov
UÓcop emixéovres- eira TO gév yeóóes aoi]
ékTQKOjievov Óu4. TOv vypOv karappet kaTQ TTV
Ts cavióos €ykAww, TO OÓ€ xpvoitovl!l £yov ézi
TOU ÉUAov mapajiévet Quà. TO Ddpos. soAAdákus 0€
TobTro TrotoÜvTres, TÓ gév mpóTov TaÍs xepoiv
céAaópós Tpifovo,, geràü O6 Taíra omÓyyots
apatots koUó«s émÜABovres TO xaüvov kai yyedes
Ou&. ToUTO)v avaAauDávovot, uéypu àv orov kaÜapóv
yévnrau TO Jypua ToÜ ypucob. TO 0€ TeÀevratov
GAAot Texvtrat zrapaAauávovres uérpo kat oTaOj.Q
TO GuvWypnévov eis kepaieo0s xvTpovs éufdáAAovat-
pi£avres 8e KaüTd TO vrAfjÜos dváAoyov ioAtBóov
BóAov kat xóvàpovs aÀAv, érv 0€ Bpax? kazvrvépov,
kai KptÜwwov mrírvpov mpooeu fX ovaw: dpp.oo TOv
o emibnpa. moujoavres KaL mAQ $uAomóvcs mept-
Xptcavres OTTÓOLV €V Kajutva mevre 7"Hépas kai
vUKkTas (gas GOtaAeUrTOS- É€mevra féácavres wvx-
Ütjvau TÓV iv GÀÀcv oU0€v eüpigKovGiv €v TOlS
dyyetots, TÓv € Xpvaóv kaÜapóv Aa Bávovaw
oAtyns dTovatas yeyevnuevrs. 7 Lev oiv épyaaía
ToU ypvcoD srepi TÓs eaxaTtüs Tfs ÁAiyUmTOU ywo-
Lévm gerà Trocobrcov kai TQgÀukoUTrov TÓPOV
gwvreÀetrav. a)T? yàp 7) dou, olpat, oic

! Vogel suggests ypvoóv.

120

BOOK HI. r3. 3-14. 5

lieve, because their punishment is so excessively
severe, that the future will always be more terrible
than the present and therefore look forward to death
as more to be desired than life.

14. In the last steps the skilled workmen receive
the stone which has been ground to powder and
take it off for its complete and final working; for
they rub the marble ! which has been worked down
upon a broad board which is slightly inclined, pouring
water over it all the while; whereupon the earthy
matter in it, melted away bv the action of the water,
runs down the inclined board, while that which con-
tains the gold remains on the wood because of its
weight. And repeating this a number of times, they
first of all rub it gently with their hands, and then
lightly pressing it with sponges of loose texture they
remove in this way whatever is porous and earthy,
until there remains only the pure gold-dust. Then
at last other skilled workmen take what has been
recovered and put it by fixed measure and weight
into earthen jars, mixing with it a lump of lead
proportionate to the mass, lumps of salt and a little
tin, and adding thereto barley bran; thereupon they
put on it a close-fitting lid, and smearing it over
carefully with mud they bake it in a kiln for five
successive days and as many nights; and at the end
of this period, when they have let the jars cool off,
of the other matter they find no remains in the jars,
but the gold they recover in pure form, there being
but little waste. "This working of the gold, as it
is carried on at the farthermost borders ot Egypt, is
effected through all the extensive labours here de-
scribed; for Nature herself, in my opinion, makes

CODnCp- T5; 0.3.
I21

DIODORUS OF SICILY
20 i € e 1 1 Li A ? /
zpoOÓnAÀov cs O0! xpucos yéveow ev éÉmvmovov
» M M] , & A /
eXet, $vAakrv oc yaAemTV, oTovOy 0€ peyioTmyv,
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?
apyata TavTeÀQs éoTw, cs àv DmO TÓV TaGÀawOv
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TÓv kaToiukobDvrcov T?)v Te mapdáÀwov ToU '"Apapiov
7 M / 3» ? ? / A
KÓAzov Kai TpoyoOvrucegv, ért O0. Aitostav. TYJv
zpos ueonupptav kat vórov, mreupacóp.eÜa, Ove£iévaa.
Ileot zporcv 06 7v 'ly0voóayov épotpev
TÓV KaTOuKOUVTOV T'v zTapáAuov 77v 410 Kappavias
M / e ^ A^ ^ ^
«at l'eópooias écosg TrÀv éoydTcov T0Ü pvxobD ToD
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kara 7Ov "Apápwor kóXÀzov (Opuuévov, óg eig TT
p.eaóyetov àvi)ka)w ám ov OiGaTnga. Ovatv Tymetpots
zepiKÀeierat pos TOv ÉkmÀovv, Tj pu€v vUTO TÍjs
3 / 5 / ^ » e M ^ í ^
Ev0aikovos Apafias, 75 O. 010 Tíjs Tpo»yoóvrucfjs.
ToUTOV O€ TÓV PapPápcv TLVÉS pev yvpwot TO
zapázav Dwoüvres kowas eXovat Tüs yvvaikas. kai
Tàü TÉékva vapazAnatos rats TOv Üpeupdárov àyé-
Aais, fjGovijs 0€ kai móvov T)v $voucv uóvov àvrt-
Anjuv zotoUpevot TÀv atGypOv kai kaAGv ovOepiav
Aauávovaw €vvoiav. Ts Óé oükroets éyovaw oUk
M ^ / * A € / ? eu
&70Ü0ev Tis ÜaÀavrrqs vapà Tàs paxüias, kaÜ' as
) ? / ^ Fd 3 A A F
etotv oU póvov BaÜetat kotiAaóes, aÀAa kat óápayyes
) ^ ^ LE
avopaAÀot. kai aTevoi zavTreÀOs ajDÀQves okoAuais
ekrporas DTO Tíjs $vaecs O.eLÀmkévot.. TOUTCOV
€ gl xpeta TÀV eyxcptav T€óvkÓTOv áppobóvros,
rüs éKTpomas kat? Ove£óO00us ovykeyokaot Alois

! 6 Reiske: 0 pé.
? ToUTc)v after éüvàv deleted by Dindorf.
* For «ai Capps suggests «ara vds, ** at their outlets."

I22

BOOK III. r4. 5-15. 3

it clear that whereas the production of gold is
laborious, the guarding of it is difficult, the zest for
it very great, and that its use is half-way between
pleasure and pain.

Now the discovery of these mines is very ancient,
having been made by the early kings. But we
shall undertake to discuss the peoples which inhabit
the coast of the Arabian Gulf! and that of the
Trogodytes and the part of Ethiopia that faces the
noon-dav sun and the south wind.

15. The first people we shall mention are the
Ichthyophagi ? who inhabit the coast which extends
from Carmania and Gedrosia? to the farthest limits
of the arm of the sea which is found at the Arabian
Gulf, which extends inland an unbelievable distance
and is enclosed at its mouth by two continents, on
the one side by Arabia Felix and on the other by the
land of the Trogodytes. As for these barbarians,
certain of them go about entirely naked and have the
women and children in common like their flocks and
herds, and since they recognize onlv the physical
perception of pleasure and pain they take no thought
of things which are disgraceful and those which are
honourable. They have their dwellings not far from
the sea along the rockv shores, where there are not
only deep valleys but also jJagged ravines and very
narrow channels which Nature has divided by means
of winding side-branches. These branches being
by their nature suited to their need, the natives close
up the passages and * outlets with heaps of great

! 'The Red Sca. 2? Fish-eaters.

3$ Approximately modern south-eastern Persia and Balu-
chistan.

3 Or * at their outlets''; cp. critical note.

r23

DIODORUS OF SICILY

neydAow, Ov ov óomep Oucrócv Trv Üvnpav TÓÀwv
(xÜUcv | movoÜvrat. Orav yàp 7) mÀqgpopis Ts
ÜaAdrTQus émi T)v yépoov óépurawv ÀaBpes, Ó mouet
Ols Ts ))iépas Trepi rpirqv kat évárqv uáAuTá Tos
cpav, 7) i.év ÜaÀAaTTa Trácav T7)» paxtav émucAUGovaa
kaAUr Tet, xai ÀáBp« kat ToÀÀO kÜjart avvazroko-
piLíev Tpos T? xépoov amwoTov TAÀWQÜos avrov
iyÜUcov, ot TO uév TpóTov év Tjj vrapaAio uévovot,
voufjs xàpw TÀavopevot Tept Tàs ÜrroÓUGets KaL TÀ
Ko|Acjuara: émàv O. 0 rfjs aima recs €AÜn ypóvos,
TO |L€v ÜypOv ék TOU Ka.T. OÀcyov Ouà, TV Keyc)a evo
Akov kai $apáyycv àmoppet, ot O. (y00s v Tots
KotÀcuact KaraÀeUrTovrat. Karà Oé ToÜTrov TOV
kaupoóv 70 TÀfjÜos rÓv Ééyxcpicv perà Trékvov kai
yvuvauKQv ets 7Tüs payias aÜpoiGerau kaÜázep ad.
évos KcÀevouaTos. oxuiopnévov 0é rOv Bapfapcov
es TÀ KaTà Lépos ovoT»)LaTa, TpOS TOUS (Olous
€ékaoTo( TOTOUS jqeTrà oss éfawoiov jépovrai,
«aÜdmep atjwtov TwOs kuvqytas. éumremroutas.
et0" at puév yvvatkes uera TÓV Ta(Qcv TOUs éÀdr-
rovas TOv UxÜvwcv xat mÀgotov Ovras Tíüjs xépocov
cvAAauBavovcat pirrovouw éri ThV yijv, ot 0€ mots
copnacw akpuaCovres zpoaoépovot Tàs yetpas Tots
Ou, TO uéyeÜos ÓvakaTaycvioTots* ékmrirTOVOL ydp
ék TOU TeÀ&yovs veppueyéÜeis oU póvov okoprrio
«ai j.opau'at kat küves, aÀÀAa kat diat kat TroAÀAQ
rouxUTa. Ééva, kat rats Ojieot kat Tas Trpoomyoptaus.
raUra O6 Trà Ünpía karapüxovrau Texvucfs quév
OTÀc«v kaTagkevuis oUO€v €yovres, Képaat 06 atyiv
124

BOOK III. rs. 3-7

stones, and by means of these, as if with nets, they
carry on the catching of the fish. For whenever the
flood-tide of the sea sweeps violently over the land,
which happens twice daily and usually about the
third and ninth hour, the sea covers in its flood all
the rocky shore and together with the huge and
violent bilow carries to the land an incredible
multitude of fish of every kind, which at first remain
along the coast, wandering in search of food among
the sheltered spots and hollow places; but whenever
the time of ebb comes, the water flows off little by
little through the heaps of rocks and ravines, but the
fish are left behind in the hollow places. At this
moment the multitude of the natives with their
children and women gather, as if at a single word of
command, at the rocky shores. And the barbarians,
dividing into several companies, rush in bands each
to its respective place with a hideous shouting, as if
they had come unexpectedly upon some prey.
Thereupon the women and children, seizing the
smaller fish which are near the shore, throw them on
the land, and the men of bodily vigour lay hands
upon the fish which are hard to overcome because of
their size; for there are driven out of the deep
creatures of enormous size, not only sea-seorpions !
and sea-eels and dog-fish, but also seals * and many
other kinds which are strange both in appearance and
in name. These animals they subdue without the
assistance of any skilful device of weapons but by
piercing them through with sharp goathorns and by

! Perhaps the scorpaena scrofa, which is described in
Athenaeus 320 D, where Gulick (in the L.C.L.) suggests
" seulpin " as an * inexact but convenient " equivalent.

? Perhaps the phoca monachus oí Odyssey 4. 404.

125

DIODORUS OF SICILY

o£éat Kacrakevrobvres kai rais moppá£. mrérpaus
emvrépwovres TüvTa yàp J xpeia Oi0d0ket TTV
$vow, oLKelcos rois UTTOKEtjLÉVOUS. kapots appoCbo-
névnv pos T7V ék Tüjs éAmiOos eypmoTtav.

16. 'Ezeav 9à' aÜpotaciaw tyÜUcov mravroónmv
"tos, |.era. dépovot TOUS Arj$Üévras KaL mrávras
OTTÓOLV ÉTi TÓYV TeTpÓVv TÓV eykekÀuiévov "pós
neonpptav. OuuTÜpov O oUgdv OL TTV T00
KQULATOS ozrepBoAnjv, Ppaxvv édcavres Xpovov
OTpéQovot, KGTeuTa Tfjs oUpüs AauBavópievot G€LOUGL
TÓV oAo0v ÓyKOV. kai aL Lev cápkes ÜpvTrTÓp.evaa
Oud, Tl Üepp.actav. dmomimTovow, aL. &kavÜa.
purroUuevau vpos €va TÓTOV eyav gcopóv GToTe-
Aobow, aU pousóp.evaa Xpetas €vekev mept js pupóv
DoTepov époüpev. gera 0€ ralTa, TÀs Lév cápkas émi
TwOS Aecomrerptas kara Tr UepLevo raroÜcw emuLeAÓs
é$ (xavóv Xpovov kat karapi'yovot TOv TOD Tra ALOU-
pov kaprróv: ZOUOU yàp cvvavaxpooÜévros TO
Tüv yirerau yptjua * KoAAQ9es" KGL OoKet ToUTO
kaÜarrep 7jvopLo.ros 7ap' a)Tots €xetv Tá£w. TO Oé
rTeÀevratov TÓ kaAÀds maTwqÜév eig mÀwÜias vapa-
wies rvzobvres TiÜÉaow eig. TOv rjÀcov- s
cup piérpas £npavÜcicas. kaÜicavres karevoyobvra,
oU uv 7pós puérpov 7) aTraÜpóv caÜLovres, aAA
T'pÓs TU (oiav ékdarov? BojAgow, Tv $vcucv
ope£uww € exovres TÍs dmoAaaecds mrepvypadniv: avek-
Actrrrots ? yàp kal à TavTrÓs éTOltOLs Xpóvra.
TapwieDnaguw, cs àv TOÜ llooeóQvos TO Ts

AvQumrpos épyov nere óros.

paua Reiske: ypopna MSS, Bekker, Dindorf.
* ékügrov MSS, Bekker, Vogel: éxaovos Hertlein, Dindorf.
? üvekAetzrougs Dindorf: avekAeczT ws.

126

BOOK III. rs. 7-16. 4

gashing them with the jagged rocks; for necessity
teaches Nature everything, as Nature, in her own
fashion, by seizing upon the opportunities which lie
at hand adapts herself to their hoped-for utilization.

16. Whenever they have collected a multitude of
all kinds of fish they carry off their catch and bake
the whole of it upon the rocks which are inclined
towards the south. . And since these stones are red-
hot because of the very great heat, they leave the
fish there for only a short time and then turn them
over, and then, picking them up bodily by the tail,
they shake them. | And the meat, which has become
tender by reason of the warmth, falls away, but the
backbones are cast into a single spot and form a
great heap, being collected for a certain use of which
we shall speak a little later. Then placing the meat
upon a smooth stone they carefully tread upon it
for a sufficient length of time and mix with it the
fruit of the Christ's thorn!; for when this has been
thoroughly worked into the meat the whole of it
becomes a glutinous mass, and it would appear that
this takes the place among them ofarelish. Finally,
when this has been well trodden, they mould it into
little oblong bricks and place them in the sun;
and after these have become thoroughly dry they
sit down and feast upon them, eating not according
to any measure or weight but according to every
man's own wish, inasmuch as they make their
physical desire the bounds of their indulgence.
For they have at all times stores which are unfailing
and ready for use, as though Poseidon had assumed
the task of Demeter.

! A shrub of the buckthorn family.
127

DIODORUS OF SICILY

'"Ewore 0é ruÀucoüvov é« ToU TeÀáyovs eis TTv
xépcov kvAwóetrat. kÜüua kat Tàs paxyias éd
")Hépas moÀÀas karakAÀULeu AdBpov,| «oce punaóéva
OvvacÜau. rots TÓTOis TpoceyytGew. Ouózep kard
TOUTOUS TOUS KapoUs o7zaviLovres rpoófis TÓ uév
mpóyrov TOUs KÓyxovs cvAAéyouat, T1 AwoUrovs TÓ
péyeÜos à dv eoptakovrai Twes rerpauvatov TY piev
yap kn gvvrpiovat Aifovs euj.eyéÜets ep Ba-
Aovres, Tyv O' évrOS Gápka kaTeaoÜiovow «pv,
Ts ye/cecs oUons Tapeuóepoüs Tolg OGTpéows.
€zràv Oé OÓià Tv cvwvéyeiav TÓVv mvevudrov émi
zÀetova vypóvov mAnÜew ovupaüy TÓv ckcavóv,
kai T^v e(Ü0vtav Ürpav TÀv (xyÜvwv ékkÀeion TO
TÍs TepiaTdGecs dOUvaTOV, Ééri TOUS KÓyxOUS, CS
etpnTai, TpémOVTQ4. €( Oé v) ek TOV kKÓyxcv TpodQ1)
oravicet, karadeUyougw émL TOV TÓV akavÜdv
otpóv- €éK TOUTOU yàp éKAéyovres TÀs eyxDAous
Ka mpog$drous TÓv dkavÜOv Ouupoóbo0t KaT'
dpÜpov, kat Tàs pev ab7OÜev rots 00000t kaTepydá-
Lovrat, Tàs O6 ockÀqupás AuÜowg Üpavovres xai
mrporrepyaCop.evot ka.TeaÜiovat, apamAatav OLd.-
0cow eXorTes rois $«wAevovat TÓV npicov.

bus Is ev oOv &ypas Tpodtjs TOV ctp .évov TpóTrov
evTopoD0i, TÍjs Dypüs. mapádo&ov eXovat kai
T'avTeAds dmi Tovp[.évi TV xpijsw. Tas Lev yap
Ófpais mpockaprepoUow € ^ muépas TérTapas,
evcxyoUpevou Tavónuet peOÜ (ÀAapóryros kai ras
avápÜpous qoas ,AAMjAovs J'uxayoryoUvres" mpos
Oc TOUTOLS ézuACyovTat TÓTE Tas yvvaifiv ats
üv TÜycGL TXO400TOUas €veka, TáO)s dGOXxoAtas

! For Adáfipov Vogel suggests AaBpos (ch. 15. 4).
128

BOOK III. 16. 4-17. 1

But at times a tidal wave of sueh size rolls in from
the sea upon the land, a violent wave that for many
days submerges the roeky shores, that no one can
approach those regions. Consequently, being short
of food at such times, thev at first gather the mussels,
which are of so great a size that some of them are
found that weigh four minas!; that is, they break
their shells by throwing huge stones at them and then
eat the meat raw, its taste resembling somewhat that
of oysters. And whenever it comes to pass that
the ocean is high for a eonsiderable period because
of the continued winds, and the impossibility of
coping with that state of affairs prevents them from
making their usual catch of fish, they turn, as has
been said, to the mussels. But if the food from the
mussels fails them, they have recourse to the heap
of backbones; that is, they select from this heap
such backbones as are suceulent and fresh and take
them apart joint by joint, and then they grind some
at once with their teeth, though the hard ones they
first crush with rocks and thus prepare them before
they eat them, their level of life being much the same
as that of the wild beasts which make their homes in
dens.

17. Now as for dry ? food they get an abundance
of it in the manner described, but their use of wet
food is astonishing and quite incredible. For thev
devote themselves assiduously for four davs to the
sea-food they have eaught, the whole tribe feasting
upon it merrily while entertaining one another with
inarticulate songs ; and furthermore, they lie at this
time with any women they happen to meet in order
to beget children, being relieved of every coneern

! About five pounds. * 4.e. ** solid."
120

DIODORUS OF SICILY

a7oAeAÀvuévot Ou Ty)v eókoay kai Tv érouuóriy Ta
Ts. Trpoórs. Tjj O€ "répumT)) Trpós TV bro)peuay
émebcyovrai zavónpet "roro xepw, €vÜa cvppvaets
ÜOGTCOV yÀvkéav e(gt, TpOs ats oL voudóes Tàg
a'yéAas TÓV Bpeuudrcov ToT(LovOw. 7) O€ OOo0vropia
ToUTOv TüGpamÀnotos vyiverat Tas üyéAats TÓV
pov, sávrov d$wovov d$juévrov o)k évapÜpov,
aGÀÀ T)jyov póvov azoTeÀoÜcav. Tv O€ Tékvov Td
pév viymia mavTeAOs ai jmrépes év rats dykdAaus
$épovoi, Trà O€ kexopiwpuéva ToÜ -ydàÀakros oi
TGTÉépes, Tà Ó. Uziép Trevraert) ypóvov Ovra, rpoáyet
Lerü TOV yovéov oc)v moa, menÀnpopéva
yapás, c àv mpOS TTV 7OioTqV aTróAavcuw Opp.d-
Leva. T) yap dou avTOv dOuioTpodos oca
Tj» avazÀnpocuw Tí €vOclas Tyyebrau péywoTov
a:yaÜóv, ovóév 7Àv érewdákrov vjóéov émiónrotoa.
Órav O€ TaÍ(s TÓVv voudOÓcwv moT(OTpais Éyyiacat
KaL Tob rrorob z'Ànpco8àoi 1 Tüs KOLÀLaS, ézravép-
yovTa, óvyts PaóiLovres Oud TÓ Pápos. kakeivmv
Lév TT7V T"uépav oUÓevos yevovra, KetraL
ékagTos U7epyépov kat OÓUaOTVOUS KGL TO GUvOÀOV
zapeuóeprs rÀ pneÜvovr.. Tj) O é£fs émt Tv dàmO
TÀv (üxÜUwv cvv Tpoójyv avakdpmTovov — kat
ToUTOV TÓV TpóTrov 7) Óiavra. KUKAeUra4 Trap! aUTOÍS
TvTa TOV roD Cv ypóvov.

Oc iv oUv TV zapdAuov Tiv évrOS TÓV OTeVÀV
KaTotkoÜvres ovUTo Piobo:, vócous pnév Ou Tm
amÀórgra Tfs Tpoóíjs oTmavis Tepurürrovres,
OÀvyoypovtcTepot O6 zoÀ) TÓv 7ap Tuv OvTes.

18. Tots 66 7v éxros Tob kÓATov kapdAtov vepuopé-

! Dindorf suggests zÀgpoocot.
130

BOOK III. 17. 1-18. 1

because their food is easily secured and ready at
hand. Butonthe fifth day thc whole tribe hurries off
in search of drink to the foothills of the mountains,
where there are springs of sweet water at which
the pastoral folk water their flocks and herds. And
their journey thither is like that of herds of cattle,
all of them uttering a cry which produees, not articu-
late speech, but merely a confused roaring. As for
their children, the women carry the babies continually
in their arms, but the fathers do this after they have
been separated from their milk, while those above
five vears of age lead the way accompanied by their
parents, playing as they go and full of joy, as though
they were setting out for pleasure of the sweetest
kind. For the nature of this people, being as yet
unperverted, eonsiders the satisfying of their need
to be the greatest possible good, desiring in addition
none of the imported pleasur es. Andsosoon as they
arrive at the watering-places of the pastoral folk
and have their bellies filled with the water, they
return, searcely able to move because of the weight
ofit. On that day they taste no food, but everyone
lies gorged and scarcely able to breathe, quite like a
drunken man. The next day, however, they turn
again to the eating of the fish; and their way of
living follows a cycle after this fashion throughout
their lives.

Now the inhabitants of the coast inside the Straits
lead the kind of life which has been described, and
by reason of the simplicity of their food they rarely
are subject to attacks of disease, although they arc
far shorter-lived than the inhabitants of our part
of the world.

18. But as for the inhabitants of the coast outside

DIODORUS OF SICILY

vois. 7T0ÀÀ TOUTOV mapaóo&órepov etvat TÓV Biov
evufléfnyev, s dv &ouov .EXÓvTcQV kai amab5,
Tv $Uow. do yàp TÓV OLKOULLÉVOOV TÓTOV eis
Tv epnjnov ÜTO Tis TÜXIS € ékreromruauevo TÍjs pev
aT0 TÓÀVv LiyÜUcv àypas eUropobow, Üypav óc Tpodnv
OUK emxyroóat. mpoodepóp.evot yap TOv (yÜ6v
eyxv^ov, pucpàv éxovra. TÀv c.Av TTV TrapaAAaynv,
OUX otov Uypàv Tpodrv émi;nroüow, aAA o)0
€vvouav éyovoi oTOÜ. cTépyovou Oé qw»v éÉ
Gpxfjs Otavrav o7O Tije TUy5Ss abTois mpockAnpco-
Üctoav, e0OGauuoviav TyoUpLevou T?)v ék Tíjs évOetas
a)TOU TOoÜ ÀvsoÜvros Umefaipeow.

T0 86 mávrov mapa9o£órarov, àzaÜe(íq rocoÜrov
órepDaAAovot gzávras coTe u1) pais vioTevÜtfvat
TOv Aóyov. Karol ye TOÀÀOl TÓV dT AtyUmTOU
mrAeóvTOV O4 Tijs 'EpvÜpás ÜaAdTTus epmopot
Hexpt ToD Üv, mroAMkts mpoocTemÀevkóTes pos
T TÓV "Infvoddycv xopav, e&yotvraa cvu.dova
rots $$ "Lv etprévots Tepi TÓv dmaÜOv
avÜpeymeov. kai O0 Tcpíros Oe llroAegatos, O
$uorqumÜets epi TT)V Üjpav TÓVv éÀeódávrov TV
Trepi TTV Xcopav Ta/TQv OvTov, éÉtémepupev evo.
TÓV ditov, OVOJLQ. Tuna, karaarejopuevov Tiv
xycpav' obTOS O€ uer Tíjs pp.orrovons xopn'ytas
aTooTaÀeis aKpiBOs, cs dw«ow "AyaÜapytós
o Kviotos ioroptoypádos, e&rjraae TÀ KQTY TTV
rrapaAav eÜvg. | ómoiv ov 70 rv amaÜcv Advómrov

——

! (The Epicurean doctrine. Cp. Lucretius 2. 20-1: ergo cor-
poream ad maturam. pauca videmus esse opus ommino, quae
demant cumque dolorem. (Therefore we see that few things
altogether are necessary for the bodily nature, only such in
each case as take pain away " ; tr. of Rouse.)

I32

BOOK III. 18. 1-4

the gulf, we find that their life is far more astonishing
than that of the people just described, it being as
though their nature never suffers from thirst and is
insensible to pain. For although they have been
banished by fortune from the inhabited regions
into the desert, they fare quite well from their
catch of the fish, but wet food they do not require.
For since they eat the fish while it is yet juicy and not
far removed from the raw state, they are so far from
requiring wet food that they have not even a notion
of drinking. And they are content with that food
which was originally allotted to them by fortune,
considering that the mere elimination of that pain
which arises from want (of food) is happiness.!

But the most surprising thing of allis, that in lack
of sensibility they surpass all men, and to such a
degree that what is recounted of them is scarcely
credible. And yet many merchants of Egypt, who
sail, as is their practice, through the Red Sea down
to this day and have often sailed as far as the land
ofthe Ichthyophagi, agree intheir accounts with what
we have said about the human beings who are in-
sensible to pain. The third Ptolemy ? also, who was
passionately fond of hunting the elephants which are
found in that region, sent one of his friends named
Simmias to spy out the land ; and he, setting out with
suitable supplies, made, as the historian Agathar-
chides of Cnidus asserts, a thorough investigation
of the nations lying along the coast. Now he? says
that the nation of the '" insensible " Ethiopians ?

? Ptolemy Euergetes I, who reigned 2416-221 p.c.

3 4.6. Agatharchides, who is the chief source of Diodorus
iu this section of his work; cp. Agatharchides, 41 (Müller).

* 'The Ethiopians of the cast; cp. Book 2. 22. 2 and note.

133

DIODORUS OF SICILY

» M / ^ A ^ M! M
éÜvos TO cUvoÀov moTO gr xpiíoÜow puqóé TT)v
$jvow a)0rOv émiüwqretv Óià ràs mpoewnuévas
3 / ? » / / 5 5 7
avrias. kaÜóAov Ó' azoQatverat u)rT. eis avÀÀoyov
i ^ ^
épyeoÜat pos rovs àÀÀoeÜvets, uYjre 70 Éévov Tíjs
Ores TÓv TpooTnÀeóvrow kwetv ToUg éyycopiovs,
» b. ? l4 » ^ , ^ » N » /
aAA. éuDAémovras aàrevós àmaÜets éyew kai àwij-
A 5 , * Ll /
rovs ras ataÜvjoeis, cos àv ! iuOevos qapóvros. ovre
M L4 / M M
yàp éi$os o-acajuévov TwOs kai karadépovros
e / » 5)? e 5 i29 A e /
oTe£éQvyov, ovÜ' vBpw o00€ ? mrÀnyas Dropuévovres
5 /, ^ ^
"npeÜiLovro, TÓ Te wAfjÜos o) cuvqgyavákret Tots
3 5 / * ^
zücyovow, QÀÀ éviore Tékvov 7) yvvaucv a$ar-
b] 3 ^ 3 ^^ ^
Touévov €év Oó$ÜaAuots dmaÜets rats OuaÜÉoeow
» 5 / » 3 ^ *^ / b ,
éjevov, ov0eptav éuóaow Opyfjs T) wdÀw éÀéov
/ [4 M ^ ? ,
Ou80vres. kaÜóAov 8é rots éxrÀgkrucorárows O«-
votis TepumümTovres T)pejgatou Ouépuevov, DAérovres
^ ^ ? ^ ^
pév àrevós eis 7à avvTcÀoUpieva, Tails 0€ keóaAÀats
5
Tp ékagTa. Ouawevovres. OÓ.L0 kai $aocw a)ToUs
O.aAékTO jiev p) xpija0at, puru; 0€ Ór Aca Oud
TÓv xewpóv Óuao7)oivety éKaG.O TO TÓv TpOsg TV
xpetav avrkóvrav. ka TO rrávrov ÜavpacvuoraTov,
$Oxa. Tos yeveat TOUTOLS ovvotaTptibovaa. 07pav
mrowoÜvra, Àv ix8veov kaÜ oTàs mapamAnatos
avÜpeyow. Opnoios Oé kaL epi Tràg kotrag kal
T)v TOV yevvnÜévrow àoóáAevav. ueyiory mare TÓ
yévq xpíjcÜau. TaÜTa TpOs &ÀXjAa- yopis yàp
aouci]pa Tos. aAAo$Aots CDots 7» OcvwavaacrpodQ1)
yivera ner etprivrs KQL TTÀOTs ebAapetas. Obros
/
ev otv O Ptos, kaürep Qv mapaóo£os, ek Ta atv
xypóvov TeT)p5Tat Tots yéveat roUTots, eire e0vopuo

1 ày deleted by Vogel.
* ovàe Diudorf: ovre.

134

BOOK III. 18. 4-7

makes no use whatsoever of drink and that their
nature does not require it for the reasons given
above. Andasageneralthing, he relates, they have
no intercourse with other nations nor does the foreign
appearance of people who approach their shores
have any effect upon the natives, but looking at them
intently they show no emotion and their expressions
remain unaltered, as if there were no one present.
Indeed when a man drew his sword and brandished
it at them they did not turn to flight, nor, if they were
subjected to insult or even to blows, would they
show irritation, and the majority were not moved
to anger in sympathy with the victims of such
treatment; on the contrary, when at times children
or women were butchered before their eyes they
remained ' insensible "' in their attitudes, displaying
no sign of anger or, on the other hand, of pity. In
short, they remained unmoved in the face of the
most appalling horrors, looking steadfastly at what
was taking place and nodding their heads at each
incident. Consequently, they say, they speak no
language, but by movements of the hands which
describe each object they point out everything they
need. And the most marvellous fact of all is that
seals live with these tribes and catch the fish for
themselves in a manner similar to that employed by
the human beings. Likewise with respect to their
lairs and the safety of their offspring these two kinds
of beings place the greatest faith in one another;
for the association with animals of a different species
continues without any wrongdoing and with peace
and complete observance of propriety. Now this
manner of life, strange as it is, has been observed
by these tribes from very early times, whether it

135

DIODORUS OF SICILY

Oud TOV xpóvov eire àva'yKaig ypeta Ou& TO Kare-
T€Uyov Tippoap.évos

19: Oikijoeot 0€ T €Üvn o?x Opotaus xpijra, mrpos
O€ Tàs TÀS mrepuoTaaeas (ÓióT1)Tas Ou Aaryp.évo.ts
€upioboi. Twés uév yàp €v omAatots karro.cobot
KekÀuuévots udAwora mTpós TàS üGpkTOvs, €v oils
kaTa)yovcww éavro)s Ou& Te 70 DáÜos rfjs o«ás
Kai O.À Ts Tepvveovgas avUpas: TÀ Lév yàp TpOs
p.eonpppiav VevovTa, rois UTTVOLS mapaznatay
exorra. TV Üepp.aotav, a7pocvra TOlS ivÜpdrmots
eat óud T)V TOD kaUparos UmepDoÀnv. oi 0€ rÓv
TpÓs dpkrov vevóvrov o7:1:Àaiov oraviGovres
áÜpoilovcu Tàs mÀevpàs TOv ék ToU meÀdyovs
éxTurTÓVTOV kKWQTOv: Tüs Oé ToUTrov OajuiAc(as
TOÀMjs oues, karamÀéCavres é£ ékaTépov uépovs
Kvpràs kai Trpós aAAjÀas vevevkvias, TÓ) Trpoac-
$a dket TQUTOS OLaTA€KoUGt. ckenabopévys
oov Tfs kajápas, év TOUTQ TÓ Papirarov ToO
KaUnaTos avomavovrau, Tis kaTrà d$Uow wpeüas
GDTOOLOQKTOV Téxvi boryyovpérns.

piros O€ TpóTos éoTi Tots JxÜvo$ayois TÜS
cknvooecos rovoUros. | éÀatac? dUovrat mávv oM at
Tepi TOUS TÓTOUS TOUTOUS, Tà LÉV Tepi Tv piLav
€éyovcau. TpookAvióueva Tfá ÜaÀárrg, wvkvai 0€
rois óvAÀAoaot, TOv Óé kaprzóv Ópotov €éyovcat TO

! kevprág kat. ABD, Wesseling, Eichstádt; kvpras FGMN,
Dindorf, Bekker, Vogel.

? éÀaiav Casaubon, cp. Agatharchides, 43; Capps suggests
éAataí rwes for éAdrac of the MS5.

! Diodorus evidently refers to the interweaving of the
rib-ends at the top, like the poles of the tepee or wigwam of
the American Indian.

I 36

BOOK IIL 18. ;-19. 3

has been fashioned by habit over the long space
of time or by a need imposed by necessity because
of stress of circumstances.

19. As for their dwelling-places, those used by
these tribes are not all similar, but they inhabit
homes modified to suit the peculiar nature of their
surroundings. For instance, certain of them make
their home in caves which open preferably towards
the north and in which they cool themselves, thanks
to the deep shade and also to the breezes which blow
about them ; since those which face the south, having
as they doa temperature like that of an oven, cannot
be approached by human beings because of the
excessive heat. Dut others who can find no caves
facing the north collect the ribs of the whales which
are cast up by the sea; and then, since there is a
great abundance of these ribs, they interweave them !
from either side, the curve outwards and leaning
towards each other, and then weave fresh seaweed
through them.* Accordingly, when this vaulted
structure is covered over, in it they gain relief from
the heat when it is most intense, the necessity
imposed by Nature suggesting to them a skill in
which they were self-taught.

A third method by which the Ichthyophagi find a
dwelling for themselves is as follows. Olive trees?
grow about these regions in very great numbers
and their roots are washed by the sea, but they bear
thick foliage and a fruit which resembles the sweet

2 Strabo (15. 2. 2) also says that their dwellings were made
of whale ribs; cp. his account (15. 2. 11-13) of the * spouting
whales "' of the Persian Gulf (tr. by Jones in the L.C./.).

3 Or '* olive trees of a kind; see critical note. Since the
fruit is quite different the emendation seems justified.

I37

DIODORUS OF SICILY

KkacTravaikQ ! kap/ixw. Ta/ras àAÀMÀaus cuumÀé-
Kovres Kai Guvex5 aGkiàv To0t00vres. (OuaLoUoaus
oknvats éupioüow: àpa yàp év yj kat ÜaAarra
OuurptBovres émvreprrs Ove£dyovot, rÓv uév ]Àvov
$jeUyovres r5 Ouà TÓv dkpeuóvov ockid, TO ÓO€
$voucOv epi TOUS TÓTOUS kaÜpa Tf Gvveyet ToU
KUpaTos vpockAvcet. OvopÜoUpevot, rats Ó€ mepi-
TIvoais TÓv eÜkaipow avép.cov ets paaTovnv dyovres
1 /

Tà COpLATO.

"Pyréov o zip kai mepi TOÜ Teráprov Aépovs Tis
ckvvagecos. €K yàp TOÜ ?TavTOS aióyvos G€adpeuTat
ToO viov $opros üzÀaTOS, Opev srapep.óepijs:
o0TOS TO Tí cvvexoüs To KÜp.a TOS vAyyfjs
7eminuévos Tiv $c exet cTepépwiov kat ovp.
menAeypévv GHLQ. €v TOUTOLS obv TOls ivaoTi-
nac UTOVOJLOUS avópopajkets OpUTTOVTES, TOV MÉV
KaüTà Kopvudnv TÓTOV é€O0( GTéygv, kdToÜev 9'
abAQvas vapaurkeus kat zpós üÀjÀovs cvvrerpn-
pévous karackeválovow. év Óé ToUroug avowU-
xovres éavroUs dÀUT OUS KaTaOKCvdLOUGL, KaL KO.TO.
Tüs ÉTKÀUGeLlg TV KkupdTOV Ékm0Qvres zrepv TY)v
Ünpav TrÀv iyÜvcov àoxoÀoüvrav 07av O6 apzcorts
yévnrat, karevoxnoópevov * 7à AnóÜévra. cvpdev-
yovou srüAuv «ts TOUS Tpoeupuuévous avÀOvas.
TOUs O€ TeÀevrcavras Üdmrovoi kaTà gév TOV
Ts GTOTeos kaióv édOvres éppuiévovs, OTav
9. v) mÀnpvpis éréAÜn, pimrovow ets T?)jv ÜdÀarrav

M / M] M MI 50 7 A 3 ^
Trà O«cpaTGa. Ot0 kat TV LOLav Tav Tpodv TOv

! kagravaikio Eichstádt : «aar atvo.
? So Eichstüdt: karevcxxodpevot.

138

BOOK III. 19. 3-6

chestnut. These trees they interlace, forming in
this way a continuous shade, and live in tents of this
peculiar kind; for passing their days as they do on
land and in the water at the same timc, they lead a
pleasurable life, since they avoid the sun by means of
the shade cast by the branches and offset the natural
heat of the regions with the continual washing of the
waves against them, giving their bodies comfort and
ease bv the pleasant breezes which blow about them.

We must speak also about the fourth kind of habita-
tion. From time immemorial there has been
heaped up a quantity of seaweed of tremendous
proportions, resembling a mountain, and this has
been so compacted by the unceasing pounding of
the waves that it has become hard and intermingled
with sand. Accordingly, the natives dig in these
heaps tunnels of the height of a man, leaving the
upper portion for a roof, and in the lower part they
construct passage-ways connected with each other
by borings.! Asthey cool themselves in these tunnels
they free themselves from all troubles, and leaping
forth from them at the times when the waves pour
over theshore they busy themselves with the catching
ofthe fish; then, when the ebb-tide sets in, they flee
back together into these same passage-ways to feast
upon their catch. Their dead, moreover, they
"^ bury " by leaving the bodies just as they are
cast out * at the ebb of the tide, and then when the
flood-tide sets in they cast the bodies into the sea.
Consequently, by making their own interment a

! 'This custom and the following about the disposal of the
dead is recounted by Strabo (16. 4. 14) in connection with the
" 'Turtle-eaters."'

? 4.6. without formal burial.

139

DIODORUS OF SICILY

uxyÜvcv TrovoULLevot. kukAoUuevov (QuoTpóTiQS TOV
Büiov éyovac map! óÀov TOv aió&va.

20. "Ev 8€ yévos TOv 'Iy9voóáyov rowavras éy«
Tàs oukjaeus c)oTe sToAÀMv àmoptav mapéyeoÜau Tots
rà To.a0Ta. QuiAoTuLovpuévous GnTetv:. év yàp asrokpr)-
pvows óàpary£u kaÜlOpvvrat wes, ets às e£ üpxijs vv
aó/vaov rapapaAAew TOUS avÜpcrrovs, avc) Uev
iv emrexoUans mérpas UyjmAÀWns xai rravraxóÜev
GTOTÓHOU, €K mAaryiaov Oc Kpripvàv aT pogctrov
ÜQotpovpévav TÀS TrapoóOovs, Tv Oe Aoumi]v rÀevpàv
ToOD TeÀáyovus óptLovros, Ó nef) ev DLeADetv
aó/vaTov, OXeÓidus Oc OU Xpóvraa TO mapámav,
mota T€ TÓÀV map ziv UTrápyovatw QvevvónTot.
TOLQUTTS OÓ€ a7opias epi a.roUs ovans, ÜrroAet-
Tera, Àéyew avTOyÜovas avToUs Ümüpxew, àpxmv
pév ToU Toporov yévovs unóeutav éaynkóras, det O
c£ at&vos yeyovóras, kaÜdep éviov TÀv dvotoAÓycv
Tept mÁvTOOV TÓv $votoAoyovjévav dme$jvavro.
aAAQ yop. mepi uev TÓV TOLOUTQV avedikrov TÍíjs
émivoias "piv ovons ovO0év kdwAÀUet TOUS Tà mAetora
azoQónvauévovus éAdywsTa ywcoockew, cs àv Tis
€v Tots Aóyois mÜavóTwTos T?)v uév akonv medovans,
es O. aAnÜeuav ovOaps eopiakovons.

l. '"PoTéov o rjv kat Trept TÓYV kaAovpévav
Wd Óv 7pÓTrOV EXovat Tv yv oui Üew
ToU iov. vfjcot ydp €eL0L | KQ.TO TOV (K€QavOov
TÀnotov Tfs yfs ketuevat, moAÀAat uév TO. mÀfjBos,
uukpat Oe rots ueyéÜeat kat ramewat, kaprov Ó€
ov0' "jepov oUT dyptov éyovgat. €v TaUTO4s Ótà
TV mUKVÓTTTA. kÜua. u€v o0 ytverat, ToÜ kAUOcovos

Ld n. Book 1.6.5.
L40

BOOK III 19. 6-21. 1

nutriment of the fish, they have a life which follows
in singular fashion a continuous cycle throughout all
eternity.

20. One tribe of the Ichthyophagi has dwellings
so peculiar that they constitute a great puzzle to
men who take a pride in investigating such
matters; for certain of them make their homes
among precipitous crags which these men could not
possibly have approached at the outset, since from
above there overhangs a lofty rock, sheer at every
point, while on the sides unapproachable cliffs shut off
entrance, and on the remaining face the sea hems
them in, which cannot be passed through on foot,
and they do not use rafts at all, while of boats such
as we have they have no notion. Such being the
puzzle concerning them, the only solution left to us
is that they are autochthonous, and that they
experienced no beginning of the racc they originally
sprang from, but existed always from the beginning
of time, as certain natural philosophers have declared
to be true of all the phenomena of nature.! But
since the knowledge of such matters is unattainable
by us, nothing prevents those who have the most to
say about them from knowing the least, inasmuch
as, while plausibility may persuade the hearing, it
by no means discovers the truth.

2]. We must speak also about the Chelonophagi,?
as they are called, and the nature of their entire
manner of life. There are islands in the ocean,
which lie near the land, many in number, but small
in size and low-lying, and bearing no food either
cultivated or wild. Because these islands are so
ncar to one another no waves occur among them,

? 'Turtle-eaters; ep. Strabo 16. 4. 14 ff.
I4I

DIODORUS OF SICILY

Üpavojévov sept Tàs àkpas Tv vijacv, xeAcvóv 0€
ÜaAo rriv zAÀfjÜüos évOuaTpiBet mepi TOUS TÓTOUS
TOUTOUS, mravrayótev karadebyov "rpós Tv ek
Tfs yaAQwrns ekémqv. abrat 96 vàs Lev vUkras ev
PvOQ Ou TpiBovaw GoxoAoUpLeva. mepi T»)V vopav,
ràs Ó. "épas ets T1]v avà uéaov TÓV vrjaocv ÜáÀar-
Tav $ovrága KOUALCVTOL perécopot TOÍS KÜTe€OL
mrpós TOV TJÀLOV, mapep.depi) T»V mpócoiw "rovotoa.
rats kaTeoTpapuiévaus GKÓrTOLS: éfatctot yap Tots
peyeüeow Üzdpyovot KGi TOV cAaxtarav aA.ácov
oUK éAÀdárrovs. ot O6 Tàs v5ycovs kaTowotvres
PápBapow xarà roÜrov TOv kawpov vpéua mpoacv)-
xyovrau TGÍS XeAcvats Tpós € irepov Óé pépos
mA)otcavres, OL pev mébovaw, ot Ó e&atpovau,
éng àv! Umrtov yévgras 70 Gov. émet ot pev
e ékarépov jiépovs otakibovat TOV OÀOov Oykov,
tva. ui) o7padóév 70 GQov kai vr&dpuevov TÀ TÍ|s
óUcedns Bon8ar dy KQTÓ Pátovs, eis Ó exco
néppÜa. p.akpàv kai ó5jcas Tis oUpás vijxerat mpos
TV yfjv kai vrpoaéAkerat perázycov TÓ Giov € éTiL TV
xépoov, cv pmrapauopuopuevoov TÓV ec Gpxtjs Tv
ezileaw memou)p.évo».. ÓTav eig TTV ,víjaov
ékkopiacat, TÀ LéVv évrOS mdvTa Bpaxvv Xpóvov ev
7G mraporrTijoavres kaTevaxotvraa, Tots Oc
KÜregw ot0t ckadoeuóégt Xpóvra. TpÓSs Te TÓV els
Tv Tjmetpov OtámAowv, Ov qrototüvra4 Tjs Üopetas
évekev, Kat mpós TS okmvooets, TÜévres "pets
éà' OjmAOv TÓmcv, dore Ookeiv ToUTowg TV

$Ucw OcÓwpfjÜa. puG xápvr. moAM As xpeias:
! ávy added by Dindorf.

[42

BOOK III. ?r. 1-5

since the surf breaks upon the outermost islands,
and so a great multitude of sea-turtles tarry in these
regions, resorting thither from all directions to gain
the protection offered by the calm. These animals
spend the nights in deep water busied with their
search for food, but during the davs they resort to
the sea which lies between the islands and sleep
on the surface with their upper shells towards the
sun, giving to the eye an appearance like that of
overturned boats; for they are of extraordinary
magnitude and not smaller than the smallest fishing
Sis. And the barbarians who inhabit the islands
seize the occasion and swim quietly out to the turtles ;
and when they have come near the turtle on both
sides, those on the one side push down upon it while
tlose on the other side lift it up, until the anima]
is turned over on its back. Then the men, taking
hold on both sides, steer the entire bulk of the
creature, to prevent it from turning over and making
its escape into the deep water by swimming with the
means with which Nature has endowed it, and one
man with a long rope, fastening it to its tail, swims
towards the land, and drawing the turtle along after
him he hauls it to the land, those who had first
attacked it assisting him in bringing it in. And
when they have got the turtles upon the shore of
their island, all the inside meat they bake slightly
for a short time in the sun and then feast upon it,
but the upper shells, which are shaped like a boat,
they use both for sailing over to the mainland, as
they do in order to get water, and for their dwellings,
by setting them right side up upon elevations, so
that it would appear that Nature, by a single act
of favour, had bestowed upon these peoples the

143

LO]

DIODORUS OF SICILY

TV yap QUTTV avTO(s elvau TpoQYyv, ayyetov,
OlK(QV, vaOv.

Ov» naxkpàv 0é rovrov OteoTOTesg véptovra. TTV
zapdáor Páppapo: tov avco.a ov exorres. Ou.
Tpédovrat yàp dzró Tv ÉKTUTTOVTCOV ets TTV
Xepaov KqgTÓv, voTé uev OaltAeuav Tpoois exovres
Out TQ. jieyéÜn Tv cÓpLOKOJL€VCOV Ünpicv, vore Oé
O.nÀeuipaTov — ywopnévov | kakdüs || àrraMárrovaw
O7O Tíjs €vÓelas: kaÜ' Ov O7) ypóvov avayxkdCovraa
karepyáteoÜa. Ou& Tv ovüvw TOv ápyatcv
OOTÓV xÓvOpovus kai Tüs kpas TÓV mAÀevpóüv
ekóvaets.

lov pnév oov 'IyÜvoóáyov Tà yévQ Tocaór
é0TL Kai TotoUTOLs ypOvrat Biows, cos €v kxeóaAaitots

? -
eu

22. SEI e Ka. TQ Trjv BaBvAoviav mrapáAcos gUVATITEL
Lév "uÉépo kai karaóUTq xopa, TocoÜro ÓOé
eot. zÀjÜos vÀv (yÜUcv Tois éyxycpiots core roUs
avaAtgGkovras qu) OUvacÜa. paótcs mrepvyevéata,
Tfs OaduAetas. "opa. yap. TOUS aLytaÀoUs LoaTüct
kaAdqiovs. TUKVOUS Kal TpOS aAMrjAovs OuaTremAey-
nHévovs, core TTyV mpocojuv eivat OucrUQ mapa
ÜdAaTrrav éoTQkOÓri. kKkarü Oé müv 70l! épyov
ozüpxovct zvKrat ÜUpat, rj uev mÀokyj TapacóGets,
TGüs OTpoQas^ Ó éyovcat mpós TàS eis ékávepa Td
|épy kunjce:is eDÀvTOUS. TaUTas O kAvOcov óepó-

! ro added by Dindorf.

? grpoó7) is not known elsewhere in the sense of ** hinge "'

and probablv orpoóets (i.€. oTpoóéas) without the article,
the readiug of C E, is e Diodorus actually wrote.

! In using the term ** Babylonia" Diodorus must be
thinking of the satrapy of that name, which included the

144

BOOK III. 21. 5-22. 2

satisfaction of many needs; for the same gift con-
stitutes for them food, vessel, house and ship.

Not far distant from these people the coast is
inhabited by barbarians who lead an irregular life.
For they depend for their food upon the whales
which are cast up on the land, at times enjoying an
abundance of food because of the great size of the
beasts which they discover, but at times, when
interruptions of the supply occur, they suffer greatly
from the shortage; and when the latter is the case
they are forced by the scarcity of food to gnaw the
cartilages of old bones and the parts which grow
from the ends of the ribs.

Ás for the Ichthyophagi, then this is the number
of their tribes and such, speaking summarily, are
the wavs in which they live.

22. But the coast of Dabylonia! borders on a land
which is civilized and well planted and there is such a
multitude of fish for the natives that the men who
catch them are unable readily to keep ahead of the
abundance of them. For along the beaches they
set reeds close to one another and interwoven, so
that their appearance is like that of a net which has
beenset up along the edge ofthesea. Andthrough-
out the entire construetion there are doors which are
fixed close together and resemble basket-work ?
in the way they are woven, but are furnished with
hinges that easily yield to movements of the water
in either direction. These doors are opened by the

north coast of the Persian Gulf and presumably extended
down the west coast of the Gulf as far as ** the uninhabited
portion of Arabia " (ep. Book 18. 6. and below ch. 23. 1).

? ;.e. they are closely woven, so as to offer resistance to the
water.

145

DIODORUS OF SICILY

^ A e^
pevos uév ets T?)v y karà TOV TÍjs vÀnnvptüoos
Kaipoóv àvotyet, vaAwGUTOV Oé kaTrà TTV Quo
5? / / / ? € / e /
azokAÀeiew.. Ouózrep avpatveu kaÜ" ékáaocqv nuépav
/ h A / ? vA A
zÀmuvpovons pév Tfjg ÜaAarTQs ék vÜo0 To)s
(xÜUs cvvekóepouévovs 04. Tv Üvpáv mapewi-
7T€W, àvaycpovons O€ gr OvUvacÜat. TOois Üypois
cvvO.appetv Oià Tüjs TOv kaÀdápov mÀoküs. Ou
/
Kai qapà TOV ckeavov éviore o«opo)Us üxyÜvUov
A / a
aT a4póvrov Opáv €aTt ywop.évovs, oUs avaAeyóp.evot
gGvvexOs oi TpOs ToUTOoig TeToyuévouv OauAets
M 3
a;0Àa)Ucetg éyovoi kat peyáÀas vzpogóOovs. €vtoL
A X
O€ TOv Tepi TOUS TO7OUS OÜuaTpiOvTow, vreO0LdO0s
M A -
T€ Kai 7azewíjs Tí]s wcpas Urapxovons, Tíópous
? , » X / P / 5 À A
opUrTOovow a7z0 ÜaÀáTTus «)petag ézt v0AÀo0s
Li / 3C / ? / € M! X
oTaÓtovs géypu iOiov éma/Àeov, papOwras 9Oé
?
Üvpas éz àxpas a)Tàs é70T1,0avres avaBauvovans
— /
nLév Tífs vÀnuvupioos àvotyovgw, eig Oé ToDvavriov
neramwrTovongs kAeiovow. «eiza Tis uév ÜaÀdTTuSs
e ^ / 3 A
Ou& TOv Tíje Übpas apawop.arov àzoppeoUans, rÀv
?. 5 / ? / 5 -^ , /,
O. (xÜUcv àzoAn$Üérrov év 7ais Táópots, rajuevov-
Lf A M 3
rat kat ÀauuBávovaw ócovs àv zpoatpóvrat kai kaÜ
óv àv xypóvov BovÀovrat.
A —
20. AwcAgAvÜOTes Oé wepi TÓV mapotkoUvToV
-r)v àz0 Tfs DaBuAcowias mapáMov écos '"Apafíov
/ A —- € fm / ? ^ /
KOÀzov, sepu. TOv éfijs ToUrouig €Üvàv Owiwev.
A N ^ ? / A e A ? / X
kaTà yàp r1v Ationiav Tv Uzép AvyvzTOU Taüpd
TOv "Acav kaÀoUuevov vorapóv vapouct TO TÓV
e /, » 5 N Pn À /,
Piodáycv éÜvos. | ék yàp TOv mÀnovoxopov
I46

DOOK III. 22. 2-23. 1

waves as they roll towards the shore at the time of
flood-tide, and are closed at ebb-tide as they surge
back. Consequently it comes about that every
dav, when the sea is at flood-tide, the fish are carried
in from the deep water with the tide and pass inside
through the doors, but when the sea recedes they are
unable to pass with the water through the inter-
woven reeds. As a result it is possible at times
to see beside the ocean heaps being formed of
gasping fish, which are being picked up unceasingly
by those who have been appointed to this work, who
have from their catch subsistence in abundance as
wellaslarge revenues. And some of the inhabitants
of these parts, because the country is both like
a plain and low-lving, dig wide ditches leading from
the sea over a distance of manv stades to their
private estates, and setting wicker gates at their
openings they open these when the flood-tide is
coming inland and close them when the tide changes
to the opposite direction. Then, inasmuch as the
sea pours out through the interstices of the gate
but the fish are held back in the ditches, they have a
controlled store of fish and can take of them as many
as they choose and at whatever time they please.
23. Now that we have discussed the peoples who
dwell on the coast from Babvlonia to the Arabian
Gulf! we shall describe the nations who live next
to them. For in the Ethiopia which lies above
Egvpt there dwells beside the river Asa? the nation
of the Rhizophagi?3 For the barbarians here dig

! "The Red Sea.

* Called Astabara by Agatharchides (On the Red Sea, 50)
and Astaboras by Strabo (16. 4. $).

* Root-eaters.

147

DIODORUS OF SICILY

€Aov! -Tàs piías TOv kaÀdjuov OpUTrTOvTeg ol
bapfapot rrAUvovat duAoTt(quas: mrou]gavres Oc
kaÜapas kómTOUGt Acdous, [Lex pt dv yévqTaL TO
épyov Àetov kai KkoAA es" €T eUTO mepvrácavres
xyeupozÀgÜuatovs óykovs év vA mapomróot, kat
TGÜTy YpOJLevoL Tpodf) mávra. TOv Biov OuareAobaw.
avekAetrTous Ó. eXovres TÀS Tfjs rpodjs ,TaUTIS
OoifnAetas, KaL mpós üÀMjAovs dei etpyjvqv Gyovres,
UTO mijfovs AcOvVTOOV rroAepobvrau: éj.mUpov yàp
ToU mépi£ àépos OÓvros ék TÍíjs €épr)iov mpós aUToUs
$ovró t Aéovres akiás €vekev, ot 0é kai Üsjpas TÓv
cAarTóvov Ünpiov. Ou Tep ToUs ék rÀv TreÀudTov
€£ióvras TÀv AiÜozcv ÜDzO ToUTov TÓV Ünpicv
avaAiokeo0av. ovuaiver. aóvvarobov yàp Dótora-
cÜa. Tàs dGÀkàs TOv Aeóvrov, cs àv gm«óentav
Boy0euxv OTÀOV £xovres, kal mépas Gpónv av
aor OvedÜdpy) TO yévos, et um 7^ * $Uots d aro Ts
aoTOJLo.TOV émoinoe BorÜnua. m0 yàp TTV iva-
ToÀnv ToÜ kvvos mapaóó£wos? ywopnévgs vgvepias
7€pi TOUS TÓTOUS TOGOÜDTO 7 MfjBos aÜpotL erat
KOVOTOV, Umepéxov Ovvdgueu TOUS yvcptbop.évovs,
(00T€ TOUS [LV avÜpcamovs KaTa. duyóvras eis Tàs
éAcOews Aiuvas uwóév máoxyew, To)Ug OÓ€ Aéovras
züvTas oeUvyew ék TÀV TÓTOV, a.a. Lv bmo TOD
ónynoÜU kakovyovpévovs, dpa. OÓé TOv ümO Tíjs
jwvfs T")xov karazrenAyypévovs.

24. 'IEmópevov * 86 ToUrois eiat ot Te ' YAoó&yot

1 éAóv added by Rhodomann but by no other editors; yet
cp. Agatharchides (50): éx ro caprükorros €Àovs ràg pilas
T» «aAagcv opUrre.; Strabo 16. 4. 9; Book 2. 36. 5.

20 Euca by Dindorf.

euiüs after zapacó£os deleted by Vogel, but retained
by dde Dindorf, who read vias (AD) for vguevias.

I49

BOOK III. 23. 1-24. 1

up the roots of the reeds which grow in the neigh-
bouring marshes and then thoroughly wash them;
and after they have made them clean they crush them
with stones until the stuff is without lumps and
glutinous; and then, moulding it into balls as large
as can be held in the hand, they bake it in the sun
and on this as their food they live all their life long.
Enjoving as they do the unfailing abundance of this
food and living ever at peace with one another,
they are nevertheless preyed upon by a multitude
of lions; for since the air about them is fiery hot,
lions come out of the desert to them in search of
shade and in some cases in pursuit of the smaller
animals. Consequently it comes to pass that when
the Ethiopians come out of the marshy lands they
are eaten by these beasts; for they are unable to
withstand the might of the lions, since they have no
help in the form of weapons, and indeed in the end
the race of them would have been utterly destroyed
had not Nature provided them with an aid which
acts entirely of itself. For at the time of the rising
of the dog-star,! whenever a calm unexpectedly
comes on, there swarms to these regions such a
inultitude of mosquitoes, surpassing in vigour those
that are known to us, that while the human beings
find refuge in the marshy pools and suffer no hurt,
all the lions flee from those regions, since they not
only suffer from their stings but are at the same time
terrified by the sound of their humming.

24. Next to these people are the lIHylophagi?

| Sirius. ? Wood-caters.

* égopucvoc Bekker: éxópevot.

149

DIODORUS OF SICILY

KaL ot 2xrepparoóáyot kaÀoUpevot. | Tovro 9. oL
pév 070 T?))v Üepeiav TÓv mrímTOvTa. kapmróv à TÓV
OévOpov Ovra ToÀ)v áÜpo(Lovres àmóvos Oiarpé-
djovrai, kara 0é TÓv GÀÀov katpóv fis Borávns Tfjs
ev rats akualouéva«s ovvayketats 1 óvouévgs mpoo-
$jépovrat TTV TpooqQveoTáTQv: OTepeà yàp ot0a
T)V $Uow, kai kavÀóv éyovoa mapamÀoiwv Tas
Aeyoj.évaus * Bovviáow, érkrrÀnpot 71v 7fjs àvaykatas
Tpoófs €vóeuav. ot 06 "YAoódáyow perà rékvov kat
7vvaLK(v ézi Tàs vopuas éféivres àvaDaivovow
ézi Tà OévÓpa kai To)s àzaÀo)s TÓv Gkpeuóvov
7pocóépovrat. ToiaUTqv O. ék Tíjs ovveyoÜs peAé-
T)S TTjv €T. ákpovs roUs kAdGovs àvaópojuv vrovov-
TOL TüvT€éS c)0TE &7LOTOV €ivat TÓ 'yiwÓLevov: kat
yap geramnóóoow dà$' érépov é$' érepov OévOpov
Opoius TOÍS Opvéows, kai 7às aàvafáceug éri TÓv
AerrorüTrov kÀdOÓcov motoÜvrat xcpts kwóvvov.
(OXvóÓTYTL yàp acuaTos kai kovdórw«TL. O.udépovres,
émreiQàv 70ts 7r00( 0 9dAAcvTat, Tas yepotv àvruiÀag-
DBavovrav | kàv TUy«0t Teoóvres à Ujovs, ovóév
Tácxyovou Oià TTyv kov$jórvqra: kai mávra ÓOé
KAdOov éyxvÀov rots o0000t karepryalóp.evot grérrov-
gw evkórmts TQÁs KotMaus. oUvroLÓ. aet Biobot yvjwot
Hév éoÜfiros, kowats 8€ ypopevoc yvvad£iv akoAov-
Ücos kat rovs yevviÜévras vaióas kowoyvs Tyyobvrat.
O.aToÀeuoÜci 06 mpós aÀAMAÀovs cepi TV TÓTOV
páfoows axmAwopévow, kai raUrats üpvvóp.evot TOUS
evavTiovs Ou.aoTÓOL TOUS xewoÜévras. TeAevrOot
Ó' aUTÀv oi mÀetoro. Aui) karamoviÜévres, orav

! oycLouévgs kai after cvvayketais deleted by Reiske.
? Aeyouévais Vogel: ywogévais.

ISO

BOOK III. 24. 1-4

and the Spermatophagi,! as they are called. The
latter gather the fruit as it falls in great abundance
from the trees in the summer season and so find their
nourishment without labour, but during the rest of
the year they subsist upon the most tender part of the
plant which grows in the shady glens; for this plant,
being naturally stiff and baving a stem like the
bounias,? as we call it, supplies the lack of the
necessary food. The Hylophagi, however, setting
out with children and wives in scarch of food, climb
the trees and subsist off the tender branches. And
this climbing of theirs even to the topmost branches
they perform so well as a result of their continued
practice that a man can scarcely believe what they
do; indeed they leap from one tree to another like
birds and make their way up the weakest branches
without experiencing dangers. Por being in body
unusually slender and light, whenever their feet slip
they catch hold instead with their hands, and if they
happen to fall from a height they suffer no hurt by
reason of their light weight ; and every juicy branch
they chew so thoroughly with their teeth that their
stomachs easily digest them. "These men go naked
all their life, and since they consort with their women
in common they likewise look upon their offspring
as the common children of all. They fight with one
another for the possession of certain places, arming
themselves with clubs, with which they also keep off
enemies, and they dismember whomsoever they
have overcome. Most of them die from becoming
exhausted by hunger, when cataracts form upon

| Seed.eaters, called by Strabo (16. 4. 9) Spermophagi.
3 *' French turnip,"' Brassica Napus.
ISI
VOL. II. F

DIODORUS OF SICILY

TV HAT QV amoyAavkeÜévra TO GÓga orepiom
TÍs àvaykaias ék TaUT)S TÍjs aioÜaecs xpetas.
25. T9 Oé éffjs xopav TÓV AtÜuómraov emé-
Xovaw ot KaAoUp.evot Kvviyyot, cUpqierpot Lv Ka Td
ro mAfjÜos, Btov Ó otketov eXovres Tf mrpooyopta..
Üvjptasó ovs yàp ovons Tíjs Xopas kai mravreAQs
Avmpás, ért Ó€ Ure póaets vajLaTtaay exovojs
oÀcyas, kaÜevOovoi puév és vv OévOpwv Oi cov
amo TÀVv Ünpiwv $ófov, 0-0 Oé rrjv écÜwTv mpoós
Tàs GvppUceigs TOv DOdTOv jeÜ OÓmÀwcv dovráüvres
éavrovs azokpUpovouw etg Tr)v UVÀmv kai gGKormevou-
gt ezi TÓV Dcvópc. KaTà OÓé TOV ToO KQJpLOTOS
katpóv, épxop.évcv. Boóív Te àypicv kai mra. póáAeov
KaL TOV GÀÀcv Onpiov mAijÜovs TpOs TO moTóv,
rabTa uév Óuà Trjv omepBoAMiv TOU T€ KkaUpuarros kai
Oübovs Aáppeos "rpoadepera. TÓ Uypóv, | exp. Qv
eumAno0f, ot O AiÜiomes, wyevouévov aiTÓv
Bapécv kat Óvokunmr«ov, karamqóOvres dO TÓV
OévOpcw kai xpcopevou £óAous semvpakropuévots
Kai ÀtÜows, érc 0€ ro£cUpaot, paÓtcs kararovobot.
Ka Tà, Ó€ cvoT»LaTa TOUTaLS Xpoevot Tats Kuvm-
yuus capkogayoUat TÓ Àn$Üévra, kal OTQVUUS
pév vm70 7Óv a Au orraTov Coo aDTOL Ou.dÜet-
povrai, rà Óé qvoÀÀa O0Àcq T?)v ék B(ías vmepoxmv
yeupoüvrau. €éàv Óé more TOV kuvyyovuuévow. Coov
oTav(Lo0t, ràs Oopàs TÓV mpOrepov etAmpjiévoov
Bpétavres émvrÜÉaow émi müp amaAóv: omoóc-
cavres 0é ràs Tpiyas Tà O€puaTa OtapoUct, kal
ka eaoÜtovres Pegraoyévos avazAnpobot Tv évOetav.
robs 0é àvcáBovs maióas yvuvaà&ovow éz okomóv

" E M o "€ M A à i — M a ——]

1 Hunters.

BOOK III. 24. 4-25. 4

their eyes and the body is deprived of the necessary
use of this organ of sense.

25. The next part of the country of the Ethiopians
is occupied by the Cynegi,! as they are called, who
are moderate in number and lead a life in keeping
with their name. For since their country is infested
by wild beasts and is utterly worthless,? and has few
streams of spring water, they sleep in the trees from
fear of the wild beasts, but early in the morning,
repairing with their weapons to the pools of water,
they secrete themselves in the woods and keep
watch from their positions in the trees. And at the
time when the heat becomes intense, wild oxen and
leopards and a multitude of every other kind of
beast come to drink, and because of the excessive
heat and their great thirst they greedily quaff the
water until they are gorged, whereupon the
Ethiopians, the animals having become sluggish
and scarcely able to move, leap down from the trees,
and by the use of clubs hardened in the fire and of
stones and arrows easily kill them. "They hunt in
this way in companies and feed upon the flesh of
their prey, and although now and then they are
themselves slain by the strongest animals, yet for
the most part they master by their cunning the
superior strength of the beasts. And if at any time
they find a lack of animals in their hunt they soak
the skins of some which they had taken at former
times and then hold them over a low fire; and
when they have singed off the hair they divide the
hides among themselves, and on such fare as has been
forced upon them they satisfy their want. Their
boys they train in shooting at a mark and give

? 4.e. not suitable for agriculture.

I53

DIODORUS OF SICILY

BaAMew, kat uóvots 0i00a01t Tpodnv TOÍS erurvXxobot.
0.0 kat ÜavpiaoTot vais cba ToXLats avOpes ytvovrat,
kàAAw Ta, O.OackOp.evou ats ToU AuioU mrÀyaits.

26. Taórgs O6 Tfj xcpas eis rà mpós OÓvopnas
népn ToÀv Oeo KÓTES Aiiomes bmrápyovcw "EAe-
$avropáxot kvvi]yot. vep.ópevot yap Opvp.cóÓets
KGL TUKVOUS TOlS OévOpeci TOT OUS rraporrnpoüat
TÓV cAeóávrcov Tüs €igÓ00US Kai Tüs ekrpomás,
cKozüs amo TOv wjmAorárov OévOpov mowoU-
Levov. Kat TQls puév GyéAaus a)TÓV OUK ÉmwTU-
Üevra Ou& TÓ joeptav. éArriüa. €yew karopÜcaecos,
Toig 0€ kaÜ' éva mropevopiévots émuáAAovat Ts
xeipas, z'apaoó£ots € y Xeipomvres ToAuxja gw. ÓóTQv
yap. TO Lov OveGuov yénprat KQTQà TO O€vÓpov
ev à cupfatver vOv gkorrevovra. kexpódÜa., auo.
TÓ mapaAÀÀarrew TÓV TÓTOV TGOlS gév Xxepow
cópá&aro TÍjs oUpás, Tots Óé sociv àvréfy mpoós TÓv
aptorepov pnpóv: €ycov O eK TÓV Cpuov e&mpr-
j.évov TéÀekvuv, kobdov puév mpos TTv dà7rO Tfjs juás
xeupos aAyyiv, otov Oé kaÜ UrepBoAnv, ToOrov Àa-
Pop.evos €v Tfj OcfuA xeu vevpokomet Tv Dectüv
óyvüv, mUKVds kaTQaÓépcov mrAmyás KaL Ou Tíjs
&pwgTepas xeupós otaktGcv TO (iOtvov oda. Tapdá-
Oofov O0é Ofórgra Tois épyow mpooóépovow,
cs àv àOÀov Tijs (Gtas Vvxytjs é«áarq ? mpokeuévov:
7) yàp xewocacÜav. TO Lov $) reÀevráv a)TOv
Aeüreraa, Tíjs repvoráaecs oUk émióeyopévns érepov
amoréAeapa.. TO 6€ veupokozmÜév Giov moré pev
Ou TTV vgkunatav avvo;roóv orpédeoÜa.. kat
cvveykAwóp.evov. ézi TÓv memovÜóra TómOv mímT&

! Gveécoy Dindorf: 6e£ov.
? ékaügr« heiske: ékáorov.

154

BOOK III. 25. 4-26. 3

food only to those who hit it. Consequently,
when they come to manhood, they are marvellously
skilled in marksmanship, being most excellently
instructed by the pangs of hunger.

26. Far distant from this country towards the parts
to the west are Ethiopians known as Elephant-
fighters, hunters also. For dwelling as they do
in regions covered with thickets and with trees
growing close together, thev carefully observe the
places where the elephants enter and their favourite
resorts, watching them from the tallest trees; and
when they are in herds they do not set upon them,
since they would have no hope of success, but they
lay hands on them as they go about singlv, attacking
them in an astonishingly daring manner. Forasthe
beast in its wandering comes near the tree in which
the watcher happens to be hidden, the moment it is
passing the spot he seizes its tail with his hands and
plants his feet against its left flank; he has hanging
from his shoulders an axe, light enough so that a blow
may be struck with one hand and yet exceedingly
sharp, and seizing this in his right hand he hamstrings
the elephant's right leg, raining blows upon it and
maintaining the position of his own body with his
left hand. And they bring an astonishing swiftness
to bear upon the task, since there is a contest between
the two of them for their very lives; for all that is
left to the hunter is either to get the better of the
animal or to die himself, the situation not admitting
another conclusion. As for the beast which has
been hamstrung, sometimes beiug unable to turn
about because it is hard for it to move and sinking
down on the place where it has been hurt, it falls
to the ground and causes the death of the Ethiopian

iss

DIODORUS OF SICILY

kai TOv ÁiÜiora c'vvaróAAvat, ToTé 0€ mpós mrérpav
7) 8évópov azoÜAtlav TÓv dvÜptorrov TÓ) Bdpet TrtéGet
Léypi àv amokrewn. €vuoL 0€ TÓW cAedávrov
Trepi Avyets ywóptevot TOU L€V &piivea0a TOv émfov-
AevcavTa p.akpv à eori]kaot, TTV € $vyny Oud.
TOÜ TreÓtovU zrotoÜvraa, Héxpts. dv o9 gUvexós o
rpooPefkcos TÜTTOV eig TOV GjTOV TóTOV T
TreAéket Otucólias. TÓ veüpa 70mm zráperov TÓ
Giov. ÓTQV 0€ TO ÜÓdov méo, gUvTpéyovat Kkarà
cvoTyuaTa., Kai Lvros éTL Tép.vovres TS Gdpkas
ek TrÓÀv OTwGÜev nepiv eUwoyotvraa.

27. "IEviou. 8é Tv. vÀgatov karowucoDvrov xcpts
KiVOUVCV Ünpevovot TOUS é€Àéóavras véyvm Tis
Bias zrepvyuóp.evot. e«oÜe yàp ToÜTo TÓ Giov,
évre(0àv aO TÍS vows mAnpoU5, Tips ÜTrVOV
kavad$épeaÜoa, oua. dopàv exoUas Ts Trepi aDTO
O.aÜécecs "pos TÓ Aovrá TÓV rerpamóo oU yàp
OUvara. TOÍS yÓvaoi "pos Tv yfjv avykaÜtévat cov
óAov € OyKov, aAA mpós. OérOpov avakAÜév zrovetrat
TT)v ou TV bra avámavauw. OuóTep TO OévÓpov
Ó,& T7)v ywog.éimv Trpós ajTó mrÀeovákus TpÓOKÀLGU
ToO Co)ov TerpuAq.evov TÉ €OTL ka pUmrov "Afjpes,
epos Be TojTots Ó rep a.TO TÓTIOS oU T€ €Xel
«ai aeta, zroÀAd , Ov cv ot Tà TOLGÜTAO. epevvávres
AtÜtorres yvopicovat TÓS TÓYV éÀeóávrcov kocras.
ÓTaw oOv emurÜxot TOLOUTQO Óévópc, mpitovatw
aXró rro.pà. Tv yfv, nexpt àv My à eT TV pom
€x) Trpos TY)V mTÓgw: ct0* o9Tot ev | TÀ o"peta Tíjs
(Qus vapovcias dd$avícavres Tayéos àmaAÀdr-

! j after mpoof«fo«os MSS, corrected by Ursinus and
adopted by Dindorf, Bekker ; Vogel reads pofeBgkos
(D) o.

156

BOOK IIl. 26. 3-27. 3

along with its own, and sometimes squeezing the man
against a rock or tree it crushes him with its weight
until it has killed him. In some cases, however,
the elephant in the extremity of its suffering is far
from thinking of turning on its attacker, but flees
across the plain until the man who has set his feet
upon it, striking on the same place with his axe, has
severed the tendons and paralysed the beast. And
as soon as the beast has fallen thev run together in
companies, and cutting the flesh off the hind-quarters
of the elephant while it is still alive they hold a feast,
27. But some of the natives who dwell near by
hunt the elephants without exposing themselves to
dangers, overcoming their strength by cunning.
For it is the habit of this animal, whenever it has
had its fill of grazing, to lie down to sleep, the
manner in which it does this being different from
that of all other four-footed animals; for it can-
not bring its whole bulk to the ground by bend-
ing its knees, but leans against a tree and thus
gets the rest which comes from sleep. Conse-
quently the tree, by reason of the frequent leaning
against it by the animal, becomes both rubbed and
covered with mud, and the place about it, further-
more, shows both tracks and many signs, wherebv
the Ethiopians who search for such traces discover
where the elephants take their rest. Accordingly,
when they come upon such a tree, they saw it near
the ground until it requires only a little push to
make it fall; thereupon, after removing the traces
of their own presence, they quickly depart in antici-
157

DIODORUS OF SICILY

Tovra., d 0dvovres T7)v édoO0v ToU Lo0v, 0 0. cAéQas
TpOÓs TV eamrépay epmnjaDets Tis Tpoéfjs ém 20
gvvijUn Karavrá kocriy. k«aTaKAÜeis 06 a0póo!
T Bápei mapaxpfipa. pera Tfjs o0 ,Oévüpov $opás
eri TTV yv karadéperau, usu. o UnTLOS n.évet Tiv
vUkra ketLevos Ouà TO TT)v ToÜ coparos vow

4 aónutoUpynov etvav mpós dvdoragsw. — ot 0€ mpc-
cavres 70 OévOpov Atliores àp Tuépa. karavriot,
KQL Xcopts kwOUvov aTokTeivavres 70 Lov akmqvo-
ToioÜvraL Trepi TrOv TÓTOV Kai mapauévovou uéxpi
dv TO T€TTOKOS àvaAoo0coot.

28. Tovrwv 0€ rv yevóv Td ev TpOs éa7répav
uépn karowcoÜat AiÜüiomes ot mrpoga;yopevóp.evot
Pupot, TÀ, Ó€ TrpOS peanupptav KekÀuuéva vép.erau TÓ

2 TÓYV , ArpovÜoódycv ? yévos. ert yap map. a)bTOlS
opvéou TL 'yévos p.epuypéviv €yov Tiv $jvow TÓ
Xepaata) boo, OU Tv TÍjs cvvÜérov TéTeUye mpoa-
qyopias. TobTro 0€ peyéÜew uév o0 Aeumeras Tfjs
Leyiarns éAádov, rÓv 06 a)yéva pakpoóv €yov kat
mepijepets Tàs mAÀevpàs kai mTreporTüs vmo Tíjs
QUaens Deónpuovpyraa. Kat keodAuov pev acÜevés
€yev Kai pukpóv,? ppots. O€ kai Ka)ots brrápxet

3 kapreporarov, OuyxvÀov Tfjs Dácecs ovens. ToÜro

! áfpów Dindorf: à8póos.

: , Bekker suggests XrpovÜokauroóá yov.
3 uukpov Rhodomann: gaxpóv.

1 Strabo (16. 4. 10) in a similar account of the hunting of
elephants says this is because '' its legs have a continuous and
unbending bone''; ep. a similar account of how the Germans
capture the elk of the Hercynian forest in Caesar, Gallic War,
6. 27 (tr. by Edwards in the L.C.L.). J. E. Tennent, 7'Àe
Natural History of Ceylon, pp. 100—106, gives examples of the
prevalence of the idea, both in antiquity and the Middle

r58

BOOK III. 27. 3-28. 3

pation of the approach of the animal, and towards
evening the elephant, filled with food, comes to his
accustomed haunt. But as soon as he leans against
the tree with his entire weight he at once rolls to the
ground along with the tree, and after his fall he
remains there lying on his back the night through,
since the nature of his body is not fashioned for
rising.! Then the Ethiopians who have sawn the
tree gather at dawn, and when they have slain the
beast without danger to themselves they pitch their
tents at the place and remain there until they have
consumed the fallen animal.

28. The parts west of these tribes are inhabited
by Ethiopians who are called Simi? but those
towards the south are held by the tribe of the
Struthophagi.? For there is found among them a
kind of bird having a nature which is mingled
with that of the land animal, and this explains
the compound name it bears. This animal is not
inferior in size to the largest deer and has been
fashioned by Nature with a long neck and a round
body, which is covered with feathers. Its head is
weak and small, but it has powerful thighs and legs
and its foot is cloven. It is unable to fly in the air

Ages, that the legs of the elephant had no joints. "The facts
lying back of the account in our author are that elephante,
after wallowing in pools, rub their sides against trees and that
they do often sleep leaning against rocks or trees.

? Flat-nosed.

? Bird-eaters; but see the following note.

* Probably à double compound stood above, such as
*" Struthocamelophagi '' (cp. the critical note). The strutho-
cameli (from strouthos, **sparrow," and kamelos, i.e. the
** bird like a camel," or the ** ostrich ") are described in Book
2,50. 3.

E59

DIODORUS OF SICILY

méreaUa. nev perécopov o0 O)UvaTaL OÓuà TO Bápos,
Tpexet Óé mávrcwv «ckÜraTov, pikpov «pots Tots
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dvéuov vods e£&aipm TOS TTÉVyQS, omeéd ye
kaÜazepe( Tris vabüs iortoOpouo0ca ToUs O6 Owo-
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mapaóóEcs Addovs xeuorrAnÜuatovs. ÓTQV J év
vovep.ta. OuoK1]TG4, TOXU guviGovadv * TÓV mrepUyav
aóvvaret xpicaota. Tols Ts d$Uoeos mporep)-
pact, kai pgóicos karaAajiavoj.evov aAiG Kerat.
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karà T7? xcpav, ot DápDapor vavroOazas un yavàás
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uévovs, OmÀow dàgvvrQpiois xpeopevot Tots Tw
OpUycv képacv TabTa oe peyáAa. KQL TTUKG.
kaÜearórra neyáAny mapéxera xpetav, SaifiAelas
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aUTà CcoOov.

PO. Dpax? oc TOUTCO üTÉyovTes "Akptoo$áyot
KaTowoÜUcu. T cwvopttovra "TpOÓs TTV éÉpmpuov,
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Tag queyéÜeus exper roDatw €éK TÜs éÉép"uov mAfjUos
piov ap 0 nrov, Tots T€ ueyéÜeat Ou rTOV kat
Tf xpóq ToÜ mTepopuaros ei0eyÜés kai pvrapóov.

! So Wesseling: àzoodev6ovo oa.

160

BOOK III. 28. 3-29. 1

because of its weight, but it runs more swiftly than
any other animal, barely touching the earth with the
tips of its feet; and especially when it raises its
wings adown the blasts of the wind it makes off like a
ship under full sail; and it defends itself against its
pursuers by means of its feet, hurling, as if from a
sling, in an astonishing manner, stones as large as can
be held in the hand. But when it is pursued at a
time of calm, its wings quickly collapse, it is unable
to make use of the advantages given it by Nature,
and being easily overtaken it is made captive. And
since these animals abound in the land in multitude
beyond telling, the barbarians devise every manner
of scheme whereby to take them; moreover, since
they are easily caught in large numbers, their meat
is used for food and their skins for clothing and
bedding. But being constantly warred upon by
the Ethiopians known as " Simi," they are in daily
peril from their attackers, and they use as defensive
weapons the horns of gazelles; these horns, being
large and sharp, are of great service and are found
in abundance throughout the land by reason of the
multitude of the animals which carry them.

29. A short distance from this tribe on the edge
of the desert dwell the Acridophagi,! men who are
smaller than the rest, lean of body, and exceeding
dark. For among them in the spring season strong
west and south-west winds drive out of the desert a
multitude beyond telling of locusts, of great and
unusual size and with wings of an ugly, dirty colour.

1 Locust-.eaters.

? gvwGtovaov Rhodomann: evwiopovaov MSS and all editors.

I6I

DIODORUS OF SICILY

2 éx« TovTov OadjuÀets Tpojàs Éyovow amavra TOV
Béiov, (Ovorpórws a)DrÓv motw)/pnevoi Ty Üwnpav.
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zÀquoidln TÓ yfpas, éu$vUovrau. Toig oc«opgact

| domrrov kat omitted by D, Vogel; retained by Bekker,

Dindorf.
162

BOOK III. 29. 2-5

From these locusts they have food in abundance all
their life long, catching them in a manner peculiar
to themselves. For along the border of their land
over many stades there extends a ravine of consider-
able depth and width; this they fill with wood from
the forests, which is found in plenty in their land;
and then, when the winds blow which we have
mentioned and the clouds of the locusts approach,
they divide among themselves the whole extent of
theravine and set fire tothe brush init. Andsincea
great volume of pungent smoke rises, the locusts,
as they fly over the ravine, are choked by the pun-
gency of the smoke and fall to the ground after they
have flown through it only a short space, and as the
destruction of them continues over several days,
great heaps of them are raised up; moreover, since
the land contains a great amount of brine, all the
people bring this to the heaps, after they have been
gathered together, soak them to an appropriate
degree with the brine and thus both give the locusts
a palatabletaste and make their storage free from rot
and lasting for a long time.! Accordingly, the food
of this people, at the moment and thereafter, consists
of these animals; for they possess no herds nor do
they live near the sea nor do they have at hand
any other resources; and light in body and very
swift of foot as they are, they are also altogether
short-lived, the oldest among them not exceeding
forty years of age.

As for the manner in which they end their lives,
not only is it astounding but extremely pitiful.
For when old age draws near there breed in their

! A much shorter account of the same custom is in Strabo
(16. 4. 12).
163

t»

DIODORUS OF SICILY

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^ e ^ ? ^
Kaüca. X TocoÜTo yàp iaTopobcw émvumroAdcat TÓV

164

DOOK III. 29. z-3o. 2

bodies winged lice, which not only have an unusual
form but are also savage and altogether loathsome
in aspect. The affiiction begins on the belly and the
breast and in a short time spreads over the whole
body. Andthe person so affected is at first irritated
by a kind of itching and insists on scratching himself
a bit, the disease at this point offering a satisfaction
combined with pain; but after this stage the animals,
which have been continuously engendered more
and more in the body, break out to the surface and
there is a heavy discharge of a thin humour, the sting
of which is quite unbearable. Consequently the
man who is in the grip of thc disease lacerates him-
self with his nails the more violently, groaning and
moaning deeply. And as his hands tear at his body,
such a mulutude of the vermin pours forth that those
who try to pick them off accomplish nothing, since
they issue forth one after another, as from a "hand of
vessel that is pierced throughout with holes. And
so these wretches end their lives in a dissolution of
the body after this manner, a miserable fate, meeting
with such a suddenreversal of fortune either by reason
of the peculiar character of their food or because of
the climate.

30. Along the borders of this people there stretches
acountry great insize and rich inits varied pasturage ;
butitis without inhabitants and altogether impossible
for man to enter; not that it has from the first
never known the race of men, but in later times, as a
result of an unseasonable abundance of rain,it brought
forth a multitude of venomous spiders and scorpions.
For, as historians relate,! so great a multitude of these

! Cp. Strabo 16. 4. 12; Aelian, History of Animals, 17. 40;
Pliny 8. 29.
165

DIODORUS OF SICILY

eipoquévov | Ünpiv «ÀnÜos core TOUS kaTroukobv-
ras avÜpoxovs TO uév mpiTrov savónuet kretvew
TO 7f] dice moÀéjuov, damepvyeviTov O6 ToD
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^ 1 7 € ^ 5 / M M ? /
Taóra puév o)v vjuiv etpyoÜw pos rovs àmt-
1 cáv M, omitted EF, zavra other MSS, after «reivew deleted

by Vogel.
? gA9Üovs Hertlein: zaOovs.

166

BOOK III. 3o. 2-4

animals came to abound that, although at the outset
the human beings dwelling there united in killing
the natural enemy, yet, because the multitude of
them was not to be overeome and their bites brought
swift death to their victims, they renounced both
their ancestral land and mode of life and fled from
these regions. Nor is there any oeeasion to be
surprised at this statement or to distrust it, since
we have learned through trustworthy history of
many things more astonishing than this which have
taken place throughout all "the inhabited world.
In Italy, for M such a multitude of field-
miee was generated in the plains that they drove
certain people out of their native country ; in Media
birds, which eame to abound beyond telling and
made away with the seeds sown by the inhabitants,
compelled them to remove into regions held by
another people; and in the case of the Autariatae,!
as they are called, frogs were originally generated in
the clouds, and when they fell upon the people in place
of the customary rain,they forced them to leave their
native homes and to flee for safety to the place where
they now dwell. And who indeed has not read in
history,inconneetion withthe Labours which Heraeles
performed in order to win his immortality, the aecount
of the one Labour in the course of whieh he drove out
ofthe Stvmphalian Lake the multitude of birds whieh
had come to abound in it? Moreover, in Libya
certain cities have become depopulated beeause a
multitude of lions came out of the desert against
them.

Let these instanees, then, suffiee in reply to those

! A people of Illyria; Justin (15. 2) also says that they
were driven out in this way.

167

t3»

DIODORUS OF SICILY

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! Milkers of bitches. ? Savages.
3 Strabo (16. 4. 10) also says that the dogs hunt the cattle;
but Agatharchides (60) and Aelian (JJistory of Antmals, 16. 31)

168

BOOK III. 3o. 4-31. 4

who adopt a sceptical attitude towards histories
because they recount what is astonishing; and now
we shall in turn pass on to what follows the subjects
we have been treating.

31. The borders of the parts to the south are
inhabited by men whom the Greeks call '" Cyna-
molgi,"! but who are known in the language of
the barbarians who live near them as Agri? They
wear great beards and maintain packs of savage dogs
which serve to meet the needs oftheirlife. For from
the time of the beginning of the summer solstice
until mid-winter, Indian cattle, in a multitude beyond
telling, resort to their country, the reason for this
being uncertain; for no man knows whether they
are in flight because they are being attacked by a
great number of carnivorous beasts, or because they
are leaving their own regions by reason of a lack of
food, or because of some other reversal of fortune
which Nature, that engenders all astonishing things.
devises, but which the mind of the race of men
cannot comprehend. However, since they have not
the strength of themselves to get the better of the
multitude of the cattle, they let the dogs loose on
them, and hunting them by means of the dogs they
overcome a very great number of the animals:
and as for the beasts which they have taken, some of
them they eat while fresh and some they pack down
with salt and store up. Many also of the other
animals they hunt, thanks to the courage of their dogs,
and so maintain themselves by the eating of flesh.?

Now the most distant tribes of those peoples who
live to the south have indeed the forms of men but

add that this people drink the milk of bitches when they have
no meat.

169

DIODORUS OF SICILY

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Kpw ka. mpoDáro: ToUTcov O€ roUS uév TaTÉpas,
Tüs Ó€ umrépas kaAoDot 9i TO nopiCeaÜaa Tàs
éduépovs Tpodás aei "apa TOUTOV, GÀÀA p) Tra. pa.
TÓV yeyevvmkórov. ToTO 7. uév (OuOTOL
gUyypavrat sra AoUpov Bpéypani, TOÍs OC Ovvda aus
a1 Twos àvÜovs karackevatera, móua mapamAn-
giov TÓ xewioro Tap Tjutv yÀeUkew. Tails O€

! Much of what follows is in Strabo (16. 4. 17). The spelling
of Trogodytes, without the A, is supported by D, the oldest

170

BOOK III. 351. 4-32. 3

their life is that of the beasts; however, it remains
for us to discuss two peoples, the Ethiopians and the
Trogodytes. But about the Ethiopians we have
written in other connections, and so we shall now
speak of the Trogodytes.

32. The Trogodytes,! we may state, are called
Nomads by the Greeks, and living as they do a
nomadic life off their flocks, each group of them hasits
tyrant, and their women, liketheir children, they hold
in common, with the single exception of the wife of
the tyrant; but if any man goes in to this woman the
ruler exacts of him a fine of a specified number of
sheep. Atthe time of the etesian winds, whenthere
are heavy rains in their country, they live off blood
and milk which they mix together and seethe for a
short while. But after this season the pasturage is
withered by the excessive heat, and they retreat
into the marshy places and fight with each other for
the pasturage of the land. They eat the older
animals of their flocks and such as are growing sick
and maintain themselves on them at all times.
Consequently they give the name of parents to no
human being, but rather to a bull and a cow, and
also to a ram and a sheep; these they call their
fathers or their mothers, by reason of the fact that
they ever secure their daily food from them, and not
from those who had begotten them. . And as a drink
the common people make use of juice from the
plant Christ's-thorn, but for the rulers there is
prepared from a certain flower a beverage like the
vilest of our sweet new wines. Following after their

MS., and Vogel (I. Ixxii) regrets that he did not adopt it. On
further grounds for this spelling cp. Kallenberg, Textkritik u.
Sprachgebrauch Diodors, 1. 1.

171

DIODORUS OF SICILY

ayéAaus TOv Üpeupárov émakoAovÜoüvres av
é£ GAÀqs xopav émvropeDovrat, deUyovres TO
TOÍS a)TOts TÓTOis €vÓuaTpiBew. Kai yvpvot pév
etot zrüvTes Tà 0ciaza mÀmv TOV (Gybov, à Oéopact
gkegzdLovav Tà Ó. aiQota vzávres oí Tporyoóvrat
mapa zmrÀnatus TOS AbyurrTots mepuvréuvovrat rA
TOV damwó To avpmrTO)pLoTos óvop.abopévav KoÀo-
Bàyv: oDTOL yàp pióvot TV €vTOS TÀV GTeVÓV
vep.óp.evot Xopav éK vimiov Supots GmoTépvovrat
Tv 70 TOÍlS GAAOLS |.épos mrepvropuis TUyyàvov.
33. 'OzAtapóv 9. éyovot TOv Tporyoóvrdv ot
uev ovouatlópuevou MeyáBapot kvkAorepets cuo-
Poivas àcoiOas kai posaAov rUÀovs yov srepuató)-
povs, oi Óé GAÀÀov TÓÉa kai Aóyyas. Ta$ai O6
zavTeÀOs e£énMaypuévat 1 ézvycepiálovov: Tots yàp
TÓV TaÀL.0Upov Avyois Oncavres TÓv TeTreAev-
TüKÓTOV Tà GOpaT0. TTpocGz TOUOL TOV aDXx€va, TOÍS
aKéAeot, Ü£vres O6 rÓv vekpov ézi vwos vam jpuoros
BáXovat AtÜots xeuonAyjüéot yeAdvres, pexpt
dv ÓTOU Tots AtQots mrepixdóigavres amokpiiajgt TÀ
gcpara:* TO Óé reÀevratov atyós képag ériÜévres
aToÀvovrat, avparaÜeuav oU0epLav AauBávovres.
zroAejLoüat Dr mpós GAATAovs ovy opnoicos ToÍs
EAjaw Umrep yüs^ 5 TLV/QOV GANcov eykn-
párov, aAÀÀ vmép Tijs emuywopevrs àeü vopfs.
év O€ rats diAoveuctaus. TÓ |. TOO TOV GÀiAovs
rots AuBous BáAAovat, Hexpt Qv Twesg TrpoÜOot, kat
TO Àovrov ent TÓV TÓV ,7ó&av q.y va. kaTavrójgt.
ToÀÀot Oé év ákapet xpóv«q) reAevrOOGtv, cs àv eU-

| So Wesseling: raóats . .. é£yMaypgévass.
? ys Dindorf: opy$s.

172

BOOK III. 32. 3-33. 3

herds and flocks they move about from one land to
another, avoiding any stay in the same regions.
And they are all naked as to their bodies except
for the loins, which they cover with skins; moreover,
all the Trogodytes are circumcised like the Egyptians
with the exception of those who, because of what thev
have experienced, are called " colobi "!; for these
alone of all who live inside the Straits * have in infancy
all that part cut completely off with the razor which
among other peoples merely suffers cireumcision.

33. As for the arms of the Trogodvtes, those who
bear the name of Megabari have round shields
covered with raw ox-hide and a club with iron knobs,
but the rest of them have bows and arrows and
lances. Again, the burials practised by them differ
entirely from all others; for after binding the bodies
of the dead with withes of Christ's-thorn they tie
the neck to the legs, and then placing the corpse
upon a mound they cast at it stones as large as can
be held in the hand, making merry the while, until
they have built up a heap of stones and have hidden
the bodies from sight; and finally they set up a
goat's horn on the heap and separate, having shown
no fellow-feeling for the dead. And they fight with
one another, Br! as the Greeks do, for the possession
of land or because of some alleged misdeeds, but
for the pasturage as it comes up at one time and
another. In their quarrels they at first hurl stones
at each other, until some are wounded, and the rest
of the time they resort to the struggle with bows and
arrows. And it is but à moment before many are

! "The word means ' mutilated"' (persons whose sexual
organs have been removed).
?* At the entrance into the Red Sea.

173

DIODORUS OF SICILY

aTÓOxyc«s uv BaAAóvrav Ou rv év rovrous àÜAnow,
TÓV Ó€ GkoTOv ÉéyóvTOV yvuvÓv TÓV OkeTaocTT)picv
Orc. O.QÀUovGL. O€ TT-v nay TÓv yvwvaukdv
ai mpeaprepaz, mpoBaAAóp.evaa * pev ets TÓ pégov,
€vrpomrijs Ó€ TU xávovaau: vOpupLov ydp €acTww
aUTOÍS Taóras Kara purnóéva TÓV 7póTQV TÜTTElW,
oÜev apa TO daviüva« mavUovrav ToD ToÉeUew.
ot O€ Óià TO yTpas o) Ovvdpuevot rais Toiuvats
akoÀovÜetv Boos ovp TÓv a)Dyéva mepioQty£avres
éavrOv agzoAÀvovrat ToU Lífjv mpoÜvjos: ToU 0€ TOv
Üávarov avaBaAAouévov T1)v éfovoiav 0 ovAÓ-
|.evos eye TÓv Oeouóv cs és. evota mepiÜetvat kat
perà vovÜerzoewcs oTepíjoauu TOU Lv. Opo(os O€
vó|uov a)TO(s €G0TL TOUS T»poÜÉévras T) vócots
OvoiàTOis Gcuvexouévovus €£dyew ék ToU Ümv
LéywaTov yàp TrÓOv kakóüv TyyoUvrau TO. QiÀovyetv
TÓv uTjoev aeuo To0 Cv mpárrew DvvdpLevov. ÓLO
kat TávTas ? (Octv é cort TOUS TpoyoóvUras aprtovs
Lev Tots acpacw, iaxVovras Ó. éri Tats v)Àuctaus,
«cs àv pnm90evos omepDaAAovros và éÉT7kovra éTm.
Kai vepi uev TOv lpoyoOvrÓv tkavós etprkapev:
et Óé Tig Tv àvayywoakóvrov Ou TOv Éevtapóv kat
TO vrapáGo£ov rÀv avayeypauévov Biov à 71)0€t
rais LoToptaus, Üeis mpo Tfjs Ouavoias map. àÀAqÀa
TÓV Te mpi T»v IikvÜiav dépa kat rOv mepi TV
Tp«oyoovrucjv, ka( Tàs ékarépov Ouadopas (Oc,
5 H , ^ M /
oUK ümiaTyGet Tots Laropnjuévois.
394. T oca) yàp mrapaAAÀayr) TÓV "ap um.
aépov Tpós To)Ds lioTopuuévovs coTe TTV kaTà
* So the MSS. and Bekker; Dindorf and Vogel read rpo-

aAAópevac (**leaping in front of ").
* uév 8aÍter vdvras deleted by Dindorf.

174

BOOK III. 33. 3-34. 1

dead, since they are accurate shooters by reason of
their practice in archery and the object at which they
are aiming is bare of protective armour. The fighting
is terminated by the older women, who rush into the
fray and offer themselves as a protection to the
fighters, and are the object of respect; for it is a
custom with these people that they shall in no wise
strike one of these women, and so at their appearance
they cease shooting. Those who can no longer
accompany the flocks by reason of old age bind the
tail of an ox about their own nccks and so put an
end to their lives of their own free will; and if a
man postpones his death, anyone who wishes has the
authority to fasten the noose about his neck, as an
act of good-will, and, after admonishing the man,
to take his life. Likewise it is a custom of theirs to
remove from life those who have become maimed or
are in the grip of incurable diseases; for they con-
sider it to be the greatest disgrace for a man to cling
to life when he is unable to accomplish anything
worth living for. Consequently , a man can see
every Trogody te sound in body and of vigorous age,
since no one of them lives beyond sixty years.

But we have said enough about the "Trogodytes ;
andifanyone of our readers shall distrust our histories
because of what is strange and astonishing in the
different manners of life which we have described,
when he has considered and compared the climate
of Seythia and that of the Trogodyte country and
has observed the differences between them, he will
not distrust what has been here related.

94. So great, for instance, is the contrast betwcen
our climate and the climates which we have described
that the difference, when considered in detail,

175

DIODORUS OF SICILY

2 |iépos Ouuóopàv àmioTov eivat. ÓzOv pev yàp O0
Tiv ovzeppoAnv Tob J'Uxovs mripyvvvra. pév ot
HLéywaTOL / TOTAOJUOL, cTéyovros TOU kpvaraAAov
O.adcets cTpaTOméÓnv kat pat. karavyópuov
e$ó8ovs, myvvraa Oc O oitvos kai Tà Aourá TÓYV
XvuÀv QoTe paxaipats amorépweoÜas, KaL TÀ
TOUTCOV Üavpaurepa., TÀ év ükpoTüpun TÓV
avÜpciomav Ts .cai)ros rrapa-rpiBovarjs Teptppet,
Trà Óé Óunara àpuavpoÜrat, TO Ó€ sÜp GÀeopav oU
TOL€0, kat yaÀkot puév àvOptávres pyyvuvrat, kaà.
OÓÉ rwvas katpo)üs Ouà TTv svKvOTQqTa TOV vejóv
o)re GcTpamw»v oUre Dpovr»v yiveaÜa. sept TOUS
TrÓTOUS $aoc( m0ÀÀAà 8é kai àÀÀa rovrov vapa9o-
£órepa GcuvreÀetrau, TOls puév Gyvoobow dàmuwTa,

3 Tots 0c metpav en] óóat vvrropóvyra. T€pl
€ Tás éaxyaTtds Tljs AtyUnTOU KaL Tpo»yoovrucfjs
0uà TV ocepBoAnv Tijs ad. 7Àiov Üepp.a.atas KQTQ
TÓv Tijs neoupptas Ka4póv ov0€ gvvopáv aAJnjAovs
oi zrapea rires GUvavrat Óuà 71)v zrayUr1]T0. TT]S Trepl
TÓv dépa mTUKVOO€OS, xycpis 0€ vmoO0€Caecs srüvres
aóvvaroUct BaO(Gew, cs dy TOÍS üvvTOOT)TOLS Tra. pa.-

4 xpfijto. dÀvkribcv ywopévay. KaTrü Oé TO "OTÓV,
éàv gu T?) évOeiav éTotucs à $opijroa, TQXécs
TeÀevrAaw, cs àv Tíjs Üepu.aotas Tr)jv Tv Uypàv év
TQ cogar. iow O£éos àvaMokoUowgs. pos O€
TOUTOLS , OTAV TLS €ls YaAkoüv ayyetov éuBaAÀcov TÀv
é8eiuov 009 T0T0Üv ucÜ' vÓaros eis 7óv JÀvov O3,

6 Trayéws éjerat xcpis vrvpós kat £UÀe. | aAA. Ops
ot karowobvres ap dorépas Tás eipriévas Xopas
ovy otov $evyew BosAovra T7V bzreppoAnv TÓV gup.-

atvóvTc)Y aDTO(s KüGKÓv, GQÀÀà kai TOUDvavTÜOV
ékovat«s mpotevrat 1 70 Üfiv éveka ToU ju) BiaoÜfjvat

176

DOOK III. 34. 1-5

surpasses belief. For example, there are countries
where, because of the excessive cold, the greatest
rivers are frozen over, the ice sustaining the crossing
of armies and the passage of heavily laden wagons,
the wine and all other juices freeze so that they must
be cut with knives, yea, what is more wonderful still,
the extremities of human beings fall off when rubbed
by the clothing, their eyes are blinded, fire furnishes
no protection, even bronze statues are cracked open,
and at certain seasons, they say, the clouds are so
thick that in those regions there is neither lightning
nor thunder; and many other things, more astonish-
ing than these, come to pass, which are unbelievable
to such as are ignorant of them, but cannot be en-
dured by any who have actually experienced them.
But on the farthermost bounds of Egypt and the
Trogodyte country, because of the excessive heat
from the sun at midday, men who are standing side
by side are unable even to seeone another by reason
of the thickness of the air as it is condensed, and no
one can walk about without foot-gear, since blisters
appear at once on any who go barefoot. And as for
drink, unless it is ready to hand to satisfy the need of
it, they speedily perish,sincethe heatswiftly exhausts
the natural moistures in the body. Moreover,
whenever any man puts any food into a bronze vessel
along with water and sets it in the sun, it quickly boils
without fire or wood. Nevertheless, the inhabitants
of both the lands which we have mentioned,! far
from desiring to escape from the excessive evils which
befall them, actually, on the contrary, give up their
lives of their own accord simply to avoid being com-

! ;,e. Scythia and the Trogodyte land.

! mspotevrac Dindorf: cpoocéva) BDG, mpocévac other MSS.

177

DIODORUS OF SICILY

Óuairís érépas kai Diov meuaÜjvac. oUrcos a.ro-
$vés exe: TL iXrpov váca cuvüÜns xopa, kat
mepvyierau Tíjs éK TÓV aépcv kakomraÜeias o
ypóvos Ó TTv Ék vnmiov zapaAÀaBcov ruta. TàS
Ó€ Tr Au ras em. Gp. d órepa. O.a.dopás oU TOo0À)
OtopiLe, TÓTOU uto TTG. d3TO yàp TTjs Mauarióos
n 7) "TpocoLkoUcL Twwes Tv 2ikvÜiv €v máyei
A
uL jvxyeow vrepBaáAAovat kaÜipvjLevot, zoÀÀoL
TÓV mrAotzop.évoov oopto0pop.oUcats vavat. dopriauw
ets uev. 'Pó6ov Gekaratou karazeszAeUkaoauww, é£ Tjs
ets " AÀe£ávÓpeiav rerapratou karavrÓow, ék ÓO€
£ X X ^ , A ^
ravTwQs KaTà TOv NetÀov srÀéovres sroÀAot Óeka a tot
kaTwvrzKacw eis Aifvoriav, core àgÓ Tv kare-
Jvypuévcv pepóv Tijs otkovpévns ézi 7à Üepuórara.
Lépg qu wÀéov eitkoouv kai TerTápov T"HepOv
ctvat TOv TrÀoÜv TO(lS kaTà TO ovuveyés kopuGopévots.
Ouó7ep Tíjs Ova opás TüS TÓVv dépov év oA tyq
Ó.aOTT)LATL p.eyáns ovoqs OUO€v mrapáóo£ov KQL TT)V
OlaQ.TaQV KQLi TOUS Btovs, érL, 0€ Trà o«cpgaTa TOÀ)
O.uAAdTTew TÓV Tap "uiv.
39. "Emet 06 rv éÜvóv kat Bicov Tà keddáAÀaua
A / 7 / / E
TÓV OokoUvTov etvat zrapaóó£cv O.eAnAvÜaquev, mrept
TOv! Ünpiov TOv karà Tàs UTokewuuévas yopas
év puépet Ové£uuev. éoTi. yàp Lov 0 kaAetrat uév
avo ToU cvpupeDmnkóros pwókepos, àÀkg O6é kai
/ /, 9 09 / ^ A € /
Bia mapamAnauov ov * cAéQavrt, TÓ Ó€ Ue Ta-T€wó-
Tepov, T"V pev Oopàv (oXvporármv exe, TV oé

xpóav mTvÉoeiQ. émi Ó ükpcov TÓV BLUukTÜpov

! óyroy after ràv deleted by Eichstádt.
? 6v added by Dindorf.

1 je. a8 to severe cold and severe heat.

179

DOOK III. 34. 5-35. 2

pelled to make trial of a different fare and manner of
life. Thus it is that every country to which a man
has grown accustomed holds a kind of spell of its own
over him, and the length of time which he has spent
there from infancy overcomes the hardship which he
suffers from its climate. And yet countries so differ-
ent in both ways ! are separated by no great interval
of space. For from Lake Maeotis,? near which
certain Scythians dwell, living in the midst of frost
and excessive cold, many sailors of merchant vessels,
running before a favourable wind, have made
Rhodes in ten days, from which they have reached
Alexandria in four, and from that city many men,
sailing by way of the Nile,? have reached Ethiopia
in ten, so that from the cold parts of the inhabited
world to its warmest parts the sailing time is not
more than twenty-four days, if the journey is made
without a break. (Consequently, the difference in
climates in a slight interval being so great, it is
nothing surprising that both the fare and the manners
of life as well as the bodies of the inhabitants should
be very different from such as prevail among us.

35. And now that we have discussed the principal
facts concerning the nations and the manners of
life which men consider astonishing, we shall speak
in turn of the wild animals of the countries which we
are considering. "There is an animal, for instance,
which is called, from its characteristic, rhinoceros 4;
in courage and strength it is similar to the elephant
but not so high, and it has the toughest hide known
and a colourlike box-wood.? Atthe tip of its nostrils

? 'The Sea of Azof.
? (.e. instead of by the Red Sea.
* Nose-horn. 5 i.c. pale yellow.

179

DIODORUS OF SICILY

/ / ^ Pd / ^ Y
$épe. képas T TUTQ Owui0v, Tfj O€ oTepeó-
/ / ^ A ^
3 TgT(. OciO"po mTopeuóepés. | roÜro mepi TÍs
^ M ?
vopíjs àev Ouaóepópevov éAé$avr( TO pév képas
Tpós Twa TÓV TeTpOv Üwye, ovumeoOov Ó' eis
^ / M ^
pàxyv TQ "poewmuévo Ünpio xat v7000vov DO
/ ^
T?)V KotÀMav àvappijyrreu. T) KépaT. kaÜamep £iet
^ MI / ^
T)v Gdpka. TO O€ ToioUTo TpóTQ TÜüs pns
» -— X / M
xpoevov e£auia Toiet Trà Ünpta kai voÀÀa. Oua-
/ e X € ? / / N € A M
$Üeipe.. orav 0é 0 éAéQas $Üdcas Tyv 0-0 Tov
/ e / ^ / /
«o.Aav 07z00vow T$ mpoDoakióu mpokaraAdBnrat
/ L ^^
TOV fpuivókepowv, mepvyiverat paoüos TUTTOV TOÍS
^ ^ / 5
o0o0ct kat Tij Dia. vÀéov tayvov.
e M / / A / A
At 06€ adiyyes yivovrat pév mept Te Tv Tpoyo-
M! Ml Ml b / ^ N ^
Ovrukrv kat Tv Á(oziav, rats O6 popóats
? ^
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M ^ / / M M Ml
0€ rais OaovTQgo. OuaAAdrTOvOo,, Tràs OÓ6€ wWvyas
X Id * A / A
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/ Ml 5
O.9ackaAcav ueÜoOukcrv éméyovraa.
€ , » / / A^ N /
Ot 9* ovonaCopevot kvvokéóaAot rots uév acia
^ ? ^ M
dvÜpeots Ovoeióéou mapepóepets eioi, Tats Óé
^ / A ?
$jwvats nvypovs avÜpcstvovs Tpotevrat. GQypuwuo-
^ ^ A ^
rara 06 raÜra rà LÀa kai mavTeÀOs arÜacevra
kaÜeari) ra rr)v àztó TÀv ópicv mpócojw avoTy-
/ » ^ X / »? / /
porépav éyei.. rats 06 ÜnAetaus iOvóTaTOv ovp ave
b Y ^^ / /
TÓ T?V pTpav ékTOs ToÜ oopaTos óépew mávra
A
TÓV YypÓvov.
e ^ / ^ ? / N ? A ^
O 8€ Aeyópevos kfjmos cvopaorat pév amo Ts

1 4.e. bent baekwards. Diodorus uses a term familiar to
the Greeks but not used of a back-pointing horn.

I80

BOOK III. 3s. 2-6

it carries a horn which may be described as snub!
and in hardness is like iron. Since it is ever contest-
ing with the elephant about pasturage it sharpens its
horn on stones, and when it opens the fight with
this animal it slips under his belly and rips open the
flesh with its horn as with a sword. Dy adopting
this kind of fighting it drains the blood of the beasts
and kills many of them. But if the elephant has
avoided the attempt of the rhinoceros to get under
his belly and has seized it beforehand with his trunk,
he easily overcomes it by goring it with his tusks and
making use of his superior strength.

These are also sphinxes ? in both the Trogodyte
country and Ethiopia, and in shape they are not
unlike those depicted in art save that they are
more shaggy of hair, and since they have dispositions
that are gentle and rather inclined towards cunning
they yield also to systematic training.

The animals which bear the name cynocephali ? are
in body like misshapen men, and they make a sound
like the whimpering of human beings. These
animals are very wild and quite untamable, and
their eyebrows give them a rather surly expression.
A most peculiar characteristic of the female is that it
carries the womb on the outside of its body during
its entire existence.

The animal called the cepus* has received its

? "Ihe large baboon (Paptio sphinz).

, * Dog-heads, the sacred dog-faced baboon (Papio hama.
ryas).

* A long-tailed monkey. The more common form of the
word was ''cebus," but the explanation of the name shows
that Diodorus used the speiling of the text (Kcpos, ** garden,"
was used moetaphoricall in the sense of ''pleasure " or

** grace "").
I81

DIODORUS OF SICILY

Trepi TOv Óykov OÀov cpaias Kat zrpoamvoüs T Àuias,
TO Oé spócwov éyuov Ópovov Aéovru TO Aoumóov
gua $épet mrávÜnp, zaparAWowv, À»v ToU
peyeÜovs, o mapuotra. Oopkdàt.

IIàvrov 0é TÀv etpuuévov Lov ó capkoóáyos raó-
pos G/ypuayra;Tós €OTL KaL Trav T€ÀÓs Ovokorapáxnros.
TÓ ,H€v yàp OykK« ToÜTO petbóv €OTL TÓV Tjj épcov
TQUpov, ofvTqT. O€ Tro0v OU Aeurrópuevov. 6 immov,
TÓ crópai Oc OieaTyKOS GXpu TOV oyrayy TO Oc
xpóa. Tvuppóv éxyev ka0' brepBoXjv, kai Tà Lev
ónj.aTa. yAavkórepa Acovros KQL Tüs vUKTOS
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riÜaacveoÜa. $uAavÜparmtav. Oiómep eiKÓTcoS ot
Tpowyoobraa TOÜTO TO Ünptov KpdTuOTOV Kpivovaw,
Qs Qv Tüs $Uoeos a)07Q OcOÓopquuévgs aÀknyv

! (eov (Agatharchides 76) Dindorf: opuárov MSS.,
Bekker.

1952

BOOK III. as. 6-9

name from the beautiful and pleasing grace which
characterizes its entire body, and it has a head like
that of a lion, but the rest of its body is like that of
a panther, save in respect to its size, in which it
resembles a gazelle.

But of all the animals named the carnivorous bull
is the wildest and altogether the hardest to overcome.
For in bulk he is larger than the domestic bulls,
in swiftness of foot he is not inferior to a horse, and
his mouth opens clear back to the ears. His colour
is a fiery red, his eyes are more piercing than those
of a lion and shine at night, and his horns enjoy a
distinctive property; for at all other times he moves
them like his ears, but when fighting he holds them
rigid. The direction of growth of his hair is contrary
to that of all other animals. He is, again, a remark-
able beast in both boldness and strength, since he
attacks the boldest animals and finds his food in
devouring the flesh of his victims. He also destroys
the flocks of the inhabitants and engages in terrible
combats with whole bands of the shepherds and
packs of dogs. Humour has it that their skin cannot
be pierced; at any rate, though many men have
tried to capture them, no man has ever brought one
undersubjection. If he has fallen into a pit or been
captured by some other ruse he becomes choked
with rage, and in no case does he ever exchange his
freedom for the care which men would accord to him
in domestication. It is with reason, therefore, that
the Trogodytes hold this wild beast to be the strong-
est of all, since Nature has endowed it with the

183
VOL. 1I. G

DIODORUS OF SICILY

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«at Tfjs ? Ürjpas rv kara. uépos otkovoptav.

! Qppicv óQeov MSS.: óóeov deleted by Vogel, 085píov

deleted by Eichstádt, Dindorf, Bekker.
? karà uépos after rijs deleted by Dindorf.

! Probably a kind of hyena.
194

bDOOK III. 55. 9-36. 2

prowess of a lion, the speed of a horse, and the might
of a bull, and since it is not subdued by the native
strength of iron which is the greatest known.

The animal which the Ethiopians call the erocottas !
has a nature which is a mixture of that of a dog and
that of a wolf, but in ferocity it is more to be feared
than either of them, and with respect to its teeth it
surpasses all animals; for every bone, no matter how
huge in size, it easily crushes, and whatever it has
gulped down its stomach digests in an astonishing
manner. And among those who recount marvellous
lies about this beast there are some who relate that
it imitates the speech of men, but for our part they
do not win our credence.

36. As for snakes, those peoples which dwell
near the country which is desert and infested by
beasts say that there is every kind of them, of a
magnitude surpassing belief. For when certain
writers state. that they have seen some one hundred
cubits long, it may justly be assumed, not only by
us but by everybody else, that they are telling a
falsehood; indeed they add to this tale, which is
utterly distrusted, things far more astonishing, when
they say that, since the country is flat like a plain,
whenever the largest of these beasts coil themselves
up, they make, by the coils which have been wound
in circles and rest one upon another, elevations which
seen from a distanceresembleahill. Nowamanmay
not readily agree as to the magnitude of the beasts
of which we have just spoken; but we shall describe
the largest beasts which have actually been seen and
were brought to Alexandria in certain well-made
receptacles, and shall add a detailed description of
the manner in which they were captured.

185

DIODORUS OF SICILY

'O yap óevTrepos IIvoAenatos, epi 7e Tv TÓÀV
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TO Lév TpOTov apfücav ém a)TO TeÜappnkores,
éyovres éfmprvuéva mávra Tà mpÓs TTv wpetav,

! Ptolemy Philadelphus, 285-246 s.c. Ptolemy's interest
in wild animals has long been known from this passage and

186

BOOK III. 36. 3-5

The second Ptolemy,! who was passionately fond
of the hunting of elephants and gave great rewards
to those who succeeded in capturing against odds
the most valiant of these beasts, expending on this
hobby great sums of money, not only collected great
herds of war-elephants, but also brought to the
knowledge of the Greeks other kinds of animals
which had never before been seen and were objects
of amazement. Consequently certain of the hunters,
observing the princely generosity of the king in the
matter of the rewards he gave, rounding up a con-
siderable number decided to hazard their lives and
to capture one of the huge snakes and bring it alive
to Ptolemy at Alexandria. Great and astonishing
as was the undertaking, fortune aided their designs
and crowned their attempt with the success which
it deserved. For they spied one of the snakes,
thirty cubits long, as it loitered near the pools in
which the water collects; here it maintained for
most of the time its coiled body motionless, but at
the appearance of an animal which came down to
the spot to quench its thirst it would suddenly uncoil
itself, seize the animal in its Jaws, and so entwine in
its coil the body of the ereature which had come into
view that it could in no wise escape its doom. And
so, since the beast was long and slender and sluggish
in nature, hoping that they could master it with
nooses and ropes, they approached it with confidence
the first time, having ready to hand everything which

Theocritus 2. 67-8. That he was as deeply interested in in-
troducing new breeds of domesticated animals into Egypt is
attested by a papyrus (P. Cairo Zenon I. 59,075), written in
257 p.c., in which an Ammonite chief from east of the Jordan
river 8ays that he issending the king a gift of horses, dogs, asses
and several specimenus of cross-breeding with the wild ass.

187

DIODORUS OF SICILY

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T)v vourv é£óO0ov kat TüÀw Tüs émavóOov, dg

188

BOOK III. 36. 6-37. 2

they might need; but as they drew near it they
constantly grew more and more terrified as they
gazed upon its fiery eye and its tongue darting out
in every direction, caught the hideous sound made
by the roughness of its scales as it made its way
through the trees and brushed against them, and
noted the extraordinary size of its teeth, the savage
appearance of its mouth, and the astonishing height
of its heap of coils. Consequently, after they had
driven the colour from their cheeks through fear,
with cowardly trembling they cast the nooses about
its tail; but the beast, the moment the rope touched
its body, whirled about with so mighty a hissing as
to frighten them out of their wits, and raising itself
into the air above the head of the foremost man it
seized him in its mouth and ate his flesh while he still
lived, and the second it caught from a distance with
a coil as he fled, drew him to itself, and winding itself
about him began squeezing his belly with its tighten-
ing bond ; and as for all the rest, stricken with terror
they sought their safety in flight.

31. Nevertheless, the hunters did not give up
their attempt to capture the beast, the favour ex-
pected of the king and his reward outweighing the
dangers which they had come to know full well as
the result of their experiment, and by ingenuity
and craft they did subdue that which was by force
well-nigh invincible, devising a kind of contrivance
like the following :—They fashioned a circular thing
woven of reeds closely set together, in general shape
resembling a fisherman's creel and in size and
capacity capable of holding the bulk of the beast.
Then, when they had reconnoitred its hole and
observed the time when it went forth to feed and

189

DIODORUS OF SICILY

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pevou, kai zpoó ToU aTpadfvau TOv Ow émi Tv

! 86 after àua deleted by Reiske.
? ajrot deleted by Dindorf, retained by Bekker, Vogel.

190

BOOK III. 37. 2-5

returned again, so soon as it had set out to prey upon
the other animals, as was its custom, they stopped
the opening of its old hole with large stones and
earth, and digging an underground cavity near its
lair they set the woven net in it and placed the
mouth of the net opposite the opening, so that it
was in this way all ready for the beast to enter.
Against the return of the animal they had made
ready archers and slingers and many horsemen, as
well as trumpeters and all the other apparatus needed,
and as the beast drew near it raised its neck in air
higher than the horsemen. Now the company of
men who had assembled for the hunt did not dare to
draw near it, being warned by the mishaps which
had befallen them on the former occasion, but shoot-
ing at it from afar, and with many hands aiming at a
single target, and a large one at that, they kept
hitting it, and when the horsemen appeared and the
multitude of bold fighting-dogs, and then again
when the trumpets blared, they got the animal
terrifed. Consequently, when it retreated to its
accustomed lair, they closed in upon it, but only so
far as not to arouse it still more. And when it came
near the opening which had been stopped up, the
whole throng, acting together, raised a mighty din
with their arms and thus increased its confusion and
fear because of the crowds which put in their appear-
ance and of the trumpets. But the beast could not
find the opening and so, terrified at the advance of
the hunters, fled for refuge into the mouth of the
net which had been prepared near by. And when
the woven net began to be filled up as the snake
uncoiled itself, some of the hunters anticipated its
movements by leaping forward, and before the snake

IOI

DIODORUS OF SICILY

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! So Dindorf: perecporepov.
192

BOOK III. 37. 5-9

could turn about to face the entrance they closed
and fastened with ropes the mouth, which was long
and had been shrewdly devised with such swiftness
of operation in mind; then they hauled out the
woven net and putting rollers under it drew it up
into the air. But the beast, enclosed as it was in a
straitened place, kept sending forth an unnatural
and terrible hissing and tried to pull down with its
teeth the reeds which enveloped it, and by twisting
itself in every direction created the expectation in
the minds of the men who were carrying it that it
would leap out of the eontrivance which enveloped
it. Consequently, in terror, they set the snake
down on the ground, and by jabbing it about the
tail they diverted the attention of the beast from its
work of tearing with its teeth to its sensation of pain
in the parts which hurt.

When they had brought the snake to Alexandria
they presented it to the king, an astonishing sight
which those cannot credit who have merely. heard
thetale. And by depriving the beast of its food thev
wore down its spirit and little by little tamed it, so
that the domestieation of it becamea thing of wonder.
As for Ptolemy, he distributed among the hunters
the merited rewards, and kept and fed the snake,
which had now been tamed and afforded the greatest
and most astonishing sight for the strangers who
visited his kingdom. Consequently, in view of the
fact that a snake of so great a size has been exposed
to the public gaze, it is not fair to doubt the word of
the Ethiopians or to assume that the report which
they circulated far and wide was a mere fiction. For
they state that there are to be seen in their country
snakes so great in size that they not only eat both

299

DIODORUS OF SICILY

p.óvov Boüs 7e kat TaUpovs kai TOv GAÀAcv Lowvv Tà
TyÀucabüra Tots ÓyKots àvaAtakeuw, aAAá kai TOÍS
cAéóactw eis üÀknv ovviaoracÜau, kat Ou. uev. Tfjs
oTeipas epemrÀekojuévovs Tots okéAeow epimootb ew
T)V KGa7& óUow kivgow, rÓv OÓ' a)yéva uerecpt-
cavras bmp TV mpopoaxióa TT? epa
évavr(av Ovweltv TOls TÓV éAeódávrow ójuiaot,
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yfv capko$ayetv rà xeupoÜévra TOv CGoov.
38. Awvkpumkóres Ó' apko)vros TY epi TT»)V
Aiiortiav kat Tpevyoóvrucv kai Tv TaUTaus
cuváüTTOUGQV géypu Tfs OuàÀ kaüpa daounrov,
TpOs OÓé raUTaus Tepi Tfjg TapaAtas Tfjs zapà TT)v
"EpvÜpav ÜdAaTTrav kai TÓ "ArAavrucóv zréAaryos
TO TpOS peonpupptav KekAutévov, Tepi TOÜ kara-
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pepOv Tíjs ,otkovjévrs TÓÀV OUVOTTÓVTCOV Tij Oi
Jxos àouc]T« Oué£urev, orav Tàs l'atov T uml

! ó7ép Reiske: $709.
D . ,
? So Dindorf: zapazÀgotos.

! 'The Persian Gulf and contiguous shores must be meant.

t94

BOOK III. 37. 9-38. 2

oxen and bulls and other animals of equal bulk, but
even join issue in battle with the elephants, and by
intertwining their coil about the elephants' legs they
prevent the natural movement of them and by
rearing their necks above their trunks they put their
heads directly opposite the eyes of the elephants,
and sending forth, by reason of the fiery nature of
their eyes, brilliant flashes like lightning, they first
blind their sight and then throw them to the ground
and devour the flesh of their conquered foes.

38. But now that we have examined with sufficient
care Ethiopia and the Trogodyte country and the
territory adjoining them, as far as the region which
is uninhabited because of excessive heat, and, beside
these, the coast of the Red Sea! and the Atlantic
deep? which stretches towards the south, we shall
give an account of the part which still remains—and I
refer to the Arabian Gulf?—drawing in part upon the
royalrecords preserved in Alexandria,and in part upon
what we have learned from men who have seen it
withtheirowneyes. Forthissection of the inhabited
world and that about the British Isles and the far
north have by no means come to be included in the
common knowledge of men. But as for the parts of
the inhabited world which lie to the far north and
border on the area which is uninhabited because of
the cold, we shall discuss them when we record the

* Apparently Diodorus uses the term '' Atlantic," although
it is derived from the word *:* Atlas," and regularly designated
the western ocean, in the sense employed by the geographer
Eratosthenes, who, about 200 nB.c., applied it to the entire
expanse of water which surrounded the '' inhabited world "'
(cp. H. Berger, Geschichte der wissenschaftlichen Erdkunde der
Griechen?, pp. 323, 377, 396).

3 "The Red Sea.

I95

DIODORUS OF SICILY

mpá£ets avavypd.óopuev: otros yàp TT?»v 'Popatov
"yyejovtav. eig éketva, T& uépm sopporáro spopi-
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émroinoe meoeitv eig aovra£iw (orop(ías: 0 O6 mpoc-
a 'yopevóp.evos Apáfios KÓÀzOS QvecTOLoTQaL pév
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a)TOs iOLÓTQTOS Otéfiuev: vpirov 0€ AqjópjeÜa, TO
Oefuóv uépos, oÓ cT)v vapaAav vOv TporyoovrOv
éÜvn véuerac uéxypu Tfjs épruov.

| rovrov after éoyárov deleted by Dindoif.

n——————————————— '——— mcd LE

|l Cmn pook-1. 4.7.
2 'The [Indian Ocean.

BOOK III. 38. 2-3

deeds of Gaius Caesar; forle it was who extended
the Roman Empire the farthest into those parts
and brought it about that all the area which had
formerly been unknown came to be included in a
narrative of history 1; but the Arabian Gulf, as it
is called, opens into the ocean which lies to the south,?
and its innermost recess, which stretches over a dis-
tance of very many stades in length, is enclosed by
the farthermost borders of Arabia and the Trogodyte
country. lts width at the mouth and at the inner-
most recess is about sixteen ? stades, but from the
harbour of Panormus to the opposite mainland is a
day's run for a warship. And its greatest width is
at the Tyrcaeus * mountain and Macaria, an island
out at sea, the mainlands there being out of sight of
eaeh other. Dut from this point the width steadily
decreases more and more and continually tapers as far
as the entrance. And as a man sails along the coast
he comes in many places upon long islands with
narrow passages between them, where the current
runs full and strong. Such, then, is the setting,
in general terms, of this gulf. But for our part, we
shall make our beginning with the farthest regions
of the innermost recess and then sail along its two
sides past the mainlands, in connection with which
we shall describe what is peculiar to them and most
deserving of discussion; and first of all we shall take
the right side,? the coast of which is inhabited by
tribes of the Trogodytes as far inland as the desert.

3 Strabo (16. 4. 4) and others say the straits at Deiré are
sixty stades wide (about seven miles), which is much nearer
the present width than the '' sixteen '' of Diodorus.

! Panormus and this mountain are otherwise unknown.

* «.e. the western or Egyptian side.

197

Ub»

DIODORUS OF SICILY

?
39. 'Asxó móÀecos Toivuv 'Ápawóms kopuco-
/
pévows Tapaà Tiv Oefiàv Tymewov ékmümTe( kara
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/ ^ ? » ^ ? /
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rzapakopugÜévru 0€ cToDs TÓTOvS TOUTOUvS ketbrai
rjgcos TecÀayía pév TQ OuoT)uam, 70 €
MÜüjkos ets OóyOonkovra aTaÓtovs Tapekretvovoa,
/ i Z «a 3 A A e ^
k«aAovpévn ó€ 'Oduósgs, 7) 70 uev zaÀau0v vr)pxe
^ ^ ^ ?
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7 P] — / ? A ^
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^ M M
perayevegTépouws ypóvous TO TOV karà TV
e ?
'AAeéávópeuav. BaciMécv ovros é£upepo0n. duAo-
€ ^ ^
T(LcS cGTe jioéev ér( «aT avr»v OpácÜaw TOv
zpoUzap£ávrov Gov.
! zavras Eichstádt: avzás.

198

BOOK lil. 39. 1 4

39. In the course of the journey,! then, from the
city of Arsinoé along the right mainland, in many
places numerous streams, which have a bitter salty
taste, drop from the cliffs into the sea. And after a
man has passed these waters, above a great plain
there towers a mountain whose colour is like ruddle
and blinds the sight of any who gaze steadfastly upon
it for some time. Moreover, at the edge of the skirts
of the mountain there lies a harbour, known as
Aphrodité's Harbour, which has a winding entrance.
Above ? this harbour are situated three islands, two
of which abound in olive trees and are thickly shaded,
while one falls short of the other two in respect of the
number of these trees but contains a multitude of the
birds called meleagrides.? Next there is a very
large gulf which is called Acathartus,* and by it is an
exceedingly long peninsula, over the narrow neck of
which men transport their ships to the opposite sea.
And as a man cossts along these regions he comes to
an island which lies at a distance out in the open sea
and stretches for a length of eighty stades; the name
of it is Ophiodes ? and it was formerlv full of fearful
serpents of every variety, which was in fact the reason
why it received this name, but in later times the
kings at Alexandria have laboured so diligently on
the reclaiming of it that not one of the animals which
were formerly there is any longer to be seen on the
island.

1 Strabo (16. 4. 5 ff.) follows much the same order in his
description of the Gulf.

? Strabo (16. 4. 5) says these Islands lie ** off," Agatharchides
(81), that they lie * in " the harbour.

3 (uinea-fowls.

"eo Moi?

S Ge Dhaky,"

199

DIODORUS OF SICILY

Ov mrapaAeurréov Ó Tiv ov0€ TT)v airtav Tíjs
Tepl TQ "pépeoaw $uUlorudas. copia KeTa yop
ev Tfj voq TaUTQ TÓ KaAoUp.evov To7LLov, ÓTep
éoTi Aifos Ota. datvojLevos émvTepzS, 0GAÀc mapejt-
oeprs kat ÜavpaoT)V eyxpuoov zpócoiuv mrapexo-

6 jevos. Owo7ep àvemiparos TOlS GAÀÀoLS Tüpeiran,

ÜavaTrovuhévov savros ToÜ mpoamÀeUcavros Umó
TÀv kaÜcocagévov és. a0T)s | $vÀGkcv. | obroc €
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tva pév yàp prjoets Aifos OvakAomf), mrAotov OUK
dToAeUmreTaL TÓ mapázrav €v Tí) vij ot O6 mTapa-
zÀéovres aUTyVv Ou& TOv à70 TOÜ DaotAéos $ofov
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curia oAtya. karaAetmrat, káÜnvrat TüvTES OL
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vncoQvAakes kAjpeo Otppmuévou: TOUS TOT'OUS
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TO uéyeÜos TroU oT(ABovros A(ov: Tiüjs O T"uépas
mepuóvres mepvrépvovat TÓV anp.euoÜÉvra. TÓTTOV
Tfs mérpas, kal rrapabuóagt TOlS oua Tíjs TÉXV)S
Ovvauévots ékAeatvew TO srapaóoÜév otkets.

| éqg! abrijs Hertlein: vm avTrÓy.
200

BOOK IIl. 39. 5-9

However, we should not pass over the reason why
the kings showed diligence in the reclamation of this
island. For there is found on it the topaz, as it is
called, which is a pleasing transparent stone, similar
to glass, and of a marvellous golden hue. Conse-
quently no unauthorized person may set foot upon
the island and it is closely guarded, every man who
has approached it being put to death by the guards
who are stationed there. And the latter are few in
number and lead a miserable existence. For in
order to prevent anv stone being stolen, not a single
boat is left on the island; furthermore, any who sail
by pass along it at a distance because of their fear of
the king; and the provisions which are brought to it
are quickly exhausted and there are absolutely no
other provisions in the land. Consequently, when-
ever only a little food is left, al] the inhabitants of the
village sit down and await the arrival of the ship of
those who are bringing the provisions, and when
these are delayed they are reduced to their last hopes.
And the stone we have mentioned, being found in the
rocks, is not discernible during the day because of the
stifling heat, since it is overcome by the brilliance of
the sun, but when night falls it shines in the dark and
is visible from afar, in whatever place it may be.
The guards on the island divide these places by lot
among themselves and stand watch over them, and
when the stone shines they put around it, to mark the
place, a vessel corresponding in size to the chunk of
stone which gives out the light ; and when day comes
and they go their rounds they cut out the area which
has been so marked and turn it over to men who are
able by reason of their craftsmanship to polish it
properly.

20I

DIODORUS OF SICILY

40. IIapazAevcavr( 0é -ToUTovs To)s TÓmOvs
M X ? / » ^ A /
zoÀAÀa uev lyÜvoóáycv €Üvm kaTowet TT) vapá-
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Less salebys"
202

DOOK III. 4o. 1-5

40. After sailing past these regions one finds that
the coast is inhabited by many nations of Ichthyo-
phagi and many nomadie Trogodytes. Then there
appear mountains of all manner of peculiarities until
one comes to the Harbour of Soteria,! as it is called,
which gained this name from the first Greek sailors
whofoundsafety there. Fromthisregion onwards the
gulf begins to become contracted and to curve toward
Arabia. And here it is found that the nature of the
country and of the sea has altered by reason of the
peculiar characteristic of the region; for the main-
land appears to be low as seen from the sea, no eleva-
tion rising above it, and the sea, which runs to shoals,
is found to have a depth of no more than three
fathoms, while in colour it is altogether green. The
reason for this is, they say, not because the water is
naturally of that colour, but because of the mass of
seaweed and tangle which shows from under water.
For ships, then, which are equipped with oars the place
is suitable enough, since it rolls along no wave from
a great distance and affords, furthermore, fishing in
the greatest abundance; but the ships which carry
the elephants,? being of deep draft because of their
weight and heavy by reason of their equipment,
bring upon their crews great and terrible dangers.
For running as they do under full sail and often
times being driven during the night before the
force of the^ winds, sometimes they w ll strike against
rocks and be wrecked or sometimes run aground on
slightly submerged spits. The sailors are "unable to
go over the sides of the ship because the water is

? A little south of this region, according to Strabo (16. 4. 77),
lay the city of Ptolemais, founded under Ptolemy Philadelphus
near the hunting-grounds for elephants.

203

DIODORUS OF SICILY

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! So Wesseling, Vogel, rpoó$js MSS., Bekker, oc«wrygptas
Dindorf, àvaovpoó$js Bc "zzel, Coniecturae Diodorene, I9tf
? els 7éXos dcleted by Dindorf, Vogel, retained by Bekker.

1 'The reference 1s to the '' epiphany " of a god in tragedy,
effected by the use of a *' machine " which suddenly hoisted

204

BOOK III. 4o. s-7

deeper than a man's height, and when intheir efforts
to rescue their vessel by means of their punting-poles
they accomplish nothing, they jettison everything
except their provisions; but if even by this course
they do not succeed in effecting an escape, they fall
into great perplexity by reason of the fact that they
can make out neither an island nor a promontory nor
another ship near at hand ;—for the region is alto-
gether inhospitable and only at rare intervals do men
cross itinships. And to add to these evils the waves
within a moment's time cast up such a mass of sand
against the body of the ship and heap it up in so
incredible a fashion that it soon piles up a mound
round about the place and binds the vessel, as if of
set purpose, to the solid land.

Now the men who have suffered this mishap, at the
outset bewail their lot with moderation in the face of a
deaf wilderness, having as yet not entirely abandoned
hope of ultimate salvation; for oftentimes the swell
of the flood-tide has intervened for men in such a
plight and raised the ship aloft, and suddenly appear-
ing,as might a deus ex machina, has brought succour to
men in the extremity of peril.! But when such god-
sent aid has not been vouchsafed to them and their
food fails, then the strong cast the weaker into the
sea in order that for the few left the remaining
necessities of life may last a greater number of days.
But finally, when they have blotted out oftheir minds
all their hopes, these perish by a more miserable
fate than those who had died before; for whereas
the latter in a moment's time returned to Nature

him into view, that he might offer to the problems of the
tragedy a solution which was beyond the power of mortals
to foresee or bring to pass.

205

DIODORUS OF SICILY

Tf 6ovon $Uce. máAw dméÓwckav, ot Ó. eis moAs
raÀawrCOptas karapepigavres TOv Üavarov moàÀv-
xypovtovus Tüàs cuu$opàs €xovres Tüs ToD iov
karacTpoófjs Tvyydvovow và O6 ockáóm TabTa
TOv émwarOv oikrpós cTepmÜévra, kaÜdzep wá
kevoráua, Ouaqiévet 7ToÀ)v ypóvov avrayxó0ev
mepuyamvupueva, TOUS Ó icTOUS kai Tás kepaias
j.eredopovs €éxovra OppoÜev To)s Opóüvras eis
olkrov Kat cvumáÜeu d'yet TÓY amoAeAórav.
zvpócraypa yáp éoTr( DBaociAécs éüáv -Tà ro.aDra.
gGULTTOBMATQA TOlS TÀéOvOL ,Suiorjuatvew TOUS TOV
OÀeÜpov TepuroioÜvras TÓTOUS. wapà Oé ois
vÀnotov kaTowoÜ0oww 'Ix0voóáyow | zapaóéGorat
Aóyos, ék Tpoyóvcov €XQV $vAaTronéviv. TÜV
j5uLQv, ór( neydAns Twós yevopiévis QATOTECGS
éyecÜn ToÜ kóAmov müs O Tomos O Tiv XAcopàv
€ycv ToU TUwov! mpócojuv, perameoovongs Tis
ÜaAdrTQs eis Tàvavria uépy, kai avetons ijs ét
T DvÜO xépaov mdáAÀw émeAÜoU0cav é£aiowvov
TÀ/6u«v àzokaracTcau TOv TOpov eis T?]V TpoU-
züpxyovcav TáÉw.

41. 'Asó Oé voDrwov TÓv TÓT(OV TÓV [Lev TO
II roAenatóos mapámovv € éos TOv lav/pov GKpoyry-
piov Tpoeunkajev, Ore I[roAeuatov TV TÓV
éAedávrov Ürjpav dmyyetAapiev GTO Óc TV
Tavpov emo pédet nv 7) raptos. mpós Tás
ávaToAs, KaTá O€ Tl»v Üepurnv Tpom]v aL cua
vüArrovcu mTpós peonuppiav évavréws Tais «ap.

1 -zov Eichstüdt: TÓzov.

1 'The older commentators saw in this story a memory of
the miraculous passage of the Israelites through the Red Sea.

206

BOOK III. 4o. 7-41. 1

the spirit which she had given them, these par-
celled out their death into many separate hard-
ships before they finally, suffering long-protracted
tortures, were granted the end of life. As for the
ships which have been stripped of their crews in this
pitiable fashion, there they remain for many vears,
like a group of cenotaphs, embedded on every side
in a heap of sand,their masts and yard-arms still
standing aloft, and they move those who behold them
from afar to pity and sympathy for the men who have
perished. For it is the king's command to leave in
place such evidences of disasters that they may give
notice to sailors of the region which works their
destruction. And among the Ichthyophagi who
dwell near by has been handed down a tale which
has preserved the account received from their fore-
fathers, that once, when there was a great receding
of the sea, the entire area of the gulf which has what
may be roughly described as the green appearance
became land, and that, after the sea had receded to
the opposite parts and the solid ground in the depths
of it had emerged to view, a mighty flood came back
upon it again and returned the body of water to its
former place.!

4]. The voyage along the coast, as one leaves these
regions, from Ptolemais as far as the Promontories
of the Tauri we have already mentioned, when we
told of Ptolemy's hunting ofthe elephants ?; and from
the Tauri the coast swings to the east, and at the time
of the summer solstice the shadows fall to the south,
opposite to what is true with us, at about the second

? Cp. ehap. 18. where, however, there is no mention of
either Ptolemais or the Promontories of the Tauri.

207

DIODORUS OF SICILY

e ^ » A e / » A M
2? Suiv dxpv TpOs cpav Oecvrépav. éyev OÓé kat
€ ^ ^ ^
zOoTajoUs 7) xcpa, péovras ék TOV OÓpOv TÓV
T ^ / Mu / Ó /À O€ M
pocayopevopévov M'eDavcov. | OwiAqmrat Ó€é kat
J
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/ P] / A ? e E € M A
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/

TT ueaóyetov üvaeivovaa gArjpyjs éovtv éAedávrov
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Kai TGÜDpov Gypiov Kat Aeóvrov Kkaí 3TOÀÀQv

» Ó ^ 0 7 LÀ / € hy: /
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24
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^ / /
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^ E Lh f
rais àkpaws ás óvoudáCovot W'efatas.
: E ^ / A
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/ ? / LÀ 5 À Pg ? A
zpookexAuuévov " Apafia. s&Àw | avaAaÉóvres dmo
^ ^ T^ /,
TOU j.vyoO Oé£tuev. o0ros yàp ovouacerat Il1ooet-
Oevov, tópvcapévov Tlooeió!w | z7eAayto — Bouóv
^ /
'Apíarovos 700 zeujÜévros vz0 llvroAeuatov
7pOós Karackoz?»v Tí €c$ cokcavoÜ mapmykovams
! ék added by Wesseling.
208

BOOK III. 4:. 1-42. 1

hour of the day.! The country also has rivers, which
flow from the Psebaean mountains, as they are called.
Moreover, it is checkered by great plains as well,
which bear mallows, cress, and palms, all of unbeliev-
able size; and it also brings forth fruits of every
description, which have an insipid taste and are
unknown among us. That part which stretches
towards the interior is full of elephants and wild bulls
and lions and many other powerful wild beasts of
every description. The passage by sea is broken up
by islands which, though they bear no cultivated fruit,
support varieties of birds which are peculiar to them
and marvellous to look upon. After this place the
sea is quite deep and produces all kinds of sea-
monsters of astonishing size, which, however, offer
no harm to men unless one by accident falls upon their
back-fins; for they are unable to pursue the sailors,
since when they rise from the sea their eyes are
blinded by the brilliance ofthe sun. These, then, are
the farthest known parts of the Trogodyte country,
and are cireumscribed by the ranges which go by the
name of Psebaean.

42. But we shall now take up the other side,
namely, the opposite shore which forms the coast of
Arabia, and shall describe it, beginning with the
innermost recess. This bears the name Poseideion,?
since an altar was erected here to Poseidon Pelagius ?
by that Ariston who was dispatched by Ptolemy to
investigate the coast of Arabia as far as the ocean.

1 'The direction of the shadow to the south at about 7 a.m.
on June 21st shows that the place was south of the tropic
of Cancer.

? '"'he Roman Posidium, the present Ras-Mohammed, at

the southern tip of the Peninsula of Sinai (cp. Strabo 16. £. 18).
? 4e. "ihe sea."

209

DIODORUS OF SICILY

€ v u- A ^ A / *? A
2 'Apaftias. ees 0€ ToU JvXoU rómos éari ra paUa-
AáTTU0$ o TuLC)L€vog Uo 7Óv €yxcoptav 01a. e-
póvros OÓuà T?)v eÜüypquoT(iav Tiv €éÉ a)iToÜ. obTos
? » ; i 4 3j A ^ /
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TOU $vroU «oÀvkapszov kaÜ' owepBoM)v kai mpos
» )À N M] m ; ^ * € /
azoAÀavow kat rpvóyv 1 Ouuóépov. máca Ó' 1) ovv-
€yyvs xepa aTaviLet vapLa tata ÜOÀTV KaL Oud
T mpos peanppptav CykAatw € ejmvpos UTrápxeu- ÓLO
ka. TOV kar dvTov TÓTOV, €V azavÜparrorárots o OVTQ
uépeat kai yopsyyobvra Tàs 7po$ás, ei kó cus ot . páp-
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xtovos o00€v Aevzrónevav ab7TaLO0. €. ékárepa Tà uépm
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^ A ^
emuTepm. €oTL Oc kat Duos ék oTepeo0 AiÜov
mraAatós Tots Xpóvois, émvypadmv éycav apxalots
ypápqiaow arca ots. ézuuéAovrat 9c To0 Tep.e-
vous üvrp Kai yuvij, Oud Biov TTV tepo)a ivy
€yovres. gqakpópuor 9 eiotv ot 70e karoukoüvres,
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A /
azo rÀv Ünpiov $ópov.
À f Ó€ A (b ^ 3 Á ?
II apazAevcavzi 96 70v Gowwucóva? zpoós akpcr-
/ e / A / ^
p«o Tíjs 1]metpov vjcós éocw dàx0 TOv évavAdo-
|évaov ev abri Goov. Owiàóv víjcos ovopnatopévn:
Togo0To yàp mAfjBos TÀv Ünpiov TOUTQV evóapiBet
e
TOls TOÓTOis (O0T€ ÜavudLew ToUs (QÓvras. TÓ Oé
- ^ A
Tpokeievov akpcoTmnpuv Ts v6cov kKetrat KQTG
A / / 1 A L4 4
T)v KaÀovuérgv Ilézpav kat 75)v lIIaAacoTivqv:
! GiarpoóTyv II. ? zv omitted by D, Vogel.
? So Dindorf: $otvikotvza.

5 -íjs 'Apaf(as after IIaAauorivgv deleted by Vogel, placed
after IIézpav by Salmasius, Bekker, Dindoif.

21IO

BOOK III. 42. 1-5

Directly after the innermost recess is a region along
the sea which is especially honoured by the natives
because of the advantage which accrues from it to
them. 1t is called the Palm-grove and contains a
multitude of trees of this! kind which are exceed-
ingly fruitful and contribute in an unusual degree to
enjoyment and luxury. PDut all the country round
about is lacking in springs of water and is fiery hot
because it slopes to the south; accordingly, it was a
natural thing that the barbarians made sacred the
plaee which was full of trees and, lving as it did in the
midst of a region utterly desolate, supplied their food.
And indeed not a few springs and streams of water
gush forth there, which do not vield to snow in
e dnees and Dess make the land on both sides of
them green and altogether pleasing. Moreover, an
altar is there built of hard stone and very old in years,
bearing an inscription in ancient letters ofan unknown
tongue. Theoversight ofthe sacred prccinct is in the
care of a man and a woman who hold the sacred office
forlife. "The inhabitants of the place are long-lived
and have their beds in the trees because of their fear
of the wild beasts.

After sailing past the Palm-grove one comes to an
island off a promontory of the mainland which bears
the name Island of Phocae ? from the animals which
make their home there; for so great a multitude of
these beasts spend their time in these regions as to
astonish those who behold them. And the promon-
tory which stretches out in front of the island lies over
against Petra, as it is called, and Palestine; for to

l1 4.e. date-palms.
3 Seals.

21I

DIODORUS OF SICILY

eis yàp ravrqv TOv T€ Àtfavov kai TÀÀÀa. dopría rà
7pÓs «Uc0tav av)kovra kaTáyovcw, «s Aóyos,
ék 7Tfjs àvc) Aeyopuévus " Apapias ov ve l'eppatot kat
Muwa toi.

43. T" à' éffi$s mrapaÜaAdrTwov TÓ puév maAauÓv
€vép.ovTo Mapavtrat, uera 0€ raóra lapwóavets,
OvT€S mrArjauóxcopot. TT»)v ÓÉ yc)pav karéaxov TOoLQ0€
TUA TpÓTQ' €V TÓ mpócÜev AeyÜévrt Dowucdw
cvuvTeAovuévns mavmyUpecos mevraernpucis édoirav
ravraXxóUev ot qreptoucot, kapunjAav eü reÜpagu.évcv
ékorópu Das Tots €v TÓ TejL€ve Ücots Üvcovres,
Lots 86 kal rv ÜÓdrov rÀv e£ abro) kopotvres
ets TGs zraTptioas Ouà, TO rrapaót.GooÜat roÜTO TO roTÓV
mapackevá6ew TO(S Tipogeveykaj.évois Tr)v Dyteuav.
Ou& O7) TaUTas Tàs ajTias TÓV Mapawróv karav-
Tyoávraw etg TI)V mavijyvpw, ot l'apwóavets 7oUs
[Lev d moAeAeuuiévovs ev Tj X€pq karaocód£avres,
TOUS Ó €kK TÍjs maviyyopeas erravióvras cveópeiaav-
Tes OiéóÜewpav, épqudcavres Óé Tiv yopav TÓÀw
oukrTÓpcov karekAnpoUynaav 7€Óta kaproQópa. kat
vop.ás TOlS kKTT1V€oGL OcufAAets ekrpéovra.. avr) O
7) mapa uos Autevas uev oÀcyous € exe. OveLN raa o
ÓpeoL rruKvots kat neydáÀow, e£ àv mavrotas TOLKL-
Aras ypco.& Tcov. éyovoa. ÜavpaoTT)v zapéxerau Üéav
TOlS TrapaTÀéovot.

IIapazAescavre. 0€ TaUTUV T?V Xcpav exo cxerat
KÓÀmros Aaiavérrs, mréptoukoUpLevos moÀÀais kcuaus
'"Apáfwv TÀv mpocayopevouévov | Nafaravov.
Kid 06 moAÀMv pév Tfjs vapaA(ov véuovrai, oUk

1 So Dindorf : Mivvato

212

BOOK III. 42. 5-43. 4

this country, as it is reported, both the Gerrhaeans
and Minaeans convey from Upper Arabia, as it is
called, both the frankincense and the other aromatic
wares.

43. The coast which comes next was originally
inhabited by the Maranitae, and then by the Garin-
danes who were their neighbours. The latter
secured the country somewhat in this fashion: In
the above-mentioned Palm-grove a festival was
celebrated every four years, to which the neighbour-
ing peoples thronged from all sides, both to sacrifice
to the gods of the sacred precinct hecatombs of well-
fed camels and also to carry back to their native lands
some of the water of the place, since the tradition
prevailed that this drink gave health to such as
partook of it. When for these reasons, then, the
Maranitae gathered to the festival, the Garindanes,
putting to the sword those who had been left behind
in the country, and lying in ambush for those who
were returning from the festival, utterly destroyed
the tribe, and after stripping the country of its
inhabitants they divided among themselves the
plains, which were fruitful and supplied abundant
pasture for their herds and flocks. This coast has
few harbours and is divided by many large moun-
tains, by reason of which it shows every shade of
colour and affords a marvellous spectacle to those who
sall past it.

After one hassailed past thiscountry the Laeanites
Gulf! comes next, about which are many inhabited
villages of Arabs who are known as Nabataeans.
This tribe occupies a large part of the coast and not a

1 Diodorus turns north into the modern Gulf of Akaba,
the '* Aelanites " Gulf of Strabo 16. 4. 18.

213

DIODORUS OF SICILY

oACyqv 9€ kai Tfjs ets ieoóyevov üvikovoans xcopas,
Tóv Te Àaóv àg/0grov éyovres kai ÜpeuiTov
a'yéAas àziaTovs Tots cÀvÜeow. ot TO pév saAÀatóv
é£fjyyov ! OucaiooUvm xypopevow kai rats amÓ TÓV
ÜpeupdTev Tpoóats &pkoUpevot, DoTepov Oé TÓv
dro Tfs 'AAefavópeías BaauÀécv mÀwrov Tois
épTrÓpois 7rov]oávrcov TÓV TrÓópov Tots 7€ vavayobouw
esreriÜevro kai ÀApoTpucà ck karaakeváGovres
cAjjaTevov TOUS mrAcovras, puuioUpevot Tüs QypióTT-
TOS KO mapavopuas TOv év TÓ llóvro Ta/pov:
nerà 0é raUra Àn$Üévres »m0 Terpnpukiv ckadav
T€Àdvytot mpoakóvras ekoAGaÜaav.

Mera oé TOUTOUS TOUS TÓTOUS brrápxet Xcpo.
T€OLds karáppvros, ékrpédovaa Oud Tüs TüvTm
OuappeoUcas Tw»yüàs QOypcooTuww kat poer, ert
0e Aarróv , avópopakm. oui Ó€ TO nAfjÜos Kat Tv
dper?v TÍjs vopiijs oU póvov KTüVÓV rravroOazáv
ajUÜnTrov ékrpéóew mAÀfÜos, àÀÀà kai kapwAovs
üyptas, eru O. éAádovs kai 9opkáOas. pos 9€ TO
TÀfjÜos TOv évrpeQouévov Co«wv $ovróbow ék Tfjs
épüuov Aeóvrwv kat ÀUkcv kat zapOdAeov àyéAa,
"pos üs ot kTqQvorpoóoÜ0vres avaykdáLovrou xat
pe0 T)uépav ka. VUKTOD Ünpiopaxetv UTép TÓV
peur cov obra) TÓ Tíjs Xcópas coria. TOS
kaToucoüaw , áruX(as GUTLOV ytverau. Oud TO TTV
$vow cs éairav rots avÜp«row nuerà TÀv ayalóàv
O.O0vat à. DÀdzrrovra.

44. ITapazAeUcavre 06 Trà meÓ(a Trabra koATos
€Kü€yerau Tapádogov (Xov Tv $vow. cvvveUet
Lev yàp eis rÓv pvxov TÜS x«pas, TÓ pukes 9
éTi OTOÓlOoUS TrevrüKOGlovs TapekTeiveTa4, Tepi-

! Qujyov Cobet ; Vogel suggests &«£fyov.
214

BOOK III. 43. 4-44. 1

little of the country which stretches inland, and it has
a people numerous beyond telling and flocks and
herds in multitude beyond belief." Now in ancient
times these men observed justice and were content
with the food which they received from their flocks,
but later, after the kings in Alexandria had made thc
ways of the sea navigable for their merchants, thesc
Arabs not only attacked the shipwrecked, but fitting
out pirate ships preyed upon the vovagers, imitating
in their practices the savage and lawless ways of the
Tauri ofthe Pontus! ; some time afterward, however,
they were caught on the high seas by some quadri-
remes and punished as they deserved.

Beyond these regions there is a levcl and well-
watered streteh of land which produces, by reason of
springs which flow through its whole extent, dog's-
tooth grass, lucerne, and lotus as tall as a man. And
because of the abundance and excellent quality of
the pasturage, not only does it support every manner
of flocks and herds in multitude beyond telling, but
also wild camels, deer, and gazelles. And against
the multitude of animals which are nourished in that
place there gather in from the desert bands of lions
and wolves and leopards, against which the herdsmen
must perforce battle both day and night to protect
theircharges ; andinthis way the land's good fortune
becomes a cause of misfortune for its inhabitants,
seeing that it is generally Nature's way to dispense to
men along with good things what is hurtful as well.

44. Next after these plains as one skirts the coast
comes a gulf of extraordinary nature. It runs,
namely, to a point deep into the land, extends in
length a distance of some five hundred stades, and

1 'The Black Sea.

215
VOL;-I. H

DIODORUS OF SICILY

KAevouevos Oé kpnuvots Üavpuactows TÓ géyeÜos
ckoAul0v kai OvGcéftuvrov €yev TÓ oTÓua: / üÀvrevots
yàp mérpas TOv eioTmÀovv OwuAaufavovaus oUT
eiaTÀeÜca,. OÓvvaróv éoTw «eig TÓv kÓMrOov oUT
ékvAeÜnaut. kaTà Ó€ Tàs roD poÜ mpoamrooeus kai
Ts TÓv dvéquov perapoAàs Ó KAUBcov mpoamímrrav
Ti payia kayÀdLeu kal TpaXxUverau mávry "ep!
T)V Tapkovcav TéTpav. oi Oé Tv kaTd TOV
KoArov xyopavr veuónevot, DawCbopevets. ovouató-
I.€vot, Tàs Tpooás €xovat kuviyyotüvres kat capkoóa-
yoüvres TQà xepcaia 0a. tepov OÓ dyw)rTaTOv
tOpurat, TuLc)ievov vzO Tüvrov 'ApdDfov sepur-
TÓTepov.

EETjs 0€ TÍ mpoepnuévy Ta. pata. víjco, Tpets
émrikewrau, Auiévas rrowüca. mrAetovs. KaL TOU-
TOV TV uev mpoyrqv tGTopototv Umrápxeu tepàv
"lotos, épuuov obgav, TaÀatv 8. OLKLOV €xetw
Auütvas UmooTáÜ pas kat .orijAas ypouuaat BapBapc-
KOts kexapaypévas" Onoios Óé kat vràs dàAÀas
épriLovs v Ubnápxew- "ágas Ó éAataus korameóvreboÜa.
Ova. dópots TÓV Tap "pv. nera óé Tüs vijcovs
TOÜTAOS atywAos mrapnket kprjiveoons KaL Dvomafpá-
mÀovs ét c raótous 7 XtAMovs" oUTe yàp Auuwnv
oUTe gdAos ém. dykÜpas ÜzrOKkevra TOÍS vavriAots,
oU nn) ! Óvvauévm Tots düvopovjérows TOV mrÀeóv-
TOV TU iva/ykatay bzróÓvat TapaaxéaÜaa. opos
O€ raUTy 7apákevrau kaTG uév? kopudmv mérpas
aTzoTroudáOas éxyov kat Tolg UWeou kaTamAÀnkTUKds,
0TO O€ Tàs pilas omtÀdóas OÉcelag kat skvàs
évÜaAdrTovs kat kaTÓómwW a)TOv $dpayyas Dmoe-

! ov ygÀr Hudson : o2y $Àq.
216

BOOK III. 44. 1-4

shut in as it is by crags which are of wondrous size, its
mouth is winding and hard to get out of; for a rock
which extends into the sea obstructs its entrance and
so it is impossible for a ship either tosail into or out
ofthe gulf. Furthermore, at times when the current
rushes in and there are frequent shiftings of the winds,
the surf, beating upon the rocky beach, roars and
rages all about the projecting rock. The inhabitants
of the land about the gulf, who are known as Banizo-
menes, find their food by hunting the land animals
and eating their meat. And a temple has been set
up there, which is very holy and exceedingly revered
by all Arabians.

Next there are three islands which lie off the coast
just described and provide numerous harbours. The
first of these, history relates, is sacred to Isis and is
uninhabited, and on it are stone foundations of ancient
dwellings and stelae which are inscribed with letters
in a barbarian tongue ; the other two islands are like-
wise uninhabited and all three are covered thick with
olive trees which differ from those we have. Devond
these islands there extends for about a thousand
stades a coast which is precipitous and difficult for
ships to sail past; for there is neither harbour
beneath the cliffs nor roadstead where sailors may
anchor, and no natural breakwater which affords
shelter in emergency for mariners in distress. And
parallel to the coast here runs a mountain range at
whose summit are rocks which are sheer and of a
terrifying height, and at its base are sharp undersea
ledges in many places and behind them are ravines
which are eaten away underneath and turn this way

? r5 after uev omitted DF, Vogel.
217

DIODORUS OF SICILY

5B w«évas kai a«oAud. gQuv : 3 aUTC
5 Dpouévas as. TeTpnuévov QUTOV

--.]

zpós aÀAAÀas, kai 75s ÜaAarrQs BáÜos éxyovons,
0 kAUÓcw woTé puév etomimrov, moré O6 maAa-
cvrÓv Dpóuo p.eyaÀo mapazNjotov 7)Yov e&ajat.
Tob O€ kAtócvos TÓ név Trpós p.eyáAas mérpas
mpogapaTTÓpevov ets vios taraTaL Kkatí TOv aópov
avjagTOv TO zAijÜos karackevábet, TO Ó€ ka7a-
Twóuevov kotkopagv! omcacnóv / karazÀnkrucóv
Tapéyeu doTe TOÜS dkKovGtos éyyticavras ToÍS
TÓT'Ois Ot&, TO Óéos otovet zipoasoÜvijakew.
lTaUrqv pév ov 70v voapáAÀwvov éyovow Apaes
( KaAoUp.evot Oapovonrot: Tv o e&js eméxei
vibe eOpeyéUns, e € Keuue vov aT vijacov gz7ropd-
Oc, Tiv mrpócotrt €yovcÓv onoiav TOS kaAovjLe-
vais "Exwdáot 1500ts.. ékOéyovrat 06 ravTqv TV
zapdáAuov aàépwou Ütves dpjtov kará 7e TÓ ufjkos kat
TO TÀdTOS, j.éAaves Tv xpoav. pera óé TOUTOUS
opárau Xeppóviaos Kai Àuuwv káÀMoTos TÓV ets
LoTopia memToKÓTOov, ovouatópevos XappovÜas.
ÜTO yap. x»^nv. d£alotoy KekAuLévmv vpos Lédvpov
KoAmos éaTtv oU póvov KaTa TÜV tOcav Üavp.acTós,
aÀÀà kat kaTd TY eoxpua tav rov TOUS GÀAovs
Uzepéyow' Taprket yàp a)rOv Opos ovrnpeóés,
KUKAÀOUJLEevOV rravrayoÜev émt oaóíovs éKQ.TOV,
etaTÀovv O. éye Om nÀcÜpov, VO.UOL BioysMaus
dkAvaTOv Auiéva mapeyópevos. xcpis Óé ToUTOV
e'vOpOs T. éar. kaÜ" ozepBoAijv, vrorajoÜ0 uetCovos
eis abTOv épfdAAovros, kai karà uécov éyeu vijcov
eDvópov kai Ovvajiévqv éyew imymevpara. kaÜoAov
9' éudepéoravós dor. TQ kavrà Tcv KapynoOva

! So Wurm: xotÀcpa.

218

BOOK IIL 44. 4-8

and that. And since these ravines are connected
by passages with one another and the sea is deep, the
surf, as it at one time rushes in and at another time
retreats, gives forth a sound resembling a mighty
crash of thunder. At one place the surf, as it breaks
upon huge rocks, leaps on high and causes an astonish-
ing mass of foam, at another it is swallowed up within
the caverns and creates such a terrifving agitation of
the waters that men who unwittinglv draw near
these places are so frightened that they die, as it
were, a first death.

This coast, then, isinhabited by Arabs who are called
Thamudeni; but the coast next to it is bounded by
a very large gulf, off which lie seattered islands which
are in appearance very much like the islands called
the Echinades.! After this coast there come sand
dunes, of infinite extent in both length and width
and black in colour. Deyond them a neck of land
is to be seen and a harbour, the fairest of any which
have come to be included in history, called Char-
muthas. For behind an extraordinary natural break-
water which slants towards the west there lies a gulf
which not onlv is marvellous in its form but far
surpasses all others in the advantages it offers; for a
thickly wooded mountain stretches along it, enclosing
it on all sides in a ring one hundred stades long: its
entrance is two plethra wide, and it provides a harbour
undisturbed by the waves sufficient for two thousand
vessels. Furthermore,itis exceptionally well supplied
with water,sinceariver,larger than ordinary, empties
into it, and it contains in its centre an island which
is abundantly watered and capable of supporting
gardens. In general, it resembles most closely the

! Now called the Kurtzolares, off the Gulf o? Corinth,
219

DIODORUS OF SICILY

Autéw, mpocayopevouévo 06 Ko0cw, epi o9
Tüs KaTà pQépos «Uypyorias é€v TOlS oiketots
Xpovots me.oa.oóp.eÜa. OeAÜetv. txÜUcov. à€ mÀijÜos
ek Tis p.eyaAns Üa Adr TS eig aDTÓv GÜpoiCerau. Oud
Té TV vqveutav kai T? yÀvkóTqTa TÓV els aoTOv
P 0OdTOV.

45. IapazAeiaavr Ó€ TOUS TÓTOUS ToUTOUS
Ópr mévT€ OLea TT)KÓTO. aAAijAcov ets bios QVa.Téivet,
cvvaryop.evas €yovraG Tàs kopuóQüs eis merpdin
pao Tóv, zapazmAnatov $avraciav aToTeAobvra, Tras
KkaT ÁAtyvsTOV mupapiauw. e&fjs Ó éoTL KkóAros
KwkAorepn]s eyáAots apcarrpious ?repiexóp.evos,
o0 KaTÀ péan mw Oud quer pov. àvéoTTKe AóQos
rpaTeLoeiO)s, €ó' o) Tpeis vaoi Üavp.aarot rois
Direatv «Koóoumvrau Üeóv, a^yvooupLévayv uev b7rÓ
TOv 'EAAQvov, ruicopiéva» OÓ UOTOÓ TÓV eyxapiov
O.a.Gepóvrcs. je. € Tabra atyuuÀOs mapnket
KáÜvypos, vap.a.ruatots kat yAvkéat petÜpous Quel -
uévos:! xaÜ' ov éorw Opos Ovoualóuevov pév
Xatvov, ópvuois 0€ mzavroOasois memvkvopévov.
T)v 9é yépoov T? éxouévqv Tíjs Opewfjs véuovrai
TÀv 'ApáBwov ot kaAoUpevou AéBat. oDrov €
«aurAÀorpodjobvres Tpós Gzavra xpóvrau TQ nué-
yucra TÓv karà TOv iov Tfj roÜ (oov To/UTov
vpeiqa* TpOs p.év yàp TOUS TOÀeutoUS QüTÓ TOUTCV
Lüyovrou, Tüàs 0€ kojuoas TÀVv $oprüov éri roUTOV
dopotüvres? paOios dAmavra GuvreAoUci, TO Oé€
ydÀa Tüvovres àzOÓ ToUTOV Owrpédovrat, kat TT)v
óÀgv xcpav epwroÀobow ézi TÓV ÓpoudOov
kapAcv. Karü Oé géonv Tv xcopav aDTOv

| So Wesseling: xareugugévos.

? dopotvres À, vcrodopobvres other MSS., all editors.

220

BOOK IIl. 44. 8-15. 5

harbour of Carthage, which is known as Cothon, of
the advantages of which we shall endeavour to give
a detailed discussion in connection with the ap-
propriatetime.! Andamultitude of fish gather from
the open sea into the harbour both because of the
calm which prevails there and because ofthe sweetness
of the waters which flow into it.

45. After these places, as a man skirts the coast.
five mountains rise on high separated one from
another, and their peaks taper into breast-shaped
tips of stone which give them an appearance like that
of the pyramids of Egvpt. Then comes a circular
gulf guarded on every side by great promontories,
and midway on a line drawn across it riscs a trapez-
ium-shaped hill on which three temples, remarkable
for their height, have been erected to gods, which
indeed are WalnosH to the Greeks, but are aecorded
unusual honour bv the natives. After this there is
a stretch of dank coast, traversed at intervals by
streams of sweet water from springs; on it there is
a mountain which bears the name Chabinus and is
heavily covered with thickets of every kind of tree.
The land which adjoins the mountainous country is
inhabited by the Arabs known as Debae. They are
breeders of camels and make use of the services of this
animal in connection with the most important necds
of their life; for instance, they fight against their
enemies from their backs, employ them for the
conveyance of their wares and thus easily accomplish
all their business, drink their milk and in this way get
their food from them, andtraverse their entire country
riding upon their racing camels. And down the
centre of their country runs a river which carries

! "This description was probably in Book 32.
221

DIODORUS OF SICILY

^ ^ /
$éperau 7orapos TocoUTO xpvgoÜU kaTradjépov
^ t A ? A
dfypa $awóunevov core karà Tàs €ékBoÀas TQv
9X 4 5 / / € ? ? /
tov azodépeoÜat mepvoriMBovoav. ot O'. éyycptot
^^ M ? / ^ — — —^ 3
Tfs uév épyaatas Tfjs ToU xypvcoÜU mavTeÀOs etow
3 /
&7€tpot, diAó£evou 0 Dzápyovauww, oU mpOs mávrag
5
TOUS üóukvovuévovs, G4ÀÀA. vpós póvovs TOUS Q3
Bouorías kai lMeAomovvoov óu4 Twa 7aAÀatàv
5 b € / ? / ài A » ^
aó HpakxAéovs otkei'órTyra mpós TO éÜvos, cv
nHvÜucós éavro)s zrapeuóévat zapà TÓYv mpoyóvav
tGTopobDo0tv.
'H 9' é£gs xyopa. karoucetrat. uév oro ApaBov
? AA A / M P: Ó ^ 5 » 5 Ü /
AAuUatov kat l'acavócv, ovk éurvpos o0ca kaÜa-
€ 2 / 5 à] ^ 1l A Li
7Tép at mAÀquotov, aÀÀ& pnaAÀakais! ai Oaocetats
/ / / 5 M /
vedéAaus ToÀÀákis kareyouévy: ék OÓé ToUrov
A «€ -—^ » ^
ÜeroL ? yivovrat kat xeutdves eukatpot Kat zrotobvTes
M! E e / 7
Tr Üepwrv opav eükparov. 7) 7€ xycopa. záj.dopos
M!
éoTL, KGi Otd$Qopos karà TT» üàperüv, o0 pévTOL
Tvyxávet Tije €vOexouévns émuweAeiag Ouà TT)» TÓV
— / ^
Àaóv àzetwtav. TOv OÓÉ ypvaov eüpiakovres €v TOUS
$vouxots D7ovÓLots T"üs y"s Gvváyovot zOoÀ)v, oU
TOv ék TOU iUnryjuao ros avvrqkOópevov, 4AÀG, TOv avTo-
^ M ^ E
$vij kat kaAoUpu.evov àz0 To covupeBnkóros àzvpov.
KaTà O€é TO péyeÜos éAayioTros gév /eóptakerat
zapazÀotos srpüjvi, uéyvaTos O€ o) moÀ) Aeunó-
nuevos PaowuukoD0 xap/ov. $opobüo. O abrOv mepi
^ - A
T€ TOUS KaGpmOUS TOV XxetpOv KaL T€pi TOUS TpQX?-
! For uaÀakais Dezzel suggests gqeAatraws ; for Oaoctais

Capps suggests óposepats (Arist. .Vubes 338).
? So Wesseling (ep. Agatharchides 96): v$erot.

222

BOOK III. 45. s-8

down such an amount of what is gold dust to all
appearance that the niud glitters all over as it is
carried out at its mouth. — The natives of the region
are entirely without experience in the working of the
gold, but they are hospitable to strangers, not, how-
ever, to everyone who arrives among them, but only
to Boeotians and Peloponnesians, the rcason for this
being the ancient friendship shown by Heracles for
the tribe, a friendship which, they relate, has come
down to them in the form of a myth as a heritage
from their ancestors.

The land which comes next is inhabited by Alilaei
and Gasandi, Arab peoples, and is not fiery hot, like
the neighbouring territories, but is often overspread
by mild! and thick clouds, from which come heavy
showers and timely storms that make the summer
season temperate. The land produces everything
and is exceptionally fertile, but it does not receive
the cultivation of which it would admit because of the
lack of experience of the folk. Gold they discover in
underground galleries which have been formed by
nature and gather in abundance— not that which has
been fused ito a mass out of gzold-dust,? but the virgin
gold, which is called, from is condition when found,
"unfired" gold. And as for size the smallest
nugget found is about as large as the stone of fruit;?
and the largest not much smaller than a royal nut.
This gold they wear about both their wrists and necks,

! 'The text may be corrupt; ''dark and thick " and *' mild
and dewy " have bcen suggested (cp. critical note).

* i.e. fused into artificial nuggets.

3 "(The word puren was used for the stone of any stone-
fruit, such as olive, pomegranate, grape. and was, therefore,
a very indefinite term of measurement; the * royal nut,'

inentioned below, however, was the Persian walnut,
223

DIODORUS OF SICILY

J M
Aovs, Terpnuévov évaAAaé AiÜow Oia$avéot. kai
d ? ^
ToUTov pev ToÜ yévovs émvroAdLovros zap' avrots,
A 3 2 /
yaÀKoÜ O6 xai oiÓrypov ocmwavwovros, em iams
^ L4 3 ? /
dAAdcTTOovTaL raÜTO TÀ dopT(a TpOS TOUS éjmópovs.
| 1 1 / ZE" € » ,
46. Meraà 8é vo/rovs Dvápyovow oi Ovopalo-
pevou Kápfas, kai uerà roUrovs Xafatoi, sroAvav-
Üp«róraro, TÓv ' ApaDucóv éÜvàv óvres. véuovrat
A b! ? / / ? ; /
06 T»v c)Oa(nova Aeyouévgv '"ApaBiav, dépovcav
^ ^ ^ ^ M
Trà vÀetora TÓÀVv map uiv àyaÜQv kai Üpegu-
udov vravroóazáv ékrpédovaav s AjÜos auvÜnrov.
3 OL 2 ? A ^ 3 7 X Ó M à]
eUc)0ta, Te | a)TTv vácav éméxyev Qvoun Oi3 TO
Távra, üye0óv rà. Tolg oouats vporevovra $veaÜat
kaTà TV Xxcpav àvékAevrra. kaTQà pév yàp Twv
/ ; A /; / à
zapáAuv dera. TO kaAÀoUnevov DBaÀoapov kat
/, Ml I4 Pd 5 / Pd Y
«acta Kai 7róa Tis GÀÀ) LO.AGovcav dug. €xyovaa:
avT»9 9€ vpóaQaros uév oca Tots óujuact mrpoaqve-
aTácnv mapéxerat répiuv, éyypoviaÜetoa 0€ covvró-

/ 3 7 A 3 M] /
3 pcs ytvera. é£i9Àos. xarà Oé T9yv gegcoyetov

e / M ^ ? ej ? /
Üzrápyovat ópupot avvgpeóeis, kaÜ' ovs éoTt O€vOpa
neyáÀa AfaveoO kai opUprgs, wpós Oé ToUrois
/ Ml A A^
doitvuos xai kaÀdáuov kai kwapucopov KQGi TÓV
y ^ , e / Eb, / M] ? 7
dAÀAÀcv TOV TOUTOls Op.olav éyóvT«w Tv €UcOtav:
* A X ? / C Mi M e I4
ovU0é yàp céapiÜn0acÜac. Ovvaróv TàS €kdGTCcvV
*? 7 / M / A 3 ^ 3 M
(O.LOTYyTás T€ kai QUoe« Ou& TO mÀfjÜos xav Twyv
ózepBoXv Tf £ék mwdvrov àÜpoouévgs oos.
/ / J
Ücia. ydp vis $aiverat kai Aóyov kpeirrwv 1) 7rpoa-

! re Bekker: 7€ ydp.
224

BOOK III. 45. 8-46. 4

perforating it and alternating it with transparent
stones. And since this precious metal abounds in
their land, whereas there is a scarcity of copper and
iron, they exchange it with merchants for equal parts
of the latter wares.!

46. Beyond this people are the Carbae, as they are
called, and beyond these the Sabaeans, who are the
most numerous of the tribes of the Arabians. They
inhabit that part of the country known as Arabia the
Blest,? which produces most of the things which are
held dear among us and nurtures flocks and herds of
every kind in multitude beyond telling. And a
natural sweet odour pervades the entire land be-
cause practically all the things which excel in
fragrance grow there unceasingly. Along the coast,
for instance, grow balsam, as it is called, and cassia
and a certain other herb possessing a nature peculiar
to itself; for when fresh it is most pleasing and
delightful to the eye, but when kept for a time it
suddenly fades to nothing. And throughout the
interior of the land there are thick forests, in which
are great trees which yield frankincense and myrrh,
as well as palms and reeds, cinnamon trees and every
other kind which possesses a sweet odour such
as these have; for it is impossible to enumerate both
the peculiar properties and natures of each one
severally because of the great volume and the excep-
tional richness of the fragrance as it is gathered from
each and all. Fora divine thing and beyond the power
of words to describe seems the fragrance which greets

! Here Diodorus departs radically from Agatharchides
(96), who says that they exchange one part of gold for three
of copper or two of iron; cp. Strabo 16. 4. 18.

? 'Ihe Arabia Felix of the Romans.

229

DIODORUS OF SICILY

TiTTOUVOG Kai kKwoÜüca Tàs ékáoTov atoÜvoeuws
e0cOta. KaL "yàp TOUS mapamAeovras, kaümep
T0ÀU Tíjs yépoov kexcoptapévovs, OUK djLotpovs
Tow Tis. Tota. r1] ToÀa.aecos KO.TG yàp TTV
Üepwmv cOpav, Órav &vejos dmóyeus yévyraa,
cvpaivet TÓS 470 TÓV cjvpvoóópcuv GévOpov kat
TÓV QÀÀcoV TÀYV TOL UTC Gmomveop.évas eoc)Otas
DukvetoÜa, TpOS Tà moto népn Ts Üo Adr):
oU yap cooTrep "ap "ptv aTOKeuLévrv kal TraÀQAG
€x€L TUV TÓV dpcopá Tov $jvow, aAA. T)V GKpd-
Lovoav ev avÜew veapav Drap Kai OukvouLévnv
TpÓSs Td Aenropepéo rara TÓS. aioUhjaecs. KOJLL-
Covajs yap TÜs aUpas T^v GTÓppotav TÓÀYV ccOe-
GTÓTOY, Trpoa rir T€L TOlS TrpoazrAéovou Trjv rapüuov
Tmpoaqnvés kat TroAD, mpós 0€ TOUTOLS Dywewoóv KaL
TapgAÀayuévov ék TÓV apiarcov ntypa, ovre
TerLmuévov Tob kaprrot KQL TTV (Ola km
€KmremveukóTos, oUre Tv amóÜegu eXovros ev
érepoyevégw d'yyetots, aAÀ' dm aorijs Tljs veapoTá.-
TTS cpas KaL TÓV PAaaTóv aképauov mapeyop.évns
Tfs Üeías d$vcews, core ToUs peraAagiBávovras
Tis tO.ÓOTYTOS Ooketv Gx0Aa ety 715 ivÜoAoyov-
uévqs | auBpootas Óui TÓ Tv bzrepBoAyjv TS
coc)otas nwyoeníav érépav eópiakew otketav Tpoo-
nyopiav.

41. O9 umv oAókAxpov Kal ,Xcpis $Üóvov cTT7v
eDóaupioviaw Tots àvÜpcomois *) TUXT mepuéÜnev,
dÀÀà Tois Tr ÀkoUrots Ócop?)iraat mrapéCevee TÓ
BAázrov kai vovÜerzoov obs Ou& T? Gvuvéxetav
TÀv dyaÜdv «üoÜóras kara$povetv TOv Üeó!v.

| yàp after ovre deleted by Dindort.
226

BOOK III. 46. 4—47. 1

the nostrils and stirs the senses of everyone. | Indecd,
even though those who sail along this coast may be
far from the land, that does not deprive them of a
portion ofthe enjoyment which this fragrance affords ;
for in the sumnier season, when the wind is blowing
off shore, one finds that the sweet odours exhaled by
the myrrh-bearing and other aromatic trees penetrate
to the near-by parts of the sea; and the reason is
that the essence of the sweet-smelling herbs is not,
as with us, kept laid away until it has become old and
stale, but its potency is in the full bloom of its strength
and fresh, and penetrates to the most delicate parts
of the sense of smell. And since the breeze carries
the emanation of the most fragrant plants, to the
voyagers who approach the coast there is wafted a
blending of perfumes, delightful and potent, and
healthful withal and exotic, composed as it is of the
best ofthem, seeing that the product of the trees has
not been minced into bits and so has exhaled its own
special strength, nor yet lies stored away in vessels
made of a different substance, but taken at the very
prime of its freshness and while its divine nature
keeps the shoot pure and undefiled. Consequently
those who partake of the unique fragrance feel that
they are enjoying the ambrosia of which the myths
relate, being unable, because ofthe superlative sweet-
ness of the perfume, to find any other name that
would be fitting and worthy of it.

41. Nevertheless, fortune has not invested the
inhabitants of this land with a felicity which is perfect
and leaves no room for envy, but with such great
gifts she has eoupled what is harmful and may serve
as a warning to such men as are wont to despise the
gods because of the unbroken succession of their

227

DIODORUS OF SICILY

Kará yàp TOUS cóc)0ea rá rovs OpvjLoUs óóeov
brrüpxeu vrAijfos, ot TO pg€v xpópna $ouwwkoÜv
€yovct, uTjkos 0€ omiÜaptjs, óypara, € rrovotvra.
TravTeÀÓs àvíara: Odkvovai Oé mpoomTOOvres kai
aAÀóuevou -TpOós vos atpárrovot TÓV xpóa.
tOLov 0é vt rapa, Tots éyyoptots oviatvec Trepi roUs
rnoÜevnkóras 70 pnakpüás vócov T7Qà Ocopgaora.!
Ota TTVeopLevov yàp ToO C CJL0TOS Um GKpáov Kai
ru)Tu)s $vceuws, kat Tfjs GUyKptaecs TÓV OyKG(v
etis pate gvva/yopévrs, €KAvats ézrakoAovÜet
OvofovÜnros: Oiózep ois Totovrows do$aAÀrov
rTapaÜvuuooi kai 7pdyov TOyycva, Ta(is €vavT(aLs
$Uceoct karapayópevot 77v ovepDoÀmv 7fjs eUcitas.
TO yàp kaAóv srocóTQTL. pMév kai TdÉe. perpob-
p.evov à óeAet kat Téprret rovs àvÜporrovs, avaÀoyías
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éyet TÜV Oc peáv. HMM . .
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Zapás, em ópovs cokiwpuévm. | BaotMéas O' éx
y€vovs exe TOUS O.aÓexop.évovs, OLS Tü "jn
Tuas dmovépet piepjwypévas a.yalots kat Ka.Kots.
p.akáptov Lév yàp fiov exew DokoÜow, OTL TTüGlV
emvrárTOvzes ovOéva Aóyov UTÉyovot TV Tporro-
Lévcv: àruyets 0€ vouitovzau kaÜ' ócov oüKk
é£corw a)To(s oDO0émore é£eAUetv ék rv BaaiAetov,
e( 66 pu, ytvovrau Ai00Aevovot v7O TOv OxÀov
KkaTd Tiva ypucpóv àpyatov. | TroÜUTro Oé TO éÜvos

! rà ocpora deleted by Reiske.

l inches.
t

LN
* Strabo (16. 4. 19) says this was done to overcome the

228

BOOK III. 47. 2-5

blessings. For in the most fragrant forests is a
multitude of snakes, the colour of which is dark-red,
their length a span, and their bites altogether
incurable; they bite by leaping upon their victim,
and as they spring on high they leave a stain of blood
uponhisskin. And thereis also something peculiar to
the natives which happens in the case of those whose
bodies have become weakened by a protracted illness.
For when the body has become permeated by an un-
diluted and pungent substance and the combination of
foreign bodies settles in a porous area, an enfeebled
condition ensues which is difficult to cure: consequently
at the side of men afllicted in this wav they burn
asphalt and the beard of a goat,? combatting the
excessively sweet odour by that from substances of
the opposite nature. Indeed the good, when it is
measured out in respect of quantity and order, is for
human beings an aid and delight, but when it fails of
due proportion and proper time the gift which it
bestows is unprofitable.

The chief city of this tribe is called by them Sabae
and is built upon a mountain. The kings of this city
succeed to the throne by descent and the people
accord to them honours mingled with good and ill.
For though they have the appearance of leading a
happy life, in that they impose commands upon all
and are not accountable for their deeds, yet they are
considered unfortunate, inasmuch as it is unlawful
for them ever to leave the palace, and if they do so
they are stoned to death, in accordance with a certain
ancient oracle, by the common crowd. This tribe

drowsiness caused by the sweet odours; the disease appears
to be mentioned by no other ancient writer, and presumably
was caused by the continued inhaling of these powerful scents.

229

DIODORUS OF SICILY

o9 uóvov rÀv rÀnatoyopcov ' Apáfcov, àÀAà kat TOv
GAÀAev 4vÜpoymov Oaóépet: mÀoUT«w | kat Tas
&GAÀaus TaÍs! karà gépos soÀvreAetats. 6v yap
Tails TÓV doprüiov aÀÀayats kai mpágegw OyKOLS
éAaxioTots mÀetaTqv dod épovraa Tuv. &mávrov
avÜpcomra TÓV àpyvpufjs ap.eüleos €veka TàS
épmropias TOtoVJLÉvayv. OuóTep eÉ aióyvos amoptj-
TOV GUTÓV yeyevupéveov Óu4 TÓv ékTomwouÓv,
Kal xpvcob ve ka. ap'ypov mAxjfovs. éniKekAUKÓTOS
rap' aUrots, kat u&AuoT. év Xafats, év f) rà BaotAeua
Kelrat, TopeUj.a.ra. j.€v üpyvpá ve KaL ypuaá Tavro-
OazÓv ékmcgárov €yovot, kMvas 06 kai rpimroOas
ap'yvpórroóas, Kat Tv GÀÀgv kaTackevnmv miOTOV
Tf mroÀvreAeta, KLÓT'QOV T€ GÜpÓOv mepiarvAa, Td
uev émriypvoa,, TÀà Ó apyvpoetóets TÜT'OUS em TÓV
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xpuca ts duáAaas All'okoAAiyrois Ka aukvaiis OLe.Àn-
dores magav Tv TÓV oiKiv Kad puépos oikoOo-
iav memoinvra Üavp.aoTi Tas rroAvreAetaus
TQ V yàp e£ apyUpov Kai ypucob, rà O. é£ éAé-
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TÓV dQÀÀov TÓV TWucTÓToV Tap Er ed

/ 5 A 4 Ka hl 5 A
8 kareakevákagw. aÀAa yàp oUTOL |.ev €x TroÀAÓv

ypóvcv TTV eDOatpzovíav GaáAevrov égyov Otà TO
mravreAós árre&eváyata. TÓV uà, 71)v LOcav srÀeove£tov
éppaiov mTwyyovukévov TOv dGÀÀóTptov TAobTov. 1
Oe kaTd TOUTOUS 0aÀarTa Aevkr, óatverat TÜV
xpóav, do ana ÜavpdLew T0 vapdóo£ov xai

A ,
9 75v airíav ToO cvpfatvovros émibgreiv. | víjoot ó

| zais added by Dindorf.

230

BOOK III. 47. s-9

surpasses not only the neighbouring Arabs but also
all other men in wealth and in their several extrava-
gancies besides. For in the exchange and sale of
their wares thev, of all men who carrv on trade for
the sake ofthe silver they receive in exchange, obtain
the highest price in return for things of the smallest
weight. Consequently, since they have never for
ages suffered the ravages of war because of their
secluded position, and since an abundance of both
cold and silver abounds in the country, especially in
Sabae, where the royal palace is situated, they have
Siubossed goblets of everv description, iade of silver
and gold, couches and tripods with silver feet, and
every other furnishing of incredible costliness, and
halls encircled by large columns, some of them gilded,
and others havingsilver fimures onthe capitals. Their
ceilings and doors they have partitioned by means of
panels and coffers! made of gold, set with precious
tones and placed close together, and have thus made
the structure of their houses in every part marvellous
for its costliness ; for some parts they have constructed
of silver and gold, others of ivory and the most showy
precious stones or of whatever else men estecm most
highly. For the fact is that these people have
enjoyed their felicity unshaken since ages past
because they have been entire strangers to those
whose own covetousness leads them to feel that
another man's wealth is their own godsend.? "The
sea in these parts looks to be white in colour, so that
the beholder marvels at the surprising phenomenon
and at the same time seeks forits cause. Andthere

L6. certain panels were deeply recessed.
? Literally '' gift of Hermes," as the god of gain and good
luck.

23I

DIODORUS OF SICILY

b / / e / » /
eU0auQLoves TÀq(ctov mdpxyovGw, é€xyovcaL TOAÀeug
3 /
arewtoTovs, €v ais rà Bookyuera mávra Aevkmv
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TOV (OKeavóv mrapaAtov .
Hep: Lev oOv Tfs xopas kat TÓV €v aUT77 KaTOL-
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48. Ilepi 06 Tov karà 7Óv obpavóv opogévov mrapa-
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OOf£cv €v Tots TÓTO:s 0) rrapaAeurréov. Üavpacwo-
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^ ^ € A X € /
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; A 1 / A ) € ,
avaroÀas kai Ovceus TotetaÜav. TÓv Ó TAÀvov. oUx
! é« Rhodomann: es.
? kar! OÀCyov, karà Aóyov (*at the same rate") Agath.
archides, 104.
3 mAoitopévow deleted by Bekker, Vogel.

* aáÜecpürovs omdpyew after zAÀavyras all MSS. but AD,
Bekker, Dindorf.

! 'The adjective is that translated '' Blest " in Are&bia the
Blest.

? ''he fifth. month of the Attie year, approximately our
November.

3 'The sixth. month, approximately our December.

232

BOOK 1Il. 47. 9-48. 2

are prosperous ! islands near by, containing unwalled
cities, all the herds of which are white in colour, while
no female has any horn whatsoever. "These islands
are visited by sailors from every part and especially
from Potana, the city which Alexander founded on the
Indus river, when he wished to have a naval station
on the shore of the ocean.

Now as regards Arabia the Dlest and its inhabitants
we shall be satisfied with what has been said.

48. But we must not omit to mention the strange
phenomena which are seen in the heavens in these
regions. The most marvellous is that which, accord-
ing to accounts we have, has to do with the constella-
tion of the Great Bear and occasions the greatest
perplexity among navigators. What they relate is
that, beginning with the month which the Athenians
call Maemacterion,? not one of the seven stars of the
Great Bear is seen until the first watch, in Poseideon?
none until the second, and in the following months
they gradually drop out of the sight of navigators.*
As for the other heavenly bodies, the planets, as they
are called, are, in the case of some, larger than they
appear with us, and in the case of others their risings
and scttings are also not the same; and the sun does

* In the second century 5.c., the period when Agatharchides,
from whom Diodorus has taken this statement, wrote his
work entitled O» the Red Sea, at latitude 15 north, which is
the probable region of this statement, on November 1st the
sun sct at approximately 9.45 p.m. and the first star (alpha)
of the Great Bear rose at approximately 8.145 p.m. Its rising
did, therefore, fall within the first watch of the night. How-
ever, the statement that on December 1st 1t did not rise until
the second watch is false, since on that date it rose at ap-
proximately 6.40 p.m.; indeed the rising of the Great Bear,
instead of receding month by month, as Diodorus states, in
fact advances.

733

DIODORUS OF SICILY

cozep map Tv Dpax)o mvpó Ts (Olas àvaToAMs
TpoazocTÉéÀÀew TÓ djs, aÀÀ érv vukTOs ovans
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OÓ.0 kai pO0ézoÜ Tuépav pév év ékcetvous Tots
TÓTOLS yweaÜa. Tp opa. vau TOv "Àtov, ék négov
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Kai T TUTQ T Kcovoet$! $atveoÜat, kaÜamep
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keQaAfjs emubüveu, 7pos Óé TOUTOLS Mom ay
zowiv u5T akTrivas BaAAew aGypt poros copas,
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7epi aUTÓv: Ooketv yàp Trois Opi kawats dkTict
darritetw TOV KÓGQL.OV oUK éAaTTov? «póv Ovoiv,
cs "AyaÜapxiójs o Kviotos avéypoule, Tpu*v.
ToÜTov Oé TOv Katpov zou TOV rots €yxcoptots
$aiveoÜat, Tazewovpévov ToÜ ka)paTOos Oià TV
OUciw ToD rjAtov.

Tóv o dvép.av Cédupoi Lev kat Aipes, ert Ó
apyéaTat ka cÜpot, mYéovGt kaÜázep kai Tapa. TOÍS
aGAÀÀots: vOToL Oé xarà uév AtÜtosriav oUre Trvéovauw

! Qugkoecórj Agatharchides, 105.

* So Rhodomann : éAarrovov.
1 'Thecause for this statement is the pbenomenon of twilight,
which is dependent upon atmospheric as well as astronomical
conditions. Its duration varies with the depth, clarity, and
density of the atmosphere, the latitude and elevation of the

234

BOOK IF. 48. 2-5

not, as with us, send forth its light shortly in advance
of its actual rising, but while the darkness of night
still continues, it suddenly and contrary to all expecta-
tion appears and sends forth its light.! Because of
this there is no daylight in those regions before the
sun has become visible, and when out of the midst
ofthe sea, as they sav, it comes into view. it resembles
a fiery red ball of charcoal which discharges huge
sparks, and its shape does not look like a cone,
asis the impression we have of it, but it has the shape
of a column which has the appearance of being
slightly thicker at the top; and furthermore it does
not shine or send out ravs before the first hour,
appearing as a fire that gives forth no light in the
darkness; but at the beginning of the Second hour
it takes on the form of a round sbeld and sends forth
a light which is exceptionally bright and fiery. But
at its setting the opposite manifestations take place
with respect to it; for it seems to observers to be
lighting up the BOIS universe with a strange kind
of ray 3 for not less than two Or, as Agatharchides of
Cnidus has recorded, for eise hours. And in the
opinion of the natives this is the most pleasant period.
when the heat is steadily lessening because of the
setting of the sun.

As regards the winds, the west, the south-west,
also the north-west and the east blow as in the other
parts of the world; but in Ethiopia the south winds

place of observation, and the time of year. The Greek
navigator found less twilight as he travelled south from
Greece towards the equator, at which point, in fact, it has
its minimum duration.

? Agatharchides (105) says '' diseus-shaped."

* Agatharchides (105) says that this takes place after the
sun has already set.

239

DIODORUS OF SICILY

oUre yvopiGovrat TÓ aUvoÀov, karà o6 rv Tpoyo-
Ovruco»v kat Tiv '"Apaf(av Üeppuoi vyívovrac ka
ozepDoAjv, c)oTe kai ràs vÀas ékmvpoüv kai TÓv
kaTQGQevyóvrov ets às €év rats kaAUBaus oktüs
ékÀvew 7à ocopnara. O0 O€ fopéas Ouais àv
&puoTOs vouilovro, OukvoUp.evos eis Távra TÓTmOV
Tfs oükovuévns kai Otaquévaov Jvypos.

49. 'T'ovrcv J "Atv OLeuKpurp.évcov oiKetov àv
etr) OLeAÜetv vrept TÀOv Auicov TÓV "rAatov AvyUz TOU
KQ/TOLKOÜVTQV kai Tfjs OMÓpov xepas. TÓ yàp
Trepi Kvpivav Ka TÓs Lprets, ér. Ó€ TT)V jLeaó-

/
yevov Tijs KüTà TOUS TOÓTOUS TOUTOUS YxépGov,
KkaTotket Térrapa, yévn AuBocv: àv ot uév ovopua-
Copevou Naoapóves vépovrat TQà vevovra gépm
7zpós vóTov, ot Ó Avoxytcat rà TpOs TTVv OUOLv,
ot óé Mappapioat kaToucoUot 71)v. pera£O Tauviav
AityvzTOov kai Kvpiyvgs, nevéyovres kat Tífjs zapa-
Atov, ot 66 Máxat zoAvavÜpcozia TÀv. óuocÜvóv
mpoéxovres véuovrat TOUS TÓTTOUS TOUS Trepi Tv
2prw. TÓV O€ mpoetpr)u.évav Auf vov yecpyot
pév / eigw ots omápyet yop Ovvapév] kapzoóv
$épew OaJuAfj, vouaóes Ó' Oc0t vOv kTqvOv Tv
égztLéAetav zotoUpevou 7ràs Tpoóüds é€yovow dmó
rovrov: üGu$órepa 0€ Tà yévn Trab0ra DaoiMéas
eXet kai Prov o) savreAóÓs àypiov ov0. avÜpetvgs
Tjuepóryros e&mAAayyp.évov. TO Oé TpiTOV yévos
OUTE Baci és brrakobov oUTe TOÜ Ou«atov Aóyov
000. évvotav €XOV e Aro even, ampoaOoki reos Oc
ras éupoAàs ék Tíjs epjjtov vroLoU[Levov ápmáet T

/
TG pO TUXOVTO., kai TOXÉ(S QvaKda qr Tel T'pOS TOV

1 4,e, to the plan of Diodorus' history.
236

BOOK III. 48. 5-49. 2

neither blow nor are known at all, although in the
Trogodyte country and Arabia they are so excep-
tionally hot that they set the forests on fire and cause
the bodies of those who take refuge in the shade of
their huts to collapse through weakness. "The north
wind, however, may justly be considered the most
favourable of all, since it reaches into every region
of thc inhabited earth and is ever cool.

49. But now that we have examined these matters,
it will be appropriate ! to discuss the Libyans who
dwell near Egypt and the country which borders
upon them. The parts about Cyrené and the Syrtes
as wellas the interior of the mainland in these regions
are inhabited by four tribes of Libyans; ofthese the
Nasamones, as they are called, dwell in the parts to
the south, the Auschisae in those to the west, the
Marmaridae occupy the narrow strip between Egypt
and Cyrene and come down to the coast, and the
Macae, who are more numerous than their fellow
Libyans, dwell in the regions about the Syrtis.*
Now of the Libyans whom we have just mentioned
those are farmers who possess land which is able to
produce abundant crops, while those are nomads who
get their sustenance from the flocks and herds which
thev maintain; and both of these groups have kings
and lead a life which is not entirely savage or different
from that of civilized men. "The third group, how-
ever, obeying no king and taking no account or even
thought of justice, makes robbery its constant
practice, and attacking unexpectedly from out of the
desert it seizes whatever it has happened upon and
quickly withdraws to the place from which it had set

? "The Greater Syrtis.
231

DIODORUS OF SICILY

3 a)TOV TÓTOV. závres Ó. ot Aifves obTot On pua
Biov éyovow, bzratÜptoL O.üLévovres kai TO TÓYV
émwryOóevudTov àypiov étqÀokóTes: oUre yàp
)uépov O.air)s oUDT éoÜ5ros peréyovow, dàAAd
Oopais asy akesáLovat T GLO. TOlg O€
Óvváa rais aQU7OVv TÓÀeis pév TO OGÜUvoÀov 0 Ux
DTüpxovci, sÜpyou Oé sÀxoitov TÓv vOdTOv, eig
oUg daToTiÜevra. TQà TAÀeoválovza TÍs LE
TOUS O' dOmwoTrerayuévovus AaoUs kar éwavrov
é£opkiLovot zeiDapyijaew: kat TOv uev Dzakovadv-
TOV cs gcvuuaxycv ópovritovot, TOv 96 uy) qpoa-
eyóvrov ÜavaTov karayvóvres c$ Ànoarais «oÀe-

i nobow. 0 9 OrAÀwpós a)TÓOV éa7w olketos Tfjs Te
xycpas kat TOV émwTYOevudrcov: KoÜüQov yàp Ovres
TOÍS dpa KaL xopav otkobvres KacTà, TO TÀetaTov
TeOLdOa, rpós TOUS kwOUvovs Ó opp.À)ot Àóyyas € eXovres
rpets kai AiÜlovs. év Gp yea. ckvrivows* éi$os O9. o)
óopob0tiv o$0€ kpávos ov0. ovÀov oj0cv érepov, gTO-
xaCó[.evot Tob sporepeiv rais eortvrataus €v TOlS

5 OL ypLots kai zw ev Tas aTOxcpn)gegi. Otómep
cb Üeroi 7Tpós Opóp.ov etat Kat AoBoAcav, ÓtoareTroVi]-
KÓTES gi peAér kac Tf) avvyteia TÀ Tüs $Uoews
7porepiuara. koÜoAov Oé mzpós ToUs GAÀodUAÀous
oUT€ TO Oi«atov oUTe€ TT)V z(OTIW Ka... oUOÉva, TpÓTrOV
ó.a.T1pob0w.

50. Tw*s 9é xoópas *) uév Onuopos T3 Rvprjvn
yec0ns égri kat zo0ÀÀovS óépovca kapszoUs:
o) uÓvov yap bmdpye ovroQópos, aAAG Kat zroAMjv
apueÀov, € éTL Ó cAaiay € €xet Ka. TU a»ypáav UA kat
morajLoUs eÜypnaziav zrapexop.évovs" 7) J Ómép
TÓ vÓTiOV JéÉpos bepretvovaa, kaÜ' Tv 7Ó virpov

$$eoÜa. cvuféDnkev, dasopos o$2a xai cravi-
259

BOOK III. 49. 2-50. 1

out. Allthe Libyans of this third group lead a life
like that of the wild beasts, spending their days under
the open sky and practising the savage in their mode
oflife; for they have nothing to do with eivilized food
or clothing, but cover their "bodies with the skins of
goats. "Their leaders have no cities whatsoever, but
only towers near the sources of water, and into these
they bring and store away the excess of their booty.

Of the peoples who are their subjects they annually
exact an oath of obedience to their authority, and to
any who have submitted to them they extend their
protection as being allies, and such as take no heed
of them thev first condemn to death and then make
war upon them asrobbers. Their weapons are appro-
priate to both the country and their mode of life; for
since they are light of body and inhabit a country
whieh is for the most part a level plain, they face the
dangers which beset them armed with three spear:
and stones in leather bags; and they carry neither
sword nor helmet nor any other armour, since their
aim is to excel in agility both in pursuit and again in
withdrawal. Consequently they are expert in run-
ning and hurling stones, having brought to full
development by practice and habit the advantages
accorded them by nature. And,speaking gener ally.

they observe neither justice nor good faith in any
respect in dealing with peoples of alien race.

50. That part of the country which lies near the
city of Cyrené has a deep soil and bears products ot
many kinds; for not only does it produce wheat, but
it also possesses large vineyards and olive orchards
and native forests, and rivers which are of great
utility; but the area which extends beyond its
southern border where nitre is found, being unculti-

239

Ue»

DIODORUS OF SICILY

Lovca vaparuauiv D0drov, TT)V TpógOojuv xe
TeÀd yel rapep.depi: oUOep.tav Ó€ mrapexopu.evr
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zra.rotat kat KwoÜvots meépumimrTovgw azpogookirois,
Aéyera. O€ ToUTovs TO TaÀauÓv emeAÜóvras mOTÉ
ToÀÀAnv Tüs AtyUzrov mowjca( T)V Dcokeuiévqv
xycpav aotk»rov.

D'iverau 0é vv« Üavudatov mepií Te raUTQv! Twv
xépgov kai Tiv émzékewa Tíüjs 2wpreos Aim.
T€pi ydp Twas katwoUs Kai pnüAuTAa kaTrQ TS
vyveuias cvaváceus OpivraL kaTà TOV dépa mav-
To&v CLoQov (Oéas euóatvovcav. rovrov OÓ. at uev
7peuoüaw, at 06 ktvyaw Aaguflávovat, kat zoTÉ uév

| TQv xupov ka, after gru deleted by Reiske.

: atorslls, ** horned serpents," or asps.
? (Cp. Aristophanes, 7T'he Clouds, 346: *'' Didst thou never
espy a cloud in the sky which & centaur or leopard might be,

240

BOOK III. so. 1-4

vated and lacking springs of water, is in appearance
like a sea; and in addition to its showing no variety
of landscape it is surrounded by desert land, the desert
which lies bevond ending in a region from which
egress is difficult. Consequently not even a bird is
to beseen there nor any four-footed animalexcept the
gazelle and the ox, nor indeed any plant or anything
that delights the eye, since the land which stretches
into the interior contains nearly continuous dunes
throughout its length. And greatly as it is lacking
in the things which pertain to civilized life, to the
same degree does it abound in snakes of every manner
of appearance and size, and especially in those which
men call cerastes,! the stings of which are mortal and
their colour is like sand; and since for this reason
they look like the ground on which they lie, few men
discern them and the greater number tread on them
unwittinglv and meet with unexpected perils. — More-
over, the account runs that in ancient times these
snakes once invaded a large part of that section of
Egypt which lies below this desert and rendered it
uninhabitable.

And both in this arid land and in Libya which lies
beyond the Syrtisthere takes place a marvellousthing.
For at certain times, and especially when there is no
wind, shapes are seen gathering in the sky which
assume the forms of animals of every kind ?; and
some of these remain fixed, but others begin to move,

or à wolf or a cow?" (tr. bv Rogers in the L.C.L.); and
Lucretius 4. 139—412 : '*' For often giants' countenances appear
to fly over and to draw their shadow afar, sometimes great
mountains and rocks torn from the mountains to go before
and to pass by the sun, after them some monster pulling and
dragging other clouds " (tr. bv Rouse in the L.C.L.).

241

DIODORUS OF SICILY

UTOÓcUyovoi, ToTé OÓé Owokovo, mácav Oé TO
uéyeÜos àüzAarov éyovoa. ÜavpaoTrv karámAn£w
kai TGpay7v Tapackeválovgi. TOÍS üTe(pois. a
yàp émiówokovoat roUs àvÜpoxrovs émei0Qv kara-
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51. IIapaó0£ov 9. etva« óokotvros 700 epáypuoros
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dpyaàs kat oavaTdcets mvevuára. Olímcp GULTVL-
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Opó)L.ev ent TÓVv vejódv éviore ovpatvov év ais
voriats T)uépats, TUzrTOULEvav (Oecv zavroóamóÓv,
TOÜUTO ytveaÜaa KaL mept TTJV Aim, roAAaxás
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uev aaÜevéat kat DAxxpats apos Oxe toÜat pereappt-
COjLevov kai maAuoUs zro.oÜvra kai GvykpoUovra
gvoT)MGgiww érépois Onotowgs, vqveutags Ó . émAag-

242

DOONK III. so. 4-51. 3

sometimes retreating before a man and at other times
pursuing him, and in every case, since they are of
monstrous size, they strike such as have never
experienced them with wondrous dismay and terror.
For when the shapes which are pursuing overtake the
persons they envelop their bodies, causing a chilling
and shivering sensation, so that strangers who are
unfamiliar with them are overcome with fear, although
the natives, who have often met with such things, pav
no attention to the phenomenon.

51. Now incredible though this effect may seem
and like a fanciful tale, yet certain physical philo-
sophers attempt to set forth the causes of it some-
what as follows: The winds, they say, either blow in
this land not at all or else are altogether sluggish and
without vigour; and often there prevails in the air a
calm and Sondro qs lack of movement, because of the
fact that neither wooded vales nor thickly-shaded
elenslie nearit nor are there anv elevations that make
hills ; furthermore, these regions lack large rivers
and, in general, the whole territory round about,
being barren of plants, gives forth no vapour. XYetit
is AUR these things which are wont, they explain, to
generate beginnings, as it were, and gatherings of
air-currents. Consequently, when so stifling an
atmosphere extends over the arid land the pheno-
menon which we observe taking place now and then
with respect to the clouds on humid days, when every
kind of shape is formed, occurs Ed in Libya,
thev tell us, the air as it Eondanets assuming manifold
shapes. Now this air is driven along by the weak and
sluggish breezes, rising aloft and making quivering
motions and impinging upon other bodies of similar
character, but when a calm succeeds, it then descends

243

DIODORUS OF SICILY

/ , A A t A »
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xeonevov karajóyew TQà ocopnaTa TÓV TépvTVy-
xyavovTOY.

52. Tobrov 9. 2uiv Ovevkpumpiévov otketov àv ein
TOUS Trpoeupnpévous TÓTOuwg; OwcÀÜetv TàÀ Tept TÓS
'Aualóvas taropoUpeva Tàs yevopévas TO TaÀauov

M! M] / M A A M € /,
xarà T»v AwB)qv. ot v0AÀoL uév yàp oreuióaat

! se. either pursuing or retreatiug before men; cp. chap.
50. 4 and below.

244

BOOK III. 5r. 3-52. 1

towards the earth by reason of its weight and in the
shape which it may chance to have assumed, where-
upon, there being nothing to dissipate it, the air
clings to such living creatures as accidentally come to
be in the way. As for the movements which these
shapes make in both directions,! these, they say,
indicate no volition on their part, since it is impossible
that voluntary flight or pursuit should reside in a
soulless thing. And yet the living creatures are,
unknown to themselves, responsible for this move-
ment through the air; for, if they advance, they push
up by their violent motion the air which lies beneath
them, and this is the reason why the image which has
formed retreats before them and gives the impression
of fleeing ; whereas if the living creatures withdraw,
they follow in the opposite direction, the cause
having been reversed, since that which is empty and
rarefied draws the shapes towards itself. Conse-
quently it has the appearance of pursuing men who
withdraw before it, for the image is drawn to the
empty space and rushes forward in a mass under
the influence of the backward motion of the living
creature; and as for those who flee, it is quite
reasonable that, whether they turn about or stand
still, their bodies should feel the light touch of the
image which follows them; and this is broken in
pieces as it strikes upon the solid object, and as it
pours itself out in all directions it chills the bodies of
all with whom it comes in contact.

59. But now that we have examined these matters
it will be fitting, in connection with the regions we
have mentioned, to discuss the account which history
records of the Amazons who were in Libya in ancient
times. For the majority of mankind believe that

245

Ub»

DIODORUS OF SICILY

ràs mepi rOv Oepuo8ovra morauóv év và IIóvro
Aeyop.évas KaTqKI)Kéva. nuóvas )mápíav TO Ó
aves OUX oUTCS exe, Ou TO TOÀ mporepeitv
TOlS ypóvois Tàs kara A«BUnv kat vpdéeus á£voAó-
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kai £évn mavreÀOs 1) mepi rovrov taropía: 7)0avua-
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roUTOV TOÀAÀA[s yeveats mpórepov TOv Tp«oukóv,
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Avovvate 7Ó avvreravypevi) TÀ T€pli TOUS "Apyova-
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rois zaÀatordTo:s xypOvous. rpaxÜévrow.

l'éyove p.e 00v TÀeCco yévy yvvaucdv Kam, TI
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rov llepoéa o7pareÜ0cat, zapeiMóapev àAk;j Oux-

| yvvaucóv omitted by E, Bekker, Dindorf, Vogel, retained
by Jacobo

1 Cp. Book 2. 44—6.

? 'This Dionysius, nicknamed Skytobrachion, ''of the
leathern arm," lived in Alexandria in the middle of the second
century B.C. and composed a mythical romance from which

246

BOOK III. 52. 1-4

the only Amazons were those who are reported to
have dwelt in the neighbourhood of the Thermodon
river on the Pontus! ; but the truth is otherwise,
since the Amazons of Libya were much earlier in
point of time and accomplished notable deeds. Now
we are not unaware that to many who read this
account the history of this people will appear to be
a thing unheard of and entirely strange; for since
the race of these Amazons disappeared entirely
many generations before the Trojan War, whereas
the women about the Thermodon river were in their
full vigour a little before that time, it is not without
reason that the later people, who were also better
known, should have inherited the fame of the
earlier, who are entirely unknown to most men
because of the lapse of time. l'or our part, however,
since we find that many early poets and historians,
and not a few of the later ones as well, have made
mention of them, we shall endeavour to recount
their deeds in summary, following the account of
Dionysius? who composed a narrative about the
Argonauts and Dionysus, and also about many
other things which took place in the most ancient
times.

Now there have been in Libya a number of races
of women who were warlike and greatly admired
for their manly vigour; for instance, tradition tells
us of the race of the Gorgons, against whom, as the
account is given, Perseus made war, a race dis-

Diodorus drew the following account of the Amazons and
his description of the Atlantians (ec. 56, 57, 60, 61), of the
Dionysus born in Libya (cc. 66. 4—73. 8), and of the Argonauts
(Book 4. 40-55). 'The following account is an excellent
example of the syncretism and rationalization of the old
Greek myths.

247
VOL. 1I. I

U»

DIODORUS OF SICILY

óépov: TO yàp TOv (Nus pév vióv, rv O6 xa0'
éavrOov "EAAWvcv àpwTov, TeÀéca. uéywrov á0Àov
TT)» Éémi Tra/UTOs OTpaTelav Tekpojpiov àv Ttg. ÀAáot
TÜS T€pi Tüs Tpoeipnuévas yvvatkas Ümepoxms T€
kai óvvdj.ecos* Tj T€ TOV vv p.eAÀAova v to TopetoÜat
avópeta TapáOofov éyew 77v Ümepoymv «pos Tüs
x«aÜ Tvju&s dvoeis TÓv yvvawucüv ocvykpwopnérvn.

53. Daci yàp Drvaàp£a. Tíjs AupUns év cots
7pOs éoTÉépav uépeoiv és TOlg TépaGti T/js OlKOU-
pévns éÜvos yvvaukokpa.crovpu.evov kat Biov éGqAcxkos
ovy OLotov TO TOGp T7Liv. TQGÍS uv yàp yvvat£tv
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^ — /
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05Àv vyevwgÜév, évzu«aecÜa. abToD ToDs naocTovus,

! 4.e. Perseus. ? Literally, '' freedom of speech."

249

BOOK III. s2. 4-353. 3

tinguished for its valour: for the fact that it was the
son of Zeus,! the mightiest Greek of his day, who
accomplished the campaign against these women,
and that this was his greatest Labour may be taken
by any man as proof of both the pre-eminence
and the power of the women we have mentioned.
Furthermore, the manly prowess of those of whom
we are now about to write presupposes an amazing
pre-eminence when compared with the nature of
the women of our dav.

53. We are told, namely, that there was once in
the western parts of Libya, on the bounds of the
inhabited world, a race which was ruled by women
and followed a manner of life unlike that which
prevails among us. For it was the custom among
them that the women should practise the arts of
war and be required to serve in the army for a fixed
period, during which time they maintained their
virginity ; then, when the years of their service in
the field had expired, they went in to the men for
the procreation of children, but they kept in their
hands the administration of the magistracies and of
all the affairs of the state. The men, however, like
our married women, spent their days about the
house, carrying out the orders which were given
them by their wives; and they took no part in
military campaigns or in office or in the exercise of
free citizenship? in the affairs of the community bv
virtue of which they might become presumptuous
and rise up against the women. When their children
were born the babies were turned over to the men,
who brought them up on milk and such cooked foods
as were appropriate to the age of the infants; and
if it happened that a girl was born, its breasts were

249

DIODORUS OF SICILY

tva. pu gereopiGovrau karà TOUS TÍSs Qkpijs
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moÀvreÀQv mAÀijÜos rÀv Ovonalouévov map! "EA-

l1 Goxecv Dindorf: 9oxet.

250

BOOK III. :3. 3-6

seared that they might not develop at the time of
maturity; for they thought that the breasts, as they
stood out from the body, were no small hindrance
in warfare; and in fact it is because they have been
deprived of their breasts that they are called by
the Greeks Amazons.!

As mythology relates, their home was on an island
which, because it was in the west, was called Hespera,
and it lay in the marsh Tritonis. This marsh was
near the ocean which surrounds the earth and received
its name from a certain river Triton which emptied
into it; and this marsh was also near Ethiopia and
that mountain by the shore of the ocean which is
the highest of those in the vicinity and impinges
upon the ocean and is called by the Greeks Atlas.
The island mentioned above was of great size and
full of fruit-bearing trees of every kind, from which
the natives secured their food. It contained also a
multitude of flocks and herds, namely, of goats and
sheep, from which the possessors reeeived milk and
meat for their sustenance; but grain the nation used
not at all because the use of this fruit of the earth
had not yet been discovered among them.

The Amazons, then, the account continues, being a
race superior in valour and eager for war, first of all
subdued all the cities on the island except the one
called Mené, which was considered to be sacred and
was inhabited by Ethiopian Ichthvophagi, and was
also subject to great eruptions of fire and possessed
a multitude of the precious stones which the Greeks

A CP- P- 29, note T.

? mqpoazemTokKOos AD, obw mpozemraokKos other MSS.,
Dindorf, Bekker, Vogel.

25I

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rois Éibeaoc kai rats Aóyyais all MSS. but A.

-—— —

! The anthrax was a precious stone of dark red oolour,
such as the carbuncle, ruby, and garnet; the sardion included
our cornelian and sardine; the smaragdos was any green
stone.

252

BOOK III. 53. 6-354. 3

call anthrax, sardion, and smaragdos ! ; and after this
they subdued many of the neighbouring Libyans
and nomad tribes, and founded within the marsh
Tritonis a great city which they named Cherronesus ?
after its shape.

54. Setting out from the eity of Cherronesus, the
aecount continues, the Amazons embarked upon
great ventures, a longing having come over them
to invade many parts of the inhabited world. "The
first people against whom they advanced, aceording
to the tale, was the Atlantians, the most eivilized
men among the inhabitants of those regions, who
dwelt in a prosperous country and possessed great
cities; it was among them, we are told, that
mythology plaees the birth of the gods, in the
regions which lie along the shore of the ocean, in
this respeet agreeing with those among the Greeks
who relate legends, and about this? we shall speak
in detail a little later.

Now the queen of the Amazons, Mvrina, collected,
it is said, an army of thirty thousand foot-soldiers
and three thousand eavalry, sinee they favoured to
an unusual degree the use of eavalry in their wars.1
For protective deviees they used the skins of large
snakes, sinee Libya contains such animals of in-
credible size. and for offensive weapons, swords and
lanees; they also used bows and arrows, with which
they struck not only when facing the enemy but also
when in flight, by shooting baekwards at their

? j.e. '' Peninsula "; presumably the city lay on a ridge
of land running out into the marsh.

3 4.e. the birth of the gods; ep. chap. 56 below.

* Astrange statement, in connection with so small à number
ofcavalry. Perhaps the numbers should bec transposed.

299

DIODORUS OF SICILY

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avrvraxyÜevov | majerÀgÜets, ÜLoypijoa O' ouk
! So Eichstüdt: éyovoóv.
254

BOOK III. s4. 3-7

pursuers with good effect. Upon entering the land
of the Atlantians they defeated in a pitched battle
the inhabitants of the citv of Cerné, as it is called,
and making their way inside the walls along with
the fleeing enemv, they got the city into their hands;
and desiring to strike terror into the neighbouring
peoples they treated the captives savagelv, put to
the sword the men from the youth upward, led into
slavery the children and women, and razed the city.
But when the terrible fate of the inhabitants of
Cerné became known among their fellow tribesmen,
it is related that the Atlantians, struck with terror.
surrendered their cities on terms of capitulation and
announced that they would do whatever should be
commanded them, and that the queen Myrina,
bearing herself honourably towards the Atlantians,
both established friendship with them and founded
a city to bear her name in place of the city which had
been razed; and in it she settled both the captives
and any native who so desired. | Whereupon the
Atlantians presented her with magnificent presents
and by public decree voted to her notable honours,
and she in return accepted their courtesy and in
addition promised that she would show kindness to
their nation. And since the natives were often
being warred upon by the Gorgons, as they were
named, a folk which resided upon their borders, and
in general had that people lving in wait to injure
them, Mvrina, thev sav, was asked bv the Atlantians
to invade the land of the afore-mentioned Gorgons.
But when the Gorgons drew up their forces to resist
them a miszhtv battle took place in which the
Amazons, gaining the upper hand, slew great
numbers of their opponents and took no fewer than

235

DIODORUS OF SICILY

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256

BOOK III. 54. 7-55. 4

three thousand prisoners; and since the rest had
fled for refuge into a certain wooded region, Myrina
undertook to set fire to the timber, being eager to
destroy the race utterly, but when she found that
she was unable to succeed in her attempt she retired
to the borders of her country.

50. Now as the Amazons, they go on to say,
relaxed their watch during the night because of
their success, the captive women, falling upon them
and drawing the swords of those who thought they
were conquerors, slew many of them; in the end,
however, the multitude poured in about them from
every side and the prisoners fighting bravely were
butchered one and all. Myrina accorded a funeral
to her fallen comrades on three pyres and raised up
three great heaps of earth as tombs, which are
called to this day " Amazon Mounds." Butthe Gor-
gons, grown strong again in later days, were subdued
a second time by Perseus, the son of Zeus, when
Medusa was queen over them; and in the end both
they and the race of the Amazons were entirely
destroyed by Heracles, when he visited the regions
to the west and set up his pillars ! in Libva, since he
felt that it would ill accord with his resolve to be
the benefactor of the whole race of mankind if he
should suffer any nations to be under the rule of
women. The story is also told that the marsh
Tritonis disappeared from sight in the course of an
earthquake, when those parts of it which lay towards
the ocean were torn asunder.

As for Myrina, the account continues, she visited
the larger part of Libya, and passing over into

! Cp. Book 4. I8.
25]

DIODORUS OF SICILY

év. *Opov -0v "loi0os DaociAevovra TÓTe Tis
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! "(The Mediterranean.
? 'This river flows past Pergamum and empties mto the
Aegean Sea.

258

BOOK IIL ss. 4-8

Egypt she struck a treaty of friendship with Horus,
the son of Isis, who was king of Egvpt at that time,
and then, after making war to the end upon the
Arabians and slaying many of them, she subdued
Syria; but when the Cilicians came out with presents
to meet her and agreed to obey her commands, she
left those free who yielded to her of their free will
and for this reason these are called to this day the
" Free Cilicians." She also conquered in war the
races in the region of the Taurus, peoples of out-
standing courage, and descended through Greater
Phrygia to the sea!; then she won over the land
lving along the coast and fixed the bounds of her
campaign at the Caicus River. And selecting in
the territory which she had won by arms sites well
suited for the founding of cities, she built a con-
siderable number of them and founded one? which
bore her own name, but the others she named after
the women who held the most important commands,
such as Cymó, Pitana, and Priené.

These, then, are the cities she settled along the sea,
but others, and a larger number, she planted in the
regions stretching towards the interior. She seized
also some of the islands, and Lesbos in particular,
on which she founded the city of Mitylené, which
was named after her sister who took part in the
campaign. After that, while subduing some of the
rest of the islands, she was caught in a storm, and
after she had offered up prayers for her safety to
the Mother of the Gods,* she was earried to one ot
the uninhabited islands; this island, in obedience

3 The city of Myrina in Mysia; ep. Strabo 13. 3. 6.
* Cybelé.

259

DIODORUS OF SICILY

Tots Óve(pous óavracíav kaÜwpócsat Tij Tpoeupn-
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Tépas.

260

BOOK III. 55. 8-11

to a vision which she beheld in her dreams, she made
sacred to this goddess, and set up altars there and
offered magnificent sacrifices. She also gave it the
name of Samothrace, which means, when translated
into Greek, "sacred island." although some his-
torians say that it was formerly called Samos and
was then given the name of Samothrace by Thracians
who at one time dwelt on it. However, after the
Amazons had returned to the continent, the myth
relates, the Mother of the Gods, well pleased with
the island, settled in it certain other people, and also
her own sons, who are known by the name of Cory-
bantes—who their father was is handed down in
their rites as a matter not to be divulged; and she
established the mysteries which are now celebrated
on the island and ordained by law that the sacred
area should enjoy the right of sanctuary.

In these times, they go on to say, Mopsus the
Thracian, who had been exiled by Lycurgus, the
king of the Thracians, invaded the land of the
Amazons with an army composed of fellow-exiles,
and with Mopsus on the campaign was also Sipylus
the Scythian, who had likewise been exiled from that
part of Scythia which borders upon Thrace. "There
was a pitched battle, Sipylus and Mopsus gained the
upper hand, and Myrina. the queen of the Amazons,
and the larger part of the rest of her army were
slain. In the course of the years, as the Thracians
continued to be victorious in their battles, the
surviving Amazons finally withdrew again into
Libya. And such was thc end, as the myth relates,
of the campaign which the Amazons of Libya
made.

261

DIODORUS OF SICILY

56. Hpyeis o ézretOT) 7repi TOV "ArAavrüov épvn-
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! soÀ» Dindorf, Bekker, zo0AAco Vogel, z0AÀg MSS.
? zig &dded by Oldfather.

262

BOOK III. 56. 1-4

56. But since we have made mention of the Atlan-
tians, we believe that it will not be inappropriate
in this place to recount what their myths relate about
the genesis of the gods, in view of the fact that it
does not differ greatly from the myths of the Greeks.
Now the Atlantians, dwelling as they do in the
regions on the edge of the ocean and inhabiting a
fertile territory, are reputed far to excel their
neighbours in reverence towards the gods and the
humanity they showed in their dealings with
strangers, and the gods, they say, were born among
them. And their account, they maintain, is in
agreement with that of the most renowned of the
Greek poets! when he represents Hera as saying:

For I go to see the ends of the bountiful earth,
Oceanus source of the gods and Tethys divine
Their mother.

This is the account given in their myth: Their
first king was Uranus, and he gathered the human
beings, who dwelt in seattered habitations, within
the shelter of a walled city and caused his subjects
to cease from their lawless ways and their bestial
manner of living, discovering for them the uses of
cultivated fruits, how to store them up, and not a
few other things which are of benefit to man; and
he also subdued the larger part of the inhabited
earth, in particular the regions to the west and the
north. And since he was a careful observer of the
stars he foretold many things which would take
place throughout the world; and for the common
people he introduced the year on the basis of the
movement of the sun and the months on that of the

! Horiaer; the lines are from the Iliad 14. 200-1.
263

DIODORUS OF SICILY

^ l4 3 X 5 / L14 [-À
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5 Oil0d£au. | OiO kat ToDs moÀÀoUs, dyvoobüvras iv

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TOUS dOeÀQo)vs kowij pQgrpos eUvvouav mapexoné-

204

BOOK III. 56. 4-57. 3

moon, and instructed them in the seasons which
recur year after year. Consequently the masses of
the people, being ignorant of the eternal arrange-
ment of the stars and marvelling at the events which
were taking place as he had predicted, conceived
that the man who taught such things partook of the
nature of the gods, and after he had passed from
among men they accorded to him immortal honours,
both because of his benefactions and because of his
knowledge of the stars; and then they transferred
his name to the firmament of heaven, both because
they thought that he had been so intimately
acquainted with the risings and the settings of the
stars and with whatever else took place in the
firmament, and because they would surpass his
benefactions by the magnitude of the honours which
they would show him, in that for all subsequent time
they proclaimed him to be the king of the universe.
517. To Uranus, the myth continues, were born
forty-five sons from a number of wives, and, of these,
eighteen, it is said, were by Titaea, each of them
bearing a distinct name, but all of them as a group
were called, after their mother, Titans. Titaea,
because she was prudent and had brought about
many good deeds for the peoples, was deified after
her death by those whom she had helped and her
name was changed to Góé. To Uranus were also
born daughters, the two eldest of whom were by far
the most renowned above the others and were called
Basileia and Rhea, whom some also named Pandora.
Of these daughters Basileia, who was the eldest and
far excelled the others in both prudence and under-
standing, reared all her brothers, showing them col-
lectively a mother's kindness; consequently she was

265

DIODORUS OF SICILY

vn" OLOÓ kai peyaAny. unrépa. mpogaryopevÜTjvat:
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Lev TO TpóTepov év o)pavó mp tepóv kaAoUpevov,

! éz, Bekker: é7r: 8é.

! 'The *' sun " and the '' moon " respectively.

266

BOOK IIL s7. 3-5

given the appellation of '* Great Mother;" and after
her father had been translated from among men into
the circle of the gods, with the approval of the
masses and of her brothers she succeeded to the royal
dignity, though she was still a maiden and because
of her exceedingly great chastity had been unwilling
to unite in marriage with any man. But later,
because of her desire to leave sons who should
succeed to the throne, she united in marriage with
Hyperion, one of her brothers, for whom she had
the greatest affection. And when there were born
to her two children, Helius and Selené,! who were
greatly admired for both their beauty and their
chastity, the brothers of Basileia, they say, being
envious of her because of her happy issue of children
and fearing that Hyperion would divert the royal
power to himself, committed an uttcrly impious
deed; for entering into a conspiracy among them-
selves they put Hyperion to the sword, and casting
Helius, who was still in years a child, into the
Eridanus ? river, drowned him. When this crime
came to light, Selené, who loved her brother very
greatly, threw herself down from the roof, but as
for his mother, while seeking his body along the
river, her strength left her and falling into a swoon
she beheld a vision in which she thought that Helius
stood over her and urged her not to mourn the death
of her children; for, he said, the Titans would meet
the punishment which they deserve, while he and
his sister would be transformed, by some divine provi-
dence, into immortal] natures, since that which had
formerly been called the '' holy fire " in the heavens
would be called by men Helius ('* the sun ') and that

2 ''he Po.
207

DIODORUS OF SICILY

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i! / , € 1 3 /
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yobou TO maÀatÓv vyevécÜ0a. BaouAéa GOpvytas kat

! So Eusebius (Praep. Ev. 2. 2. 39): karadeAvpévqv.

268

BOOK III. 5;. 5-58. 1
addressed as '" mené" would be called Selené
("the moon "). When she was aroused from the
swoon she recounted to the common crowd both the
dream and the misfortunes which had befallen her,
asking that they render to the dead honours like
those accorded to the gods and asserting that no man
should thereafter touch her body. And after this she
became frenzied, and seizing such of her daughter's
playthings as could make a noise, she began to
wander over the land, with her bair hanging free,
inspired by the noise of the kettledrums and eymbals,
so that those who saw her were struck with astonish-
ment. And all men were filled with pity at her
misfortune and some were clinging to her body,!
when there came a mighty storm and continuous
crashes of thunder and lightning; and in the midst
of this Basileia passed from sight, whereupon the
crowds of people, amazed at this reversal of fortune,
transferred the names and the honours of Helius
and Selené to the stars of the sky, and as for their
mother. they considered her to be a goddess and
erected altars to her, and imitating the incidents of
her life by the pounding of the kettledrums and the
clash of the cymbals they rendered unto her in this
way sacrifices and all other honours.

58. However, an account is handed down also that
this goddess ? was born in Phrygia. For the natives
of that country have the following myth: In ancient
times Meion became king of Phrygia and Lydia;

! Cp. the scene in Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus, 1620-1,
immediately before Oedipus passes from earth in the storm:

So clinging to each other sobbed and wept
Father and daughters both.
(tr. by Storr in the L.C.L.)
? i.e. the Magna Mater.

269

t»

DIODORUS OF SICILY

Avótas Myjova: ynjpavra O€ AwOUpuv yevvaat
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OuGUQV.

Tov ov KvBéAnv eis. akpumv TAucas. cAUo0cav

a yaQ TV éyxoptv TUVO. V€OViGKOV TOV

270

BOOK III. 58. 1-4

and marrying Dindymé he begat an infant daughter,
but being unwilling to rear her he exposed her on
the mountain which was called Cvbelus. There, in
accordance with some divine providence, both the
leopards and some of the other especially ferocious
wild beasts offered their nipples to the child and so
gave it nourishment, and some women who were
tending the flocks in that place witnessed the happen-
ing, and being astonished at the strange event took
up the babe and called her Cybelé after the name
of the place. The child, as she grew up, excelled
in both beauty and virtue and also came to be admired
for her intelligence; for she was the first to devise
the pipe of many reeds and to invent cymbals and
kettledrums with which to accompany the games
and the danee, and in addition she taught how to
heal the sicknesses of both flocks and little children
by means of rites of purification; in consequence,
since the babes were saved from death by her spells
and were generally taken up in her arms, her devo-
tion to them and affection for them led all the people
to speak of her as the '* mother of the mountain."
The man who associated with her and loved her
more than anyone else, they say, was Marsyas the
Phrygian, who was admired for his intelligence and
chastity ; and a proof of his intelligence thev find in
the fact that he imitated the sounds made by the
pipe of many reeds and carried all its notes over into
the flute,! and as an indication of his chastity they
cite his abstinence from sexual pleasures until the
day of his death.

Now Cybelé, the myth records, having arrived at
full womanhood, came to love a certain native youth
| i.c. into a single pipe.

271

DIODORUS OF SICILY

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Tpogayopevouevov uev ÀÁvrw, ÜoTepov 0. émukÀn-
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* ^ ? »x - C pn * J
aDTÓv cap dGAÀÀnÀa rots OuacTais émiOeckvvala

| Reiske suggests eu eeu (** harmony ").

BOOK III. s:8. 4-59. 3

who was known as Attis, but at a later time received
the appellation Papas!; with him she consorted
secretly and became with child, and at about the
same time her parents recognized her as their child.
59. Consequently she was brought up into the palace,
and her father welcomed her at the outset under
the impression that she was a virgin, but later, when
he learned of her seduction, he put to death her
nurses and Attis as well and cast their bodies forth
to lie unburied; whereupon Cybelé, thev say,
because of her love for the vouth and grief over the
nurses, became ífírenzied and rushed out of the
palace into the countryside. And crying aloud and
beating upon a kettledrum she visited every country
alone, with hair hanging free, and Marsyas, out of
pity for her plight, voluntarily followed her and
aecompanied her in her wanderings because of the
love which he had formerly borne her. When they
came to Dionysus in the city of Nvsa they found
there Apollo, who was being accorded high favour
because of the lyre, which, thev sav, Hermes invented,
though Apollo was the first to play it fittingly ;
and when Marsyas strove with Apollo in a contest of
skill and the Nysaeans had been appointed judges,
the first time Apollo plaved upon the lyre without
accompanying it with his voice, while Marsyas,
striking up upon his pipes, amazed the ears of his
hearers by their strange music and in their opinion
far excelled, by reason of his melody, the fist
contestant. Dut since they had agreed to take
turn about in displaying their skill to the judges,

! *" Papa" or '"father." Attis-Papas was the supreme
zod of the Phrygians, occupying the position held by Zeus
in the Greek world.

273

DIODORUS OF SICILY

Tiv TÉéyvgv, TÓv uév ' AróAAova, $aaw ériaAetv T0
OeUTepov appióTTovoav TO uéÀec T'js kiÜapas qv,
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raUT)s O' vovepov Movoas gév Qveupetv Tv

puécqv, Aüov 8é v5)v Axavov, "Opóéa 96 kai

| kpaoecs Eichstáàdt: xpioccos.

274

BOOK III. 59. 3-6

Apollo, thev say, added, this second time, his voice
in harmony with the music of the lyre, whereby he
gained greater approval than that whieh had for-
merly been accorded to the pipes. Marsyas,
however, was enraged and tried to prove to the
hearers that he was losing the contest in defiance
of every principle of justice ; for, he argued, it should
be a comparison of skill and not of voice, and only
by such a test was it possible to judge between the
harmony and music of the lyre and of the pipes;
and furthermore, it was unjust that two skills should
be compared in combination against but one.

Apollo, however, as the myth Velstes. replied that
he was in no sense taking any unfair advantage of
the other; in fact, when Marsyas blew into his pipes
he was doing almost the same thing as himself !;
consequently the rule should be made either that
they should both be aecorded this equal privilege of
combining their skills, or that neither of them should
use his mouth in the contest but should display his
speeial skill by the use only of his hands. Whlien
the hearers decided that Apollo presented the more
just argument, their skills were again compared;
Marsyas was defeated. and Apollo, who had become
somewhat embittered by the quarrel, flayed the
defeated man alive. But quickly repenting and being
distressed at what he had done, he broke the strings of
the lyre and destroyed the harmony of sounds which
he had diseovered. This harmony of the strings, how-

ever, was rediscovered, wlien the Muses added later
the middle string. Linus the string struck with the
forefinger, and Orpheus and Thamyras the lowest

! ;.e, they were both using their breath; Marsyas to make
the pipes sound, Apollo to produce vocal notes.

215

DIODORUS OF SICILY

Oapipav bzdàrqQv kat zapuzdrqv. TOv Ó AmoAÀo
$aciv eis TÓ &vrpov ToU Awv)cov Tüv Te KkiÜdpav
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«ai Üvaias karaóet£at ueyaAompereaováras, Mtoov ?
Tob BactÀéws eis Tabra ovduAokaAjoavros: TO O
ayáApari Tíjs Üceo0 -mapaoríájoau TapOdAews kai
Aéovras Óuà 7TÓ Óoketv T0 ToUTOV TipÓ)rov Tpadrjvat.

Ilepot uév ov pgw«Tpós Üeóv Toiabra qvÜoAo-
yetrau. Tapà Te TOÍs ODpvé£t kai Tots" ArAavz(ous
TOÍS vrapà TÓV wxKkeavov oikobow.

| So Dindorf: 7óv 0cóv àrvyoivrov D, &àrvyovvrov omitted
in Vulgate.
? Míóov Wesseling: Msjóov.

—

! Hermes had discovered the three-stringed lyre (cp. Book
1. 16. 1), and Apollo had presumably added four more strings.

276

BOOK III. so. 6-8

string and the one next to it.! And Apollo, they say.
laid away both the lyre and the pipes as a votive
offering in the cave of Dionysus, and becoming en-
amoured of Cybelé joined in her wanderings as far
as the land of the Hvperboreans.

But, the myth goes on to say, a pestilence fell
upon human beings throughout Phrygia and the
land ceased to bear fruit, and when the unfortunate
people inquired of the god how they might rid
themselves of their ills he commanded them, it is
said, to bury the bodv of Attis and to honour Cybelé
as a goddess. Consequently the Phrygians, since
the body had disappeared in the course of time,
made an image of the youth, before which they sang
dirges and by means of honours in keeping with his
cufering propitiated the wrath of him who had been
wronged; and these rites they continue to perform
down to our own lifetime. As for Cvbelé, in ancient
times they erected altars and performed sacrifices
to her yearly; and later they built for her a
costly temple in Pisinus of Phrygia, and estab-
lished honours and sacrifices of the greatest magnifi-
cence, Midas their king taking part in all these
works out of his devotion to beauty; and beside the
statue of the goddess they set up panthers and lions,
since it was the common opinion that she had first
been nursed by these animals.

Such, then, are the myths which are told about
the Mother of the Gods both among the Phrygians
and by the Atlantians who dwell on the coast of the
Ocean.

lt is these additional four strings which then had to be
rediscoverced.

211

DIODORUS OF SICILY

60. Mera 86 T5»v 'Ymepiovos TreÀevr?v puv0ÜoAÀo-
yoücu To)s vtoos TOU QO)pavob OwAéoÜa. Tov
PBaciAelav, àv bmápyew émtjaveorarovs "ArÀavra
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'Ymap£a: 9' "ArAÀavrt kat Üvyarépas émrá, Tàs
Kowéós ji€v az0 TOÜ varpos kaAovpuévas ' ArAavri-

! 'The account is resumed whieh was dropped at the end
of chap. 57.

? ''his phrase must be interpreted in the light of the con-
text and of the statement in Book 4. 27. 5, that Atlas
* discovered the spherical! nature of the stars." ^ Ancient
writers in many places refer to Atlas as the discoverer of
astronomy ; and since Diodorus is referring to the first

278

BOOK III. 60. 1-4

60. After the death of Hyperion,! the myth relates,
the kingdom was divided among the sons of Uranus,
the most renowned of whom were Atlas and Cronus.
Of these sons Atlas received as his part the regions
on the coast of the ocean, and he not only gave the
name of Atlantians to his peoples but likewise called
the greatest mountain in the land Atlas. They also
say that he perfected the science of astrology and
was the first to publish to mankind the doctrine of
the sphere? ; and it was for this reason that the idea
was held that the entire heavens were supported
upon the shoulders of Atlas, the myth darkly hinting
in this way at his discovery and description of the
sphere. There were born to him a number of sons,
one of whom was distinguished above the others for
his piety, justice to his subjects, and love of mankind,
his name being Hesperus. This king, having once
climbed to the peak of Mount Atlas, was suddenly
snatched away by mighty winds while he was making
his observations of the stars, and never was seen
again; and because of the virtuous life he had lived
and their pity for his sad fate the multitudes accorded
to him immortal honours and called the brightest ?
of the stars of heaven after him.

Atlas, the myth goes on to relate, also had seven
daughters, who as a group were called Atlantides

beginnings of astronomical thinking among the Greeks, we
have in these references to the *''doctrine of the sphere"
and the **spherical nature of the stars " a memory of the
Pythagorean quadrivium, in which **'sphaeric' means
astronomy, being the geometry of the sphere considered
solely with reference to the problem of accounting for the
motions of the heavenly bodies" (T. L. Heath, Greek
Mathematics, 1. p. 11).
3 Hesperus.
279

VOL. II. K

DIODORUS 4QF SICILY

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rÀetorov omitted by DF, Vogel.
«ai after dvÜpo mors deleted by Dindorf, Bekker, Vogel.
aí added by Reiske.

eo r2

280

BOOK III. 6o. 4-61. 1

after their father, but their individual names were
Maea, Electra, Taygete, Steropé, Merope, Hal-
cyoné, and the last Celaeno. "These daughters lay
with the most renowned heroes and gods and thus
became the first ancestors of the larger part of the
race of human beings, giving birth to those who,
because of their high achievements, came to be
called gods and heroes : Maea the eldest, for instance,
lay with Zeus and bore Hermes, who was the dis-
coverer of manv things for the use of mankind;
similarly the other Atlantides also gave birth to
renowned children, who became the founders in
some instances of nations and in other cases of cities.
Consequentlv, not only among certain barbarians
but among the Grecks as well, the great majority of
the most ancient heroes trace their descent back to
the Atlantides. These daughters were also dis-
tinguished for their chastity and after their dcath
attained to immortal honour among men, by whom
they were both enthroned in the heavens and endowed
with the appellation of Pleiades! "The Atlantides
were also called " nvmphs " because the natives
of that land addressed their women by the eommon
appellation of " nymph."'?

61. Cronus, the brother of Atlas, the myth con-
tinues, who was a man notorious for his impietv and
greed, married his sister Rhea, by whom he begat that
Zeus who was later called the Olympian." But there
had been also another Zeus, the brother of Uranus

| [t has been conjectured that the name is derived from
the verb **to sail " ( Pleo), since this constellation rose at the
beginning of the sailing season.

? $e. in addressing their women they did not distinguish
between the married and unmarried, as most Greeks did.

251

DIODORUS OF SICILY

Kris BacuAevoarra, 77) 008m TOÀ Aeumojievov
2 ToU |erayeveaTépov. ToDrov pév. ov BaouAeboat
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1 pwÜoAoyoot ABD, ta Topobot II, Jacoby.
? roUr«v after rózov deleted by Dindort.

282

BOOK III. 6r. 1-4

and a kinz ot Crete, who. however, was far less
famous than the Zeus who was born at a later time.!
Now the latter was king over the entire world,
whereas the earlier Zeus, who was lord of the above-
mentioned island. begat ten sons who were given the
name of Curetes; and the island he named after his
wife Idaea, and on it he died and was buried. and the
place which received his grave is pointed out to our
day. The Cretans, however. have à myth which
does not agree with the storv given above, and we
shall give a detailed account of it when we speak of
Crete.? Cronus, they say, was lord of Sicilv and
Libva. and Italy as well, and, in a word, established
his kingdom over the regions to the west; and
everywhere he occupied with garrisons the com:
manding hills and the strongholds of the regions,
this being the reason why both throughout Sicily and
the parts which incline towards the west many of
the lofty places are called to this day after him
'* Cronia.

Zeus, however, the son of Cronus, emulated a
manner of life the opposite of that led by his father,
and since he showed himself honourable and friendly
to all, the masses addressed him as " father." As
for his succession to the kingly power. some say that
his father vielded it to him of his own accord, but
others state that he was chosen as king by the masses
because of the hatred they bore towards his father,
and that when Cronus made war against him with
the aid of the Titans, Zeus overcame him in battle.
and on gaining supreme power visited all the
inhabited world, conferring benefactions upon the

LA. the Olmplan." * ]n Book 5. 64 tf.
283

U»

DIODORUS OF SICILY

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Tv guév oóv zapà Tots 'ArAavríow 0eoAo-
yovévov Tà KeódAÀaua raÜT. éoTiv.

62. 'Hpets 0 émet mpoeuiikaquev év Tots AcyvrrTta-
Kois cepi Tfjs TOU AtovÜcov yevéaecs kai rÀv Üz
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LU) yeyovéva. 7TÓ wapázav ámoQawopevot, 77v Oe

1 'This is another form of tlie name *' Zeus, and also the
infinitive of tbe verb ''live."

284

DOOK III. 6r. 5-62. 2

race of men. He was pre-eminent also in bodilv
strength and in all the other qualities of virtue and
for this reason quickly became master of the entire
world. And in general he showed all zeal to punish
impious and wieked men and to show kindness to
the masses. Inreturn for all this, after he had passed
from among men he was given the name of Zén,!
because he was the cause of right '' living " among
men, and those who had received his favours showed
him honour by enthroning him in the heavens, all
men eagerly acclaiming him as god and lord for ever
of the whole universe.

These, then, are in summary the facts regarding
the teachings of the Atlantians about the gods.

62. Dut since we have previously made mention,
in connection with our discussion of Egvpt, of the
birth of Dionysus and of his deeds as they are
preserved in the local histories of that country? we
are of the opinion that it is appropriate in this place
to add the myths about this god which are current
among the Greeks. But since the early composers
of myths and the early poets who have written
about Dionvsus do not agree with one another and
have committed to writing many monstrous tales, it
is a difficult undertaking to give a clear account of
the birth and deeds of this god. For some have
handed down the story that there was but one
Dionysus, others that there were three,? and there
are those who state that there was never any birth
of him in human form whatsoever, and think that

? Cp. Book 1. 23.
? Cicero (Un the Nature of the Gods, 3. 98) said there had been
live,

285

DIODORUS OF SICILY

Tob otvov 600w Awuvvoov elvat voutLovres. | Ovómep
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meipaaópueUa. GUVTÓJLOS emipajuetv.

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| '*'Twice-born."
? i,e. the Titans, or * sons of earth."

286

BOOK Il. 62. 2-7

the word Dionysus means only " the gift of wine "
(oinou dosis). For this reason we shall endeavour to
run over briefly only the main facts as they are given
by each writer.

Those authors, then, who use the phenomena of
nature to explain this god and call the fruit of the
vine * Dionysus " speak like this: The earth brought
forth of itself the vine at the same time with the
other plants and it was not originally planted by
some man who discovered it. And they allege as
proof of this the fact that to this day vines grow wild
in many regions and bear fruit quite similar to that
of plants which are tended by the experienced hand
of man. Furthermore, the early men have given
Dionysus the name of " Dimetor," ! reckoning it as
a single and first birth when the plant is set in the
ground and begins to grow, and as a second birth
when it becomes laden with fruit and ripens its
clusters, the god. therefore, being considered as
having been born once from the earth and again from
the vine. And though the writers of myths have
handed down the account of a third birth as well, at
which, as they say, the Sons of Gaia ? tore to pieces
the god, who was a son of Zeus and Demeter, and
boiled him, but his members were brought together
again by Demeter and he experienced a new birth
as if for the first time, such accounts as this they
trace back to certain causes found in nature. For
he is considered to be the son of Zeus and Demeter,
they hold, by reason of the fact that the vine gets
its growth both from the earth and from rains and
so bears as its fruit the wine which is pressed out
from the clusters of grapes: and the statement that
he was torn to pieces, while yet a youth, by the

287

DIODORUS OF SICILY

TÓV yewnpyóv acvykopuiOTrv TÓv kapmOv, | Tyv O€
kaÜélmow TÀv ueÀÓv uepvÜorovoÜ0a. Ou TO ToUs
TrÀeia Tous érew TOv oivov kai uioyovras eo«0eaTé-
pav a)ToD kat DeAriova TT)jv vow karackevábew:
TO 0€ rà ? Dmrà TÓV yuyevóv AvpavÜévra TÀv peAQv
áppocÜévra máÀw ém Tiv mpoyeyevnp.évmv $oow
aTokaÜieracÜa mapep.óatvew Ort T&Àw 1 yf TÜV
rpvyrÜetaav GpmreAov Kat TuTnÜetaav - TOig KaT. €TOS
copaus ets T)V TpoUrápéacav év Trà xaprro$opetv
Gk amokaDiarnot. kaÜóAÀov yap UTO TÓV ap-
xai T'owráv kat uvÜoypádcov Tív Adjjpmrpav yv
Hxyrépo. rrpoca-yopeveaÜa. aUp.bcova. 0é TOUTOLS
etvat Tá T€ ÓrjAoUpieva Oud. TÓÀYV Op$ucv movpárav
KQL TÀ mrapeuayóp.eva kaTà TÓS reAerás, mrept QV
o) Üéuis Trois djTOig LoTOpeiv và karà pépos.

Opots 0c kat T)V ék 2euéÀgs yéveow eis
vows Gpxàs aváyovgw, Gmoóawóprevot (Ovovnv
UTrÓ TÓYV Gpxatav ru ytfv cvopáataz, «ai reUetaÜa.
TV mpoamyoptay ? AiepéAv pév/ àmO Tob cep]
elvau TTjs Üco TaUTI)S TT)V emuLéAeuav kat Tuv,
Ovovgv 9' à-w0o vOv Üvouévwv a)v5 Üvow)v ka:
ÜvnAOv. Ois 9 aDToO 71v yéveow éx Ais mapaóe-
O00Üac OX, TO ÓOoketv uerà rv àAÀÀcv €v T kar
vOv AevkaALc)va karakÀvoauQ $Üaptfvau kat Tovrovs

! Quà TO ros ávÜpomovs TÜ)v yiüv Anuugrpav vogtltew after
«apráv deleted by Reiske.
? 70 0€ rà Dindorf: ra 8.
? kai after mpoomnyopíav deleted by Eichstüdt.

! An epithet of the Giants, who were the sons of Gaia
SSEREREM S7). |
* Literally, the ** workers of the earth." Here the M53.

288

BOOK IIl. 62. 7-10

* earth-born " ! signifies the harvesting of the fruit
by the labourers,;? and the boiling of his members
has been worked into a myth by reason of the fact
that most men boil the wine and then mix it, thereby
improving its natural aroma and quality. Again, the
account of his members, which the ''earth-born "
treated with despite, being brought together again
and restored to their former natural state, shows
forth that the vine, which has been stripped of its
fruit and pruned at the vearly seasons, is restored
by the earth to the high level of fruitfulness which it
had before. For, in general, the ancient poets and
writers of myths spoke of Demeter as Gé Meter
(Earth Mother). And with these stories the teach-
ings agree which are set forth in the Orphic poems
and are introduced into their rites, but it is not
lawful to recount them in detail to the uninitiated.

In the same manner the account that Dionysus
was born of Semelé they trace back to natural
beginnings, offering the explanation that Thuoné 3
was the name which the ancients gave to the earth,
and that this goddess received the appellation
Semelé because the worship and honour paid to her
was dignified (semné), and she was called T/Awuoné
because of the sacrifices (fAusia?) and burnt offerings
(thuelai) which were offered (thwomena?) to her.
Furthermore, the tradition that Dionysus was born
twice of Zeus arises from the belief that these fruits
also perished in common with all other plants in the
flood at the time of Deucalion, and that when they

interpolate the explanation '' because men consider the earth
to be Demeter "; ep. Book 1. 12. 4.

3 'Thyoné was the name whieh was given Semelé after she
was received into the circle of the gods (cp. Book 4. 25. 4).

289

DIODORUS OF SICILY

TOUS kKkapmOUs, KGL perà Tiv émopupiav TüAw
avaéUvrov comepet Oevrépav ému$üveuav. TaUTqv
onáp£au ToU Ücob map avÜpcymous, kaÜ" Tv ék ToO
Atos unpot yeveota. máAw TOv Ocóv! nepwÜomocdi-
cÜa:. oi Lev oov T7V ypetav kai OUvajuv TOÜ KaTa
TOV OLVOV eop?jiaros dro $a4yOptevot Aóvvcov
Drdpyew TotaUTG. Tel aoroD p.v O0oAoyobat.

63. Tóv O€ pvÜoypádcv oL ocpa-roetóf) TOV Üeóv
mapewráyovres TTV [6v eUpeotv Tíjs ajuméAov kai
óvreiav kat nrücay TTV T€pi TOV oivov 7 poyp.aretay
avp. divas a)TÓ TpoGGTTOUOL, Trepi O€ rot zrÀetous
yeyovévat Acovóaovs. apduopurobow. | évot pev
yàp €va Kai TOV aDTOV Gmodatvovrat yeveota. TÓv
T€ karaóetcavro. Tà KdQTQà TÓs otvoroOotas kai
gv'ykopaOos TÓY £vÀtvov kaAovp.évav kaprráv. kat
TÓV GTpaTevadp.evov émi nácav T"V oikovpévnv,
er O€ TOV TO pvomipua kai TeÀeràs kai Bakxeias
eiayrjaaqievov €vLoL o6, kaÜámep T» poetrrov, Tpeis
ÜmooTQGdjJevVou yeyovéva, karà OwoTQkóras xpO-
VOUS, €KGOTO mpoaámrovatw (Qias Tpà£ets.

Kat $aoi TOV jéV GpyaióTaTOV vóov yeyovevaa,
KQi TÜS Xopas a)ToJLA COS. Ou& TT» «ükpaotav
$epovans rroAM]v apumreAov mpóyrov roOrov amoÜAtat
Bórpvas kai r"jv xpetav Tfjs rrept TOv oivov óUaeos

! robrov after Ocóv omitted CD, Vogel.

——— ASSERERE

! Cp. Book 2. 38. 4, and chap. 62 below. "The story of the
birth of Dionysus from the thigh of Zeus is partly etymo-
logical, Dio- from JD ios, the genitive form of the nominative

Zeus.
? The *''mythographi" appeared in Greek literature

290

BOOK III. 62. 10-63. 3

sprang up again after the Deluge it was as if there
had been a second epiphany of the god among men,
and so the myth was created that the god had been
born againfrom thethigh of Zeus.! Howeverthis may
be, those who explain the name Dionysus as signifying
the use and importance of the discovery of wine
recount such a myth regarding him.

63. Those mythographers,;? however, who repre-
sent the god as having a human form ascribe to him,
with one accord, the discovery and cultivation of the
vine and all the operations of the making of wine,
although they disagree on whether there was a
single Dionysus or several. Some, for instance, who
assert that he who taught how to make wine and to
gather " the fruits of the trees," ? as they are called,
he who led an army over all the inhabited world,
and he who introduced the mysteries and rites and
Bacchie revelries were one and the same person;
but there are others, as I have said, who conceive
that there were three persons, at separate periods,
and to each of these they ascribe deeds which were
peculiarly his own.

This, then, is their account: The most ancient
Dionysus was an Indian, and since his country,
because of the excellent climate, produced the vine
in abundance without cultivation, he was the first
to press out the clusters of grapes and to devise the
use of wine as a natural product, likewise to give the

towards the close of the fourth century B.c. By that time the
myths tended to drop out of sober historical writing and to
become the subject of separate treatises, the writers of such
works being called by the Greeks '' mythographi."

3 ' This was à vernacular term used to include wine, fruit,
olive-oil, etc., as opposed to cereals ('' dry fruit "').

291

DIODORUS OF SICILY

ézwoTcou, Onotos O6 kai! vÓÀv oUkcv kai TÓv
dAÀcv ákpoOpocv Tiv kaÜwkovcav émwiéAeuav
rrovjoacUat, Ka kaÜóAov TO mpós Tv OVyKO-
puoTv kat vapáDeaw * TOUTOV TÓV kaprráv égwof-
cau, TOV aUTOV Óé xat Ka TOTO JGVO. Aéyovat
yevéaÜa. 0.4 TO Toig 'lvóois vópupLov. etvat péypt
Tfjs 7eAevríjs émuLeAQs vuoTpéQew TOUS TO/ycvas.

4 TOv 0. oüv Auvucov érecAMÜóvra pera oTpaToméOov
Tücav TT)Vv oikovuévqv Ol0á£at Tv T€ $uTeiav TÍjs
ajméAov kai Trv €év Talis AÀqvots azo0Àujw Tàv
Borpicav: ad ob Amnvatov o. DTOV ovop.ao0fjvaa.
ótoteos O6 xat TV GÀ eüpnid Tov peraóóvra.
TG. TUX€lv aUTOV jer TUVO e£ avÜpcxrov perá-
cgracw GÜavarov Tusi]s mapa. TOÍS €) 7aÜotow.

5 DeikvuaÜau 0€ «ap lvoots Héxpt TOU vüv TOV T€
TÓTOV ev o cvvépy yevécÜa. TÓV Üeóv kai mrpoan-
yopías zóAecv à dm d aorob Ka TQ T) TOV €yycopicv
OudÀekTov: kat voÀÀG érepa DLaquévew a&uóAovya
Tekpajpua. Tíjs 7ap' 'lvGois yevéaecs, mepi óv
uakpóv àv et ypáoew.

64. AeUrepov Ó€ pvÜoAoyotot yevea0a. ALovUGOV
ek Aus kat Depoeóóvys, c)g OÉ Tiv€s, ék Adjurpos.
TOUTOV óc mapewrdyovat "prov BoÜs UT porpov
Ceo£au, TO mpÓ ToU 7a(s yepaoi àv &vÜpcyz cov TV
yfiv karepyabop.evo». rroÀAa O€ ka. GÀAa $uÀo-
TéXvos € enurofjaat àv TpOs TT7)V yecpytav xpnoü.cov,
OU Qv amoAvÜTv aL TOUS OxAovs 7fjs 3 voAMis kakora-

2 Üelag: àvÜ dv ro)s c0 vaÜóvras dzovetuac Tuas

tory after xai deleted by Dindorf.
? kai mapáÜeow added by Dindorf (cp. 2. 38. 5; 3. 56. 3).
? Here the MSS. add 8&9 xai PTS DEUS eM which
editors omit as an interpolation; cp. 5 4 below.

292

BOOK III. 63. 3-64. 2

proper care to the figs and other fruits which grow
upon trees, and, speaking generally, to devise what-
ever pertains to the harvesting and storing of these
fruits. The same Dionysus is, furthermore, said to
have worn a long beard, the reason for the report
being that it is the custom among the Indians to
give great care, until their death, to the raising of a
beard. Now this Dionysus visited with an army all
the inhabited world and gave instruction both as to
the culture ofthe vine and the crushing of the clusters
in the wine-vats (lenot), which is the reason why the
god was named Lenaeus. Likewise, he allowed all
people to share in his other discoveries, and when he
passed from among men he received immortal honour
at the hands of those who had received his bene-
factions. l'urthermore, there are pointed out among
the Indians even to this day the place where it came
to pass that the god was born, as well as cities which
bear his name in the language of the natives;! and
many other notable testimonials to his birth among
the Indians still survive, but it would be a long task
to write of them.

64. The second Dionysus, the writers of myths
relate, was born to Zeus by Persephoné, though some
say it was Demeter. Fe is represented by them as
the first man to have yoked oxen to the plough,
human beings before that time having prepared the
ground by hand. Many other things also, which are
useful for agriculture, were skilfully devised by him,
whereby the masses were relieved of their great
distress; and in return for this those whom he had

Pp. BookL. 19. 7.

3 am Dindorf: orc.

204

DIODORUS OF SICILY

icoÜéovs abrQ kai Üvotas, mrpoUvpuos. GmrávToY
avÜpcrreyv Ó.à. TO uévyeÜos Tfjs cóepyeatas droveuidv-
TOV TV aDavaciav. mrapáonpov O0 aUTÓ vrovíjaa
KÉépara TOUS karackevdálovras TÀS ypad$ás 7| TOUS
avOpiávras, àpa pev OnAÀobvras érépav Awovícov
$vow, àpa Oé dzO Tijs wepi TO Gporpov evpéacens
éuóaivovras TO qéyeÜos Tíjs émwownÜetons ois
yecpyots eUypnorias.

Toéirov Oé yevéoÜaw. Awvvvoóv. daow év Ora
rais Boworíauis ék Atos kat XeuéAns Tfis KdOpov.
jiu ÜoAoyo6at yap epaaÜévra. Ata. puytjvas TÀeo-
vdkis QUTÍj Oud TO kdAAos, T?)v O9. "Hpav 6mAo-
TuTOÜcav kai DBovÀouévmv Tuwopia. — vrepiBaAety
T)v &vÜporrov, oyowoÜ fva. uév ruv rv aroOoyfis
Tvyyavovaóv Tap' aUTfj yuvaucv, rapakpovcacÜa.
O€ TOV LepéAyv: eire yap Trpós abTT ÓTL kaÜj-
KOV KL TOv Aia pera Ts aUríjs erjavetas Té kai
Tufjs mrouetaÜa. TTV Op4Aav 3) qmep xp&rau. kará Ti
zpos v)v "Hpav cvpmepijopáv. Oi0 kai TOV piév
Aía, Trfs LeuéÀAgs à£uiovoms Tvyyàvew TÓv iocv
"Hpa Twuidv, wapayevécÜau. pera povrOv kat
Kepavvdv, Tv Oe 2£euéAqv oUx bmojLetvagav TÓ
n€yeÜos Ts mepuaTáaecs TeAevríjoaa KQL TO Bpédos
ékrpóaa. Trpo ToO kaÜ"jicovros Xpovov. Kai TOÜTO
u€v TÓv Aa raxécs eis TÓv éavroÜU umnpov éykpbau
pera 0€ TaÜra ToÜ kard $vcw TS yevéaeos
Xpóvou. TTV TeÀeiay aemou zroujaavros dT€vey-
Kev TO Bpédos eis Nócav Tíjs 'Apafüas. évraü0a
O' oT vup.óOv Tpadévra TOv sro.i0a. mpocayopevÜf-
va. jL€v àTO TOÜ gzaTpós KQL TOU TOxOU AtÓvvoov,

294

BOOK III. 64. 2-6

benefited accorded to him honours and sacrifices like
those offered to the gods, since all men were eager,
because of the magnitude of his service to them, to
accord to him immortality. And as a special symbol
and token the painters and sculptors represented
him with horns, at the same time making manifest
thereby the other nature of Dionysus and also
showing forth the magnitude of the service which
he had devised for the farmers by his invention of
the plough.

The third Dionysus, they sav, was born in Boeotian
'Thebes of Zeus and Semelé, the daughter of Cadmus.!
The myth runs as follows: Zeus had become en-
amoured of Semelé and often, lured by her beauty,
had consorted with her, but Hera, being jealous and
anxious to punish the girl, assumed the form of one
of the women who was an intimate of Semelé's and
led her on to her ruin; for she suggested to her that
it was fitting that Zeus should lie with her while
having the same majesty and honour in his outward
appearance as when he took Hera to his arms.
Consequently Zeus, at the request of Semelé that
she be shown the same honours as Hera, appeared
to her accompanied by thunder and lightning, but
Semelé, unable to endure the majesty of his gran-
deur, died and brought forth the babe before the
appointed time. This babe Zeus quickly took and
hid in his thigh, and afterwards, when the period
which nature prescribed for the child's birth had
completed its growth, he brought it to Nvsa in
Arabia. "There the boy was reared by nymphs and
was given the name Dionysus after his father (Dios)
and after the place (Vysa) ; and since he grew to be

! Cp. the other account of this Semelé in Book 1. 23. 4 f.
295

lÍ-

DIODORUS OF SICILY

yevop.evov Oc TÓ KAÀÀe. Ou&dopov TO uév mpi Tov
€v Xopetaus Kai yvvaucOv Üu&cots kat ravroóaí)
rpvósü kai mrauóvà OuyTeÀetv* — eva oc rara
gTpaTÓTzeOov ék TÓV yvvaudv cvvavyaryóvra. ka
Üvpoots kaÜosAcsavra GTpaTeiav émi vácav Tou;
cagÜa. Tr» oikovuérmv. karaóeifa. O6 kai Tà
T€pi Tàg T&Àerüs kai peraóobüva. TOV pvoTnpiov
Totis eU0ceDéau. TÀv avÜpomwv xat Oikavov | Biov
agkKoÜci, pos O€ ToUTOilg TavTGXOÜ TavWyüpeus
dew Kai povGgiKoUs dyOvas guvTeÀetv, kai TO
gUvoÀov cvAÀÀvovra T&! vei vOv éÜvàv kai
TÓÀecv vri TÓV GTrüGenv kat TÓV TOoÀÉuov
Onóvo.uv Kai TOÀM)v eipnüvqgv xarackeváiew.
65. OaBonÜeiaqs 9é xarà váüvra rÓTOov Tíjs ToD
Ücob vrapovotas, kat OuOTU TrüGtw LIE zrpoaoepó-
jevos ToÀÀa cvuufáAAerat pos Tiv e&pnepooauw
TOU kKowoÜ0 fiov, zravónjue gvvavrüv a)TÓ kai
zrpogüéyeatat uerà | moÀÀMjs xopás. QAcycov o
Ovrcv TÓV OU Ünepióavtav ka. aoépeaw KQTQ.-
dpovoUvrav kai jackóvrav Tüs uev Bákxyas OU
GKpagiav GUTOV vrepuyeatas, Tüs Ó€ TreÀerás kai
rà uvaTy)pu. óÜopGs évexa. Tv üÀÀoTpiov yvvaukcdóv
karaóeucvUew, | koÀdáteoÜauv TroDg TovovTOovg Dm
aUTOÜU rapaxptjpua.. €vtore yap Tfà Tiüs Üeüas
$vaecns Urrepoxij Xpo)uevov ruucope taa. TOUS
acepets, TOTÉ HéVv aU)TOÍS eupáMovra ILAVvGaAv, TTOTÉ
0€ Tails TÓV yvvaudv wepgt Lóvras OuueAC-
Lovra: €viore 0€ kai Oià rfjg oTparmyucijs érwoias
! rà Bekker: 7a me.

! Wands wreathed in ivy and vine-leaves with a pine-cone
at the top.

296

BOOK III. 64. 6-6s. 3

of unusual beauty he at first spent his time at dances
and with bands of women and in every kind of luxury
and amusement, and after that, forming the women
into an army and arming them with thyrsi,! he made
a campaign over all the inhabited world. He also
instructed all men who were pious and cultivated a
life of justice in the knowledge of his rites and
initiated them into his mvsteries, and, furthermore,
in every place he held great festive assemblages and
celebrated musical contests ;? and, in a word, he
composed the quarrels between the nations and
cities and created concord and deep peace where
there had existed civil strifes and wars.

65. Now since the presence of the god, the myth
coes on to say, became noised abroad in every region,
and the report spread that he was treating all men
honourably and contributing greatly to the refine-
ment of man's social life, the whole populace every-
where thronged to meet him and welcomed him with
great joy. There were a few, however, who, out of
disdain and impiety, looked down upon him and
kept saying that he was leading the Daechantes
about with him because of his incontinence and was
introducing the rites and the mysteries that he might
thereby seduce the wives of other men, but such
persons were punished by him right speedily. For
in some cases he made use of the superior power
which attended his divine nature and punished the
impious, either striking them with madness or causing
them while still living to be torn limb from limb by
the hands of the women ; in othercases he destroyed
such as opposed him by a military device which took

? e.g. the *' Dionysia."

29]

DIODORUS OF SICILY

zapa8ó£«s àvatpetv ToUs évavriozrparyobvras. dva-
O.00va« yàp rats Dákyaus àvrt TOV ÜUpowv Aóyyas
TÓ KwTTÓ kekaYvpuévas 77v àkpajv ToU at9y)pov: Ou
«ai TÀv Daciéov Ou TT)» ü'yvouav karadpovolvrav
ds àv yuvaukdv, kat 0.4 ToÜT. àzapaokeUov óvrav,
àveAm(aTws émvwrÜéuevov karakovrilGew. TÀv O€
koÀacÜévrwov o7 av7roU óacw émtóaveardrovs elvat
ILev0éa uév zapà Tots "EAAqgo:, Mvppavov 9é Tov
PBacuMéa map! 'lvóots, Avukoüpyov Oé mapa Tots
Opaéi. pvÜoAoyobot: yàp TOv Awvvcov ék Tis
'Aaías uéAAovra TT5v OUvapaw Owapwpátew ets Tv
Epor v, ovv0éoÜa. quALav zpos Avkobpyov TOV
(pdkns BaciAéa Tfjs ed EAAjomóvro: oua pia.
cavros O€ aoro mpxoras Tàs Dákyas cs ets duALay
Xcpav, TOV pev AvkoÜpyov mapayyetAa TOS
OTpaTuGyTOAS VUKTOS emÜcaÜa. Kat TÓV T€ Nióvvoov
Kai ràs uaivdáOas Tácas dveAÀetv, TOv 0€ Auóvvaov
zapd Twos TÓv éÉyy«cpiov, ós ékaAetro Xápoy,
uaÜóvra. Trv émovArv karamAayfvau. Ou& TO TQV
OUvauuv év TÓ Tépav eivai, mavreÀQs Ó. OoÀCyovs
a)TÀ TÓÀV $iÀov cvvOuDeBoukévas. Ovómep. AáÜpa.
TOUTOU OLaTÀeUcavros Tipos TO GóéTepov oc7paTÓ-
TeO00v, TOv uév Avkoüpyóv $aow émÉéuevov Tas
uawáocw ev T kaAovuévq: Nvato «doas àzokret-
vat, TOv Oé Áwvvaov mepawocarvra TÓS OÓvvapeus
Láxn kparca,. TOV Opqakóv, kai rÓóv AvkoDpyov
cvypicavra TvQÀÓcai( Te kat mwüoav atkiav
eig eveyKdáj.evov üdvaoTavpOGat. perà 0é rabTa TÓ
nuév Xdápomi xdpiw acvoOi0óvra Tfj eUepyeoías
vapaooüvac. Tv TOv Opakóàv PaotAetav kat Qu:óa£at
TÀ KQTQà Tüs TeÀerGs Ópyuia: Xápomos O viv yevó-

298

BOOK III. 6s. 3-6

them by surprise. For he distributed to the women,
instead of the thyrsi, lances whose tips of iron were
covered with ivy leaves; consequently, when the
kings in their ignorance disdained them because they
were women and for this reason were unprepared,
he attacked them when thev did not expect it and
slew them with the spears. Among those who were
punished by him, the most renowned, they say, were
Pentheus among the Greeks, Myrrhanus the king of
the Indians, and Lycurgus among the Thracians.
For the myth relates that when Dionysus was on
the point of leading his force over from Asia into
Europe, he concluded a treaty of friendship with
Lycurgus, who was king of that part of Thrace which
lies upon the Hellespont. Now when he had led
the first of the Bacchantes over into a friendly land,
as he thought, Lycurgus issued orders to his soldiers
to fall upon them by night and to slay both Dionysus
and all the Maenads, and Dionysus, learning of the
plot from a man of the country who was called
Charops, was struck with dismay, because his army
was on the other side of the Hellespont and only a
mere handful of his friends had crossed over with
him. Consequently he sailed across secretly to his
army, and then Lycurgus, they say, falling upon the
Maenads in the city known as Nysium, slew them all,
but Dionysus, bringing his forces over, conquered
the Thracians in a battle, and taking Lycurgus alive
put out his eyes and inflicted upon him every kind
of outrage, and then crucified him. "Thereupon, out
of gratitude to Charops for the aid the inan had
rendered him, Dionysus made over to him the king-
dom of the Thracians and instructed him in the secret
rites connected with the initiations; and Oeagrus,

299

DIODORUS OF SICILY

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caecos Tob Ücoü 70 uéypt T0U vüv Tera ypévots ypóvots
300

BOOK IIl. 65. 6-66. 2

the son of Charops, then took over both the king-
dom and the initiatory rites which were handed
down in the mysteries, the rites which afterwards
Orpheus, the son of Oeagrus, who was the superior
of all men in natural gifts and education, learned
from his father; Orpheus also made many changes
in the practices and for that reason the rites which
had been established by Dionysus were also called
" Orphic."

But some ofthe poets, one of whom is Antimachus,!
state that Lycurgus was king, not of Thrace, but of
Arabia, and that the attack upon Dionysus and the
Bacchantes was made at the Nvsa which is in Arabia.
However this may be, Dionvsus, they say, punished
the impious but treated all other men honourably,
and then made his return journey from India to
Thebes upon anelephant. The entire time consumed
inthe journey was three years, and it is for this reason,
they say, that the Greeks hold his festival ev ery
other year. "The myth also relates that he gathered
a great mass of booty, such as would result M such
a campaign, and that he was the first of all men to
make his return to his native country in a triumph.

66. Now these accounts of the birth of Dionysus
are generally agreed upon by the ancient writers;
but rival claims are raised by not a few Greek cities
to having been the place of his birth. The peoples
of Elis and Naxos, for instance, and the inhabitants
of Eleutherae and Teos and several other peoples,
state that he was born in their cities. The Teans
advance as proof that the god was born among them
the fact that, even to this day, at fixed times in their

! Antimachus of Colophon lived in the latter part of the
fifth century B.c. in the period of the Peloponnesian War.

301

DIODORUS OF SICILY

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! dag" Khodomann: 6$aoty.

!1 Archaeological evidenee that a miraculous flow of wine
was eaused by the priests of a temple (of Dionysus?) of
the fifth eentury B.c. in Corinth is presented by Campbell
Bonner, ** A Dionysiae Miraele at Corinth," Am. Journal of
Archaeology, 33 (1929), 3865-75.

* Homeric Hymns, 1. 1-9.

302

BOOK III. 66. 2-3

city a fountain of wine,! of unusually sweet fragrance,
flows of its own accord from the earth ; and as for
the peoples of the other cities, they in some cases
point out a plot of land which is sacred to Dionysus,
in other cases shrines and sacred precincts which
have been consecrated to him from ancient times.
But, speaking generally, since the god has left behind
him in many places over the inhabited world evidences
of his personal favour and presence, it is not sur-
prising that in each case the people should think that
Dionysus had had a peculiar relationship to both
their city and country. And testimony to our
opinion is also offered by the poet in his Hymns;
when he speaks of those who lay claim to the birth-
place of Dionysus and, in that connection, represents
him as being born in the Nysa which is in Arabia:

Some Dracanum, wind-swept Icarus some,

Some Naxos, Zeus-born one, or Alpheius' stream

Deep-eddied, call the spot where Semelé

Bore thee, Eiraphiotes,? unto Zeus

Who takes delight in thunder; others still

Would place thy birth, O Lord, in Thebes. "Tis
false ;

lhe sire of men and gods brought thee to light,

Unknown to white-armed Hera, far from men.

There is a certain Nysa, mountain high,

With forests thick, in Phoenicé afar,

Close to Áegvptus' streams.

3 Of the seven explanations offered in antiquity for the
origin of this name for Dionysus the most probable is that
which derives it from the Greek word eriphos (** kid "), on
the basis of the myth that Zeus changed the infant D;onysus
into a kid which Hermes took to Nysa and turned over to
the Nymphs.

393

DIODORUS OF SICILY

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TpXOTOV Ypncapévcov Tots uerareÜetou yapakTijpat
994

BOOK Ill. 66. 4-67. 1

I am not unaware that also those inhabitants of
Libya who dwell on the shore of the ocean lay claim
to the birthplace of the god, and point out that
Nysa and all the stories which the myths record are
found among themselves, and many witnesses to this
statement, they say, remain in the land down to our
own lifetime; and lI also know that many of the
ancient Greek writers of myths and poets, and not
a few of the later historians as well, agree with this
in their accounts. Consequently, in order not to
omit anything which history records about Dionysus,
we shall present in summary what is told by the
Libyans and those Greek historians whose writings
are in accord with these and with that Dionysius !
who composed an account out of the ancient fabulous
tales. For this writer has composed an account of
Dionysus and the Amazons, as well as of the Argo-
nauts and the events connected with the Trojan
War and many other matters, in which he cites the
versions of the ancient writers, both the composers
of myths and the poets.

607. This, then, is the account of Dionysius:
Among the Greeks Linus was the first to discover
the different rhythms and song, and when Cadmus
brought from Phoenicia the letters, as they are called,
Linus was again the first to transfer them into the
Greek language, to give a name to each character,
and to fix its shape. Now the letters, as a group,
are called "" Phoenician " because they were brought
to the Greeks from the Phoenicians, but as single
letters the Pelasgians were the first to make use of
the transferred characters and so they were called

! Cp. p. 246, n. 2.
395

-—

DIODORUS OF SICILY

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! Oauvpw CF. * rà added by Dindorf.

! Asour knowledge of the history of the development of the
Greek letters has increased in recent years and as early
Phoenician and Semitie inscriptions have come to light, all
the evidence confirms the Greek tradition tbat their alphabet
was derived from the Phoenician. The question now is,
How early did the Phoenician letters appear on the Greek
mainland? The ''palace" of Cadmus, if Cadmus is an
historical figure, has been discovered in n Thebes, and may be
roughly dated around 1400-1200 s.c.; and ''letters " were

3006

BOOK III. 67. r-

" Pelasgic." ! Linus also, who was admired because
of his poetry and singing, had many pupils and
three of greatest renown, Heracles, Thamyras, and
Orpheus. Ofthese three Heracles, who was learning
to play the lyre, was unable to appreciate what was
taught him because of his sluggishness of soul, and
once when he had been punished with rods by Linus
he became violently angry and killed his teacher
with a blow of the lyre. Thamyras, however, who
possessed unusual natural ability, perfected the art
of music and claimed that in the excellence of song
his voice was more beautiful than the voices of the
Muses. Whereupon the goddesses, angered at him,
took from him his gift of musice and maimed the man,
even as Homer also bears witness when he writes ?:

There met the Muses Thamyris of Thrace
And made an end of his song ;

and a cain:

But him, enraged, they maimed, and from him took
The gift of song divine and made him quite
Forget his harping.

About Orpheus, the third pupil, we shall give a

detailed account when we come to treat of his deeds.?

found in it, but they were not of Semitie origin. See Rhys
Carpenter, ** Letters of Cadmus," 4m. Journ. of Philology,
56 (1935), 5-13. "The present evidence appears to indicate
that the Greeks took over the Phoenician letters around 800
B.C. Arguments for this view, an excellent brief discussion of
the more recent literature, and two Tables showing the forms
of Semitic letters between the thirteenth and eighth centuries
B.C. and of the earliest Greek letters, are E by John Day,
in The Classical. Weekly, 28 (1934), 650-9 (Dec. 10), 73- 50
(Dee. IT).

2? Iliad 2. 591—5, and 5990-600 below. ? Cp. Book 4. 25.

397

DIODORUS OF SICILY

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$» O0 t e

308

BOOK III. 67. 4-68. 2

Now Linus, they say, composed an account in the
Pelasgic letters of the deeds of the first. Dionysus
and of the other mythical! legends and left them
among his memoirs. And in the same manner use
was made of these Pelasgic letters by Orpheus and
Pronapides who was the teacher of Homer and a
gifted writer of songs; and also by Thymoetes, the
son of Thymoctes, the son of Laomedon, who lived
at the same time as Orpheus, wandered over many
regions of the inhabited world, and penetrated to
the western part of Libva as far as the ocean. He
also visited Nysa, where the ancient natives of the
citv relate the myth that Dionysus was reared there,
and, after he had learned from the Nvsaeans of the
deeds of this god one and all, he composed the
" Phrygian poem," as it is called, wherein he made
use of the archaic manner both of speech and of
letters.

68. Dionvsius, then, continues his account as
follows: Ammon, the king of that part of Libya,
married a daughter of Uranus who was called Hhea
and was a sister of Cronus and the other Titans.
Ánd once when Ammon was going about his king-
dom, near the Ceraunian Mountains, as they are
called, he came upon a maiden of unusual beauty
whose name was Amaltheia. And becoming en-
amoured of her he lay with the maiden and begat
a son of marvellous beauty as well as bodily vigour,
and Amaltheia herself he appointed mistress of all
the region round about, which was shaped like the
horn of a bull and for this reason was known as

31 The narrative of Dionysius is apparently resumed from
the end of chapter 61.

309

DIODORUS OF SICILY

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pov. «iva Ó€ Tfjs vijoou TTV [ev "pam etoBoArv
adÀanoef,, T ÓgktoV bot (S KG. TTUKVOLS DcvOpeouv,
coTe TÓv TÀvov uy) savrásaot OuuAdqmew Ou TTV
cvváykeuav, aDynry» óe uóvqv ópácÜac ówrós.

69. IIávry 9é xarà Tàs vapóOovs mpoxetoÜat

! myatots Dindorf: «5ztow D, kgretou C, kgzetais F.
? rov added by Dindort.

310

BOOK III. 68. 2-69. 1

Hesperoukeras!; and the region, because of the
excellent quality of the land, abounds in every variety
of the vine and all other trees which bear cultivated
fruits. When the woman whom we have just men-
tioned took over the supreme power the country
was named after her Amaltheias Keras?; conse-
quently the men of later times, for the reason which
we have just given, likewise call any especially
fertile bit of ground which abounds in fruits of every
kind " Amaltheia's Horn."

Now Ammon, fearing the jealousy of Rhea, con-
cealed the affair and brought the boy secretly to a
certain city called Nysa, which was at a great distance
from those parts. "This citv lies on a certain island
which is surrounded by the river Triton and is pre-
cipitous on all sides save at one place where there is
a narrow pass which bears the name '" Nysaean
Gates." The land of the island is rich, is traversed
at intervals by pleasant meadows and watered by
abundant streams from springs, and possesses every
kind of fruit-bearing tree and the wild vine in
abundance, which for the most part grows up trees.
lhe whole region, moreover, has a fresh and pure
air and is furthermore exceedingly healthful; and
for this reason its inhabitants are the longest lived
of any in those parts. The entrance into the island
is like a glen at its beginning, being thicklv shaded
by lofty trees growing close together, so that the
sun never shines at all through the close-set branches
but only the radiance of its light may be seen.

69. Everywhere along the lanes, the account con-

! ** Horn of Hesperus."
* ** Horn of Amaltheia."

VOL. II. L

DIODORUS OF SICILY

myyós ÜOd cv Tjj yAvkÜTwT. OuadÓpov, core TÓV
rÓTOV elvat TOS BovAop.évois. evótarr pora. mpooyvéa-
raüTOv. fms O Drdpxew ivrpov TÓ év OX"LATL
kvkAorepés, TÓ Oé neyeOe KQi T KdÀAeL Üav-
acTóv. ÜmepkeiaÜat yàp airo0 TavTAxi Kpmuvóv
Tpoós vios éfaioiov, vérpas €yovra rois xypopaai
Ouuóópovs: évaAAaÉ yàp amooTiAMBew Tràs uév
ÜaÀarT(g TropóUpa. T')v xpóav éyovoas zrapasAjotov,
TÀs € Kvavà, TLVOS 2 GAÀAats $Uoeat mrepuAajuro-
jévaas, coTe pmoóév etvat Xpópua TÀv écpap.évoov
map. avÜperots Trept rÓv TÓTOV aDecoprov. mpó Óé
Trfjs etaóOov mre óvkévat 0évOpa ÜavpaoTd, rà. uév káp-
Tia, TQ. Ó€ eta], zpós aDTT)v uÓvov TT)v üTO .Tfis
0cas répiuv 0 UTTO Tis $Uceus DeOrpuovpynpévo év Oe
TOUTOLS cvveoTTeUeu ópvea zravroóamrá Tas $voeouw,
à To»V Xpoóaw €yetv emurepmi; kai Tiv p.eAcitaw
mpoorveorámmv. Ó,O ka. mávro. TÓV TÓTOV brrüpxeuv
Ly) nóvov compen). kara Tr»v Tpócojw, àÀÀà kal
kara TOV 1| 7XOv, cos. dv Tis a OroOt0d ToU yÀvkvóo-
víag vuk«coams T?]v évapp.óviov Tfs TÉéyv$s peAqav.
OucAÜóvr. Óé cTvw etooOov ÜecpetoÜau uév. àvrpov
dvaemTajLévov Kat Tjj karà TOv vÀvov ay Trepi-
Aapumrópuevov, avOn óc mravroOama mreóukóra., kat
uáAoTa. TÜ/V T€ KaGGiav kat rGÀÀa Trà OÓvvaàpeva OU
eva TOv Ota. dvAárTeuw TV e0o0(Lav: opáaÜau. àé
Kai vupóGv eüvàags év aDrÓQ mÀetovs é£ avÜóov
zavTOOQTV, oU xeiporroujrovs, GÀÀ wm a)ríüs
Tis $Uaeus aveuLéras Ücompemós. kaTá TüvTa, O€
TOV TÍjs mepuoepeias KÜkÀov oUT avÜos oUre $UAAOv
memTOKOs OpáoÜau.. Oi0 kat Tots Üecpévows o
póvov émvwrepmíj $atveo0a. r)v mpóaodjuv, aAA «ai
T)v eDcO(av mpoaveoTáToyv.
212

BOOK III. 69. 1-4

tinues, springs of water gush forth of exceeding
sweetness, making the place most pleasant to those
who desire to tarry there. Further in there is a
cave, circular in shape and of marvellous size and
beauty. For above and all about it rises a crag of
immense height, formed of rocks of different colours ;
for the rocks lie in bands and send forth a bright
gleam, some like that purple which comes from the
sea,! some bluish and others like every other kind of
brilliant hue, the result being that there is not a
colour to be seen among men which is not visible in
that place. Before the entrance grow marvellous
trees, some fruit-bearing, others evergreen, and all of
them fashioned by nature for no other end than to
delight the eye; and in them nest every kind of
bird of pleasing colour and most charming song.
Consequently the whole place is meet for a god, not
merely in its aspect but in its sound as well, since
the sweet tones which nature teaches are always
superior to the song which is devised by art. When
one has passed the entrance the cave is seen to widen
out and to be lighted all about by the rays of the
sun, and all kinds of flowering plants grow there.
especially the cassia and every other kind which has
the power to preserve its fragrance throughout the
vear; and in it are also to be seen several couches
of nymphs, formed of every manner of flower, made
not by hand but by the light touch of Nature herself,
in manner meet for a god. Moreover, throughout
the whole place round about not a flower or leaf is
to be seen which has fallen. Consequently those
who gaze upon this spot find not only its aspect
delightful but also its fragrance most pleasant.

! ;.e, the purple derived from the mollusc Murez brandaris.
3I3

DIODORUS OF SICILY

70. Ets ToOTo ov TO ivrpov TÓv "Ang.ova. 7rapa-
yevóp.evov vrapaDeaÜa. TÓv TaiÓa KaL rrapo.Qobva.
Tpé$ew Nvoy, AG TÀV "Aptoratov Üvyarépov: émv-
oT&TIV A abrob váfal TÓV "Aptaratov, àvÓpa. gv-
véoet kat oa ópocivn Kai máay matóeta, O.udépovra.
TpÓós 0é Tàs àmÓ Ts uayrpviás 'Péas emBovAas
$UAa«o.- TOÜ Tra4008 karaoríjgaa Tiv " AÜmváv, pukpóv
TpÓ TOUTOYV TÓV Xpovav. yqnyevij óavetoav éri Tob
Tptrovos vorago, 9v Óv Tpureovtóa. m poomyopeÜ-
c0a.. pvÜoAoyobat ó Tiv Üeóv casTqv éAouévqv
TÓV TüvTG xpóvov TTV vrapÜeviav oc $poguv T€
OLeveyketv Kai ràs mÀetoras TÀv Texvàv ec eupetv,
d»yxtvovv otcav ka" UrreppoAijv Cn Ac aaa Óé kai Tà
karTà rov TÓÀepov, aÀki, m kai pom Oa épovcav
aAAÀa. T€ TT0AÀQ npe. nvüpngs á£u. kat rrjv. Acyta
"rpoaa;yopevojLévrv aveAetv, Ünpiov Ti kararku-
Kóv Kat zravreAÓs OvGKa qai Tov. ynyevés yàp
Ümdpxov kai $vouds. ék TOÜ OTÓLGTOS GÀ; TOV
éxBaAAov $Aóya TÓ ev mrpóyrov davíjva: mepi TÜV
Dpvyiav, KaL karakaÜgaa T)V xcpav, Tv pBÉéxpt
ToU vOv karakekavuévgv Qpvyiav | ovonuáGecÜac
émevr émeAÜetv Trà vepi vóv laópov Op gvexás,
KaL kavrako boa. TOUS €Éíjs Opvp.oUs uéxpt Tijs
lvóudjs. pera Ó TGbTa mA ezi ÜdAacrav TTV
emávoOov mouoáp.evov Tepi pév T» Dowtkv
épTpiücau ToS KaTO TÓV AtBavov OpvLoUs, kal OU
AvyUmTOU rropevÜév eni TÍjs Auvns OLeABetv TOUS
Tepl T?)v éomépav TÓmOvs, kai TrÓ TeÀevraiov eis

RR M—— A MMMM—MM—M——À — M9 —ÁÀ— Á——ÓÀ— — 0

! Cp. Book 1l. 12. 8 for the explanation of the name
*""'Tritogeneia "' for Athena.

314

BOOK III. 7o. 1-4

10. Now to this cave, the account runs, Ammon
came and brought the child and gave him into the
care of Nysa, one of the daughters of Aristaeus; and
he appointed Aristacus to be the guardian of the
child, he being a man who excelled in understanding,
and in self-control, and in all learning. The duty of
protecting the boy against the plottings of his step-
mother Rhea he assigned to Athena, who a short
while before had been born of the earth and had
been found beside the river Triton, from which she
had been called Tritonis.! And according to the
myth this goddess, choosing to spend all her days in
maidenhood. excelled in virtue and invented most of
the crafts, since she was exceedingly ready of wit ;
she cultivated also the arts of war, and since she
excelled in courage and in bodily strength she per-
formed many other deeds worthy of memory and slew
the Aegis, asit was called, a certain frightful monster
which was a difficult antagonist to overcome. For it
was sprung from the earth and in accordance with
its nature breathed forth terrible flames of fire from
its mouth, and its first appearance it made about
Phrygia and burned up the land, which to this day
is called " Burned Phrygia ";? and after that it
ravaged unceasingly the lands about the "Taurus
mountains and burned up the forests extending from
that region as far as India. Thereupon, returning
again towards the sea round about Phoenicia, it sent
up in flames the forests on Mt. Lebanon, and making
its way through Egypt it passed over Libya to the
rcgions of the west and at the end of its wanderings

? Strabo (12. S. 18-19) says that this area of Phrygia was
oecupicd by Lydians and Mysians, aud that the cause of the
name was the frequent earthquakes.

ot9

-J

DIODORUS OF SICILY

TOUS Tepi Td Kepaivta Dpup.oUs eykaraakiyaa.
emu óAeyojuévis óc TÍS xcopas mrávr], Ka TÓÀYy
avÜpeyrov TOv uév GmoAAvpévov, TÓV Ó OL TOV
$ogov ékAewróvrcov 7Tàs -aTpióas kai pgakpàv
ékroT CoL évov, T -AUnyáv act và , uev cuvéaet
T OÓ dÀ«g kai pom mepvyevouévgv | àveAeitv
TO Üvjptov, Kai Tv Dopàv QUTOÜ zrepulraqiévmv
jon TÓ ori]Üe., 4. iv Okéms €vexa KQLi TÍS
$vAÀ oKfjs ToO 0G)p.a;ros "pos TOUS Vorepov KWOU-
VOUS, G0. o aperf]s ÓTOuvnLa Kat Oukaias oó£ns.
TV 0€ uyTépa. ToU Ünpiov Iv ópytoÜetoav ávetvat
TOUS ovop.aLop.évovs |'éyavras avTUTdAOvS TOS
Üceots, ovs voTepov $70 Aus avoawpeÜfvau, ovva-
ycviLouévus '"AÜ0nvás kai. Awovvcov puerà Tv
GÀÀcv Ücóv.

Ov Hav aÀAa TOv ÜAóvvoov év vf Nvoyg rpedó-
j.evov KaL [Leréyovra, TÓv kaAMoav emernboevpam av
AJ wovov yeveata. TÓ Kd Aet ka. 20. pop Ou.-
$opov, àÀÀà kat du órexvov ka. Trpos Try TÓ xpjot-
Mov ebperuwkOv. ézwoicat yap avTOv ért vaio, rT)V
TÀuiav Ovra TOÜ év otrov T5v d$iow Te kai

L ? / / ^ 5 tm E /
xpeiav, azoÜAubavra Bórpvs Tijs avroQvobUs ayré-
ÀAov, TOv O cpatov TG Ovvàpeva! émpatveoÜau
Kai Tpos amoÜqcavpusuov Oóvra xp"uoutia, pera
Oe rabTa ka. TàS €KdOTCOV Ka TG TpÓTOV $vreias
eÜpetv, kat PovAy8fjva: TÓ 'yévet TÓW avÜpcmrov
p.eraboOvau TÓV (ico eópniidreov, éArriGavra, Óud, TO
n.éyeÜos Tíjs e0epycotas aÜavarcov rev£eoÜa. ruv.

7l. 9s 9€ mept avTOv aàperífjs Te kat 00£ns Oua-
O.Go.évns, Aéyerac 71v. Péav 0pyvoÜetoav "Aupovt

! uév nfter óvrapeva. D, Vogel, Jacoby, omitted Vulgate,
Bekker, Dindorf.

316

DOOK III. 7o. 4-71. 1

fell upon the forests about Ceraunia. And since the
country round about was going up in flames and the
inhabitants in some cases were being destroyed and
in others were leaving their native countries in their
terror and removing to distant regions, Athena, they
say, overcoming the monster partly through her
intelligence and partly through her courage and
bodily strength, slew it, and covering her breast with
its hide bore this about with her, both as a covering
and protection for her body against later dangers,
and as a memorial of her valour and of her well-
merited fame. Gé (Earth), however, the mother of
the monster, was enraged and sent up the Giants,
as they are called, to fight against the gods ; but they
were destroyed at a later time by Zeus, Athena and
Dionysus and the rest of the gods taking part in
the conflict on the side of Zeus.

Dionysus, however, being reared according to the
account in Nysa and instructed in the best pursuits,
became not only conspicuous for his beauty and
bodily strength, but skilful also in the arts and quick
to make every useful invention. lor while still a
boy he discovered both the nature and use of wine,
in that he pressed out the clusters of grapes of the
vine while it still grew wild, and such ripe fruits as
could be dried and stored away to advantage, and
how each one of them should be planted and cared
for was likewise a discovery of his; also it was his
desire to share the discoveries which he had made
with the race of men, in the hope that by reason of
the magnitude of his benefactions he would be
accorded immortal honours.

71. When the valour and fame of Dionysus became
spread abroad, Rhea, it is said, angered at Ammon,

317

t»

DIODORUS OF SICILY

duorum fva. AaBety. Dvoxeipiov. 70v. Acóvvaov:
o) Ovvapuévgv Oé kpaTijcat. Tíjs éwwoÀfs TOv Qév
"Aujuova. karaAvmetv, àüaaAÀayetoav Oé mpOs TOUS
aóeAóovs luráüvas ovvougoa. Kpóvco 7 a0cA$oQ.
robrov 9. ovo rf;s Péas mevoÜévra orparcboac nera
TOv luwrávov ém "Aupova, kat yevouévgs mTapa-
ráéews TÓv guév Kpóvov émt 00 mporepnüuaros
orápéau, vOv OÓ "Angova GvroOeta ueLouevov
$vyetv eis Kpryrqv, kai yrjpavra rÀv TÓre BaciAevóv-
Tov Kovprjrov évós Üvyarépa Kpyrqgv óvvaoTeücat
Te TÓYV TÓT(XGV KQGi TO Tipo TOU TT" vicov 'loaiav
«aAovuévmv áTO Tíjs yvvaucos ovouácau Kpyrmev.
rov 0€ Kpóvov qwÜoAoyoüci kparrycavra TÓv
'AÁpnpcovüov TÓTOV TOUTOV géV Gpxew TLKpÓS,
émi 0€ Tv Nóoav kaí vrÓv Auóvvoov oTpaTreÜoat
jLevà ToÀMas Ovvágecis. TOv 0€ Auóvvcov zrvÜOpevov
Tá Te ToÜ varpós éAarro)ara kat rv TOv Tvráüvov
ev a)7rOv GcuvOpouyv, dGÜpotca. oTpaTworas ék
Tfs Nous, dv «eívav ovvrpó$ovs Oakootovs,
Ouudópovs Tfj Te dÀk5 kai Tjj mpOs a)TOv eUvota:
cpocÀafécÜa. 86 kai rÀv mÀmgovoyopov Tovs T€
AiBvas kat rTàs " Apalóvas, ep cv mpoetpnkap.ev
ór. Ookobücw dGÀ«fj Owveyketv, kai mpürov gév
aTrpare(av Ómepoptov oTe(ÀaaÜau, ToÀMv 0€ Tíjs
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'AÜwváv Gu TÓv Opuowov Tíjs vpoatpéoecs CfjÀov,
cos dv ràv 'Apgatóvov àvreyxouévcv. ért «0À0 Tfjs
dvOpeías kai mapÜevías. Owjpuuévys 0€ Tíjs Ovva-
319

BOOK III. 71. 1-4

strongly desired to get Dionysus into her power;
but being unable to carry out her design she forsook
Ammon and, departing to her brothers, the Titans,
married Cronus her brother. Cronus, then, upon
the solicitation of Rhea, made war with the aid of
the Titans upon Ammon, and in the pitched battle
which followed Cronus gained the upper hand,
whereas Ammon, who was hard pressed by lack of
supplies, fled to Crete, and marrying there Creté,
the daughter of one of the Curetes who were the
kings at that time, gained the sovereignty over those
regions, and to the island, which before that time
had been called Idaea, he gave the name Crete after
his wife. As for Cronus, the myth relates, after his
victory he ruled harshly over these regions which
had formerly been Ammon's, and set out with a
great force against Nysa and JDionysus. Now
Dionysus, on learning both of the reverses suffered
by his father and of the uprising of the Titans against
himself, gathered soldiers from Nysa, two hundred
of whom were foster-brothers of his and were dis-
tinguished for their courage and their loyalty to
him; and to these he added from neighbouring
peoples both the Libyans and the Amazons, regard-
ing the latter of whom we have already observed
that it is reputed that they were distinguished
for their courage and fist of all campaigned
beyond the borders of their country and subdued
with arms a large part of the inhabited world.
These women, they say, were urged on to the
alliance especially by Athena, because their zeal for
their ideal of life was like her own, seeing that the
Amazons clung tenaciously to manly courage and
virginity. The force was divided into two parts,

319

DIODORUS OF SICILY

neos, KQi TÓV [Lev avopóv orpa.TyyoUvros ^ovicov,
TÓVv € yUVOAKÓV TUVO Tyepoviav exovams AUnvás,
"poozreaóvras pera. Tfjs o7pa-T.ás Tots luzáot guvá-
jac n ymv. "yevop.évis Ó€ mapará£ecos t LO Yvpüs, ka.
zoAAÓv TOp Gi: ó07épots zreoóvrav, TpajUfvaa pev
TOV lpóvov, emukpaTfjoa. Oe TOV Üóvvcov dpiuTeU-
CQVTQO KQTd, TT)V páxnr. nerà óé rabTa TOUS |L6v
Twávas $uyetv ets TOUS karaxTy)Üevras vTOÓ TÓV
zepi TÓv "Aupuova, TÓz0vUs, TOv 0€ Atóvvoov aÜpot-
cavra mTAÀiÜos aiuuaÀcrov érzaveAÜetv eis Tv
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kac Àcpnévqv rots àÀoboc karmyyopiav mowjoacÜ0at
TOV ludvov, kat vácav Üszovouav kaTraAÀwretv cg
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éfovotav OóvrOS «(T€ oGvoOTpareUew «(T€ aziévat
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TQV mrporrav UrroczÓvÓcv ovop.a.aÜévraov TOUS LeTQ.-
yeveoTépous üàmopnuovuévovs Tà T7OT€ "payxÜévra
Tüs €v Tois soÀéuois OwaÀvoeis o7ovÓàs Tpoca-
Jyopeueuw.

12. Toó0 0' ov Aworvvcov uéAMiovros oTpaTeUew
égt 70v Kpóvov xat Tíjs Ovrvüuecs ék Tíjg Nvoms
é£iovons, uvÜoAoyobow "Apu ratov TÓv émoTárqv
ab0rOÜ Üvciav re zapaoTíoau kai zpiTov avÜpco-
«v cs Üeó Üboat. cvorpare0ca. Oé aov kat

| So Wesseling: oavorpareveiv.
320

BOOK III. 71. 4-72. 1

the men having Dionysus as their general and the
women being under the conunand of Athena, and
coming with their army upon the Titans they joined
battle. The struggle having proved sharp and many
having falen on both sides, Cronus finally was
wounded and victory lay with Dionvsus, who had
distinguished himself in the battle. Thereupon the
Titans fled to the regions which had once been pos-
sessed by Ammon, "and Dionysus gathered up a
multitude of captives and returned to iNvsa, Here,
drawing up his force in arms about the prisoners, he
brought a formal accusation against the Titans and
gave them every reason to suspect that he was going
to execute the captives. but when he got them
free from the charges and allowed them to make their
choice either to join him in his campaign or to go
scot free, they all chose to join him, and because their
lives had been spared contrary to their expectation
they venerated him like a god. JDionvsus, then,
taking the captives singly and ; giving them a libation
(spondé) of wine, requir ed of all of them an oath that
they would join in the campaign without treachery
and fight manfully until death; consequently. pid
captives being the first to be designated as " freed
under a truce' ' (Aypospondor). mcn of later times,
imitating the ceremony which had been performed
at that time, speak of the truces in wars as
spondat.

12. Now when Dionysus was on the point of setting
out against Cronus and his force was already passing
out oÉ Nysa, his guardian Aristaeus, the myth relates,
offered a sacrifice and so was the first man to sacrifice
to him as to a god. ÀÁnd companions of his on the
campaign, they say, were also the most nobly born

221

DIODORUS OF SICILY

TÓÀv Nucatcv ToUs eUyevearárovs, oOs ovoiátcoÜ0at
XMejwumvoUs.| mpórov yàp rÓv àrávrov Bacca
$ac. rfjg Nvoqs ? 2ieUvóv, o9? TO yévos 00ev $v
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Tos 0. a)ToÜ kaTà TTv OGdÜv o)páv, OuareAÀéca
Kai TOUS Éékyóvovs TO zapáonpuov roüro $opobvras
OX Tv Tfjs QUGOeoSs kowcoviav.

Tov à' oov Atóvvcov àvaLeUtavra pera Tfjs 8vvá-
pes, KQL O.eAÜOvra. moAM|v pév avvOpov ycopav,
oüKk OÀcyqv 8. épmuov kai Ümpwuo0n, karaoTpaTo-
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e9epyeaia. 9€ ToU kowoD yévovs Tv dvÜpcomov.
TOUS 66 Aí(fvas Üavuálovras TTv «UPTra£iav Kai
TÓ TÍjS xis peyaAorperés, Tpodás T€ mapéxe-
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vpoÜvporara.

Zwveyyt&ovons Oe TÍjs Dwvd pecus Tf) TÓÀeL. TÓV
€— Tóv Kpóvov spo ToU Te(yovs mapa-

Xovjvovus D, ZaMvovs C, ZuÀqvo)s other MSS.; all cditors
T. Jacoby emond to XeAqvois (cp. 4. 4. 3).

322

BOOK II. 72. 1-5

of the Nysaeans, those, namely, who bear the name
Seileni. Forthe first man of all, they say, to be king
of Nysa was Seilenus, but his ancestry was unknown
to all men because of its antiquity. "This man hada
tail at the lower part of his back and his descendants
also regularly carried this distinguishing mark be-
cause of their participation in his nature.

Dionysus, then, set out with his army, and after
passing through a great extent of waterless land, no
small portion of which was desert and infested with
wild beasts, he encamped beside a city of Libya
named Zabirna. Nearthiscity an earth-born monster
called Campé, which was destroying many of the
natives, was slain by him, whereby he won great
fame among the natives for valour. Over the
monster which he had killed he also erected an
enormous mound, wishing to leave behind him an
immortal memorial of his personal bravery, and this
mound remained until comparatively recent times.
Then Dionysus advanced against the Titans, main-
taining strict discipline on his Journeyings, treating
all the inhabitants kindly, and, in a word, making it
clear that his campaign was for the purpose of punish-
ing the impious and of conferring benefits upon the
entire human race. The Libyans, admiring his
strict discipline and high-mindedness, provided his
followers with supplies in abundance and joined in
the campaign with the greatest eagerness.

As the army approached the city of the Ammon-
ians, Cronus, who had been defeated in a pitched

* rfjs NVons omitted D, Dindorf, Vogel.
* o6 Vulgate, all editors; oóros D, Jacoby.

323

DIODORUS OF SICILY

Tá£ew ÀAevóÜévra. Tv uév mÓMw vvkrOs É£umpfjao,
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pucova. éeyew kpiob kedaAijv rervmicyiévmv, mapáadpov

! karaQÜeipai Vulg., óuudÜ0etpa. D, Jacoby.
? So Dindorf: oiko8op3]oas MSS., Bekker, Vogel.

BOOK III. 72. 5-73. 1

battle before the walls, set fire to the city in the
night, intending to destroy utterly the ancestral
palace of Dionysus, and himself taking with him his
wife Rhea and some of his friends who had aided
him in the struggle, he stole unobserved out of the
city. Dionysus, however, showed no such a temper
as this; for though he took both Cronus and Rhea
captive, not only did he waive the charges against
them because of his kinship to them, but he entreated
them for the future to maintain both the good-will
and the position of parents towards him and to live
in a common home with him, held in honour above all
others. Rhea, accordingly, loved him like a son for
all the rest of her life, but the good-will of Cronus
was a pretence. And about this time there was born
to both of these a son who was called Zeus, and he
was honoured greatly by Dionysus and at a later
time, because of his high achievements, was made
king over all.

13. Since the Libyans had said to Dionysus before
the battle that, at the time when Ammon had been
driven from the kingdom, he had prophesied to the
inhabitants that at an appointed time his son
Dionysus would come, and that he would recover his
father's kingdom and, after becoming master of all
the inhabited world, would be looked upon as a god,
Dionysus, believing him to have been a true prophet,
established there the oracle of his father,! rebuilt
the city and ordained honours to him as to a god,
and appointed men to have charge of the oracle.
lradition also has recorded that the head of Ammon
was shaped like that of a ram, since as his device he

! "The great oracle of Ammon; cp. Book 17. 49 ff. for the
famous visit of Alexander to this shrine.

3*5

DIODORUS OF SICILY

^ 3
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! For 7ó Capps suggests TotoüTo.

? kai Tuutais suggested by Vogel for riuatis koi, MSS.;
Owpeais for ruiats Rhodomann.

326

BOOK III. 73. 1-6

had worn a helmet of that form in his campaigns.
But there are some writers of myths who recount
that in very truth there were little horns on both
sides of his temples and that therefore Dionysus also,
being Ammon's son, had the same aspect as his father
and so the tradition has been handed down to succeed-
ing generations of mankind that this god had horns.

However this may be, after Dionysus had built the
city and established the oracle he first of all, they
say, inquired of the god with regard to his expedition,
and he received from his father the reply that, if he
showed himself a benefactor of mankind, he would
receive the reward of immortality. Consequently,
elated in spirit at this prophecy, he first of all directed
his campaign against Egypt and as king of the
country he set up Zeus, the son of Cronus and Ehea,
though he was still but a boy in years. And at his
side as his guardian he placed Olympus, by whom
Zeus had been instructed and after whom he came
to be called ' Olympian," when he had attained
pre-eminence in high achievements. As for Diony-
sus, he taught the EÉgyptians, it is said, both the
cultivation of the vine and how to use and to store
both wine and the fruits which are gathered from
trees, as well as all others. And since a good report
of him was spread abroad everywhere, no man
opposed him as if he were an enemv, but all rendered
him eager obedience and honoured him like a god
with panegyries and sacrifices. In like manner as
in Egypt, they say, he visited the inhabited world,
bringing the land under cultivation by means of the
plantings which he made and conferring benefactions
upon the people for all time by bestowing upon them
great and valuable gifts. For this reason it comes

341

DIODORUS OF SICILY

^ 5 / ? ^ M A » ^
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mpoapeDonÜnkóros 0€ kat TOU ÁtOs ék 7j AlyUm TOU

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cvveaTÓ TOS €v Tj) vrj8a«, TAyécS kai TOUS Trepi TOV
A(óvugov kai T)v 'AÜnváv kai TWas TÀOV GÀÀcv
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j.évijs O€ zapará&eas peyás emukpo-ríjaat TOUS
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14. TOv uév oov TpÓrrov Acóvvaov eé Apquovos
ka. "ApnaAÜeias "vyevóuevov TouuvTas ot Atfves
c ^ b / / ^ X /
taropoüciv émvreAécaoÜa, mpáteig: TOv O€ ÓOeU-

/ 5 b m m $ / A /
Tepóv $aow €£ 'loüs Tíüjs lváyov Aw yevópevov

Pd p. Book 1.2
329

BOOK III. 73. 6-74. 1

about that, although not all men are of one belief
with one another concerning the honours which they
accord to the other gods, in the case of Dionysus
alone we may almost « say that they are in complete
agreement in testifving to his immortality ; for there
is no man among (celo or barbarians who does not
share in the gift: and favour which this god dispenses,
nay, even those who possess a country which has
become a wilderness or altogether unsuited to the
cultivation of the vine jescned from him how to
prepare from barley a drink which is little inferior
to wine in aroma.1

Now Dionvsus, they say, as he was marching out
of India to the sea;? learned that all the Tuba had
assembled their united forces together and had
crossed over to Crete to attack Ammon. Already
Zeus had passed over from Egypt to the aid of
Ammon and a great war had arisen on the island,
and forthwith Dionvsus and Athena and certain
others who had been considered to be gods rushed
over in a body to Crete. In a great battle which
followed Dionvsus was victorious and slew all the
Titans. And when after this Ammon and Dionysus
exchanged their mortal nature for immortality,
Zeus, they say, became king of the entire world,
since the Titans had been punished and there was
no one whose impiety would make him bold enough
to dispute with him for the supreme power.

74. As for the first Dionysus, the son of Ammon
and Amaltheia, these, then, are the deeds he
accomplished as the Libyans recount the history of
them; the second Dionysus, as men say, who was
born to Zeus by Io, the daughter of Inachus, became

? The Mediterranean.

329

-
-

DIODORUS OF SICILY

^ M A^ bi rd ^ b, A
BaciAecóca. uév Tfjs AtyvrTov, karaOet£ar O6 ràs
/ ^ X A H A M /
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0é Ml ^ e AA A A / 0
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oikovuévgv, oTrijÀas 0. oUk OóAÀCyas àmoÀumretv TÓV
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Toig E$pvoÜéns mpooraypuaow. émvrvxóvra | Oé
^ ^ M / X M / A $ V ^
T&ct rois áUÀois ÜéoÜac uév kat oTr)Aqv T1)v érrt Tíjs
999

bOOK IIl. 74. 1-5

king of Egypt and appointed the initiatory rites of
that land; and the third and last was sprung from
Zeus and Semelé and became, among the Greeks, the
rival of the first two. Imitating the principles of
both the others he led an army over all the inhabited
world and left behind him not a few pillars to mark
the bounds of his campaign; the land he also brought
under cultivation by means of the plantings which he
made, and he selected women to be his soldiers, as
the ancient Dionvsus had done in the case of the
Amazons. He went beyond the others in developing
the orgiastic practices, and as regards the rites of
initiation, he improved some of them, and others he
introduced for the first time. But since in the long
passage of time the former discoverers had become
unknown to the majority of men, this last Dionysus
fell heir to both the plan of life and the fame of his
predecessors of the same name. Ànd this Dionysus
is not the only one to whom has happened that which
we have related, but in later times Heracles likewise
experienced the same fortune. For there had been
two persons of an earlier period who had borne the
same name, the most ancient Heracles who. according
to the myths, had been born in Egvpt, had subdued
with arms a large part of the inhabited world, and
had set up the pillar which is in Libya, and the
second, who was one of the Idaean Dactvls of Crete
and a wizard with some knowledge of generalship,
was the founder of the Olympic Games; but the
third and last, who was born of Alemené and Zeus a
short time before the Trojan War, visited a large
part of the inhabited world while he was serving
Eurystheus and carrying out his commands. | And
after he had successfully completed all the Labours

DIODORUS OF SICILY

E?pom8s,0(à 0€ 7T") Op.covvps(av icai TT|v Tfjs 70oaupé-
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abro0 sepvypádiouev ! 77v. 7pirqv. BifAov.

! So Wesseling: zapaypabogcv.

392

BOOK Ill. 74. 5-6

he also set up the pillar which is in Europe, but
because he bore the same name as the other two and
pursued the same plan of life as did they, in the course
of time and upon his death he inherited the exploits
of the more ancient persons of the name, as if there
had been in all the previous ages but one Heracles.

To support the view that there were several of
the name Dionysus the effort is made to cite, along
with the other proofs, the battle waged against the
Titans. For since all men agree that Dionysus
fought on the side of Zeus in his war against the
Titans, it will not do at all, they argue, to date the
generation of the Titans in the time when Semelé
lived or to declare that Cadmus, the son of Agenor,
was older than the gods of Olympus.

Such, then, is the myth which the Libyans recount
concerning Dionysus; but for our part, now that
we have brought to an end the plan! which we
announced at the beginning, we shall close the
Third Book at this point.

LOC eliap. 103;

3359

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hj A *
IIepi IíéAozos kat T'avraAov kat Otvopaov kat Nuófiys.
M 8 / ^ ^ , , 5 ^ , ,
IIept Napóarov kat rOv azoyorov avrov ieéxpi IHptagcov.
IIept AaiGaAÀov kai Mur'oravpov KaL TUS Mévo GTpaTe(as
éri KokaAov róv BactiAéa.
* " A ET
Ilep.. ApwrTatov KaL Aadvios «at Epvxos, eru. 0€
OQpioros.

l 4.e. inmediate deseendauts.

3306

CONTENIS OF THE FOURTH BOOK OF
DIODORUS

Introduction on the myths recounted by the
historians (chap. 1).

On Dionysus, Priapus, Hermaphroditus, and the
NIuses (chaps. 2-7).

On Heracles and the twelve Labours, and the
other deeds of his up to the time of his deification
(chaps. 8—39).

On the Argonauts and Medea and the daughters
of Pelias (chaps. 40-56).

On the descendants of Heracles (chaps. 57-58).

On Theseus and his labours (chaps. 59-63).

On The Seven against Thebes (chaps. 64-65).

On the Epigoni! of The Seven against Thebes
(chaps. 66-67).

On Neleus and his descendants (chap. 68).

On the Lapiths and Centaurs (chaps. 69—70).

On Asclepius and his descendants (chap. 71).

On the daughters of Asopus and the sons born to
Aeacus (chap. 12).

On Pelops, Tantalus, Oenomaus, and Niobé (chaps.
13-14).

On S oss and his descendants as far as Priam
(chap. 75).

On Daedalus, the Minotaur, and the campaign cf
Minos against the king Cocalus (chaps. 76-80).

On Aristaeus, Daphnis, Eryx, and Orion (chaps.
81-85).

337

BIBAOXZ TETAPTH

l. O?x ayvoà jév 070 Tots Tàs zraÀAotas ji ÜoAo-
/ / N A
ytas ovvraTTOLévows ovuDatveu kara, Trjv. ypadmv
év ToÀÀois éÀavro$GÜau. 7") uév yàp TOv àvaypado-
- ,
Lévaw üpyo4óTys OvaeUperos o?0a zoAÀATv àmopiav
zapéxyera, Tots ypddovaw, 1) 96 TÓv xypóvov anray-
/ /
ycÀta, TOv àkpiBéacarov éAeyxov o9 mpocóeyopévn
^ ^ ^ € /
Karadpovetv zoiet Tfjs Laroptas TOUS àvaywaakov-
7 ^ ^
TGS' TpOs Oé ToUTOLS T) To.ktLÀLa. kai TO zÀTjÜos Tv
yeveaÀAoyovAévaw ")paàxv Te kat "puÜécv kat Tv
» 5 ^ C / » A 5 /
GÀÀcv avópóv Ovaégucrov €xyev Tv GmayyeAav:
TÓ ÓOé géyigTov kai qvrcv TomoTaTOV, ÓTL
/ M
cvufateu To)s Gvayeypaóóras Tràs üpxatoráras
M L4 5
mpáéew 7e xat uvÜoAÀoyias Govpdovovs etvat mpos
aAMjAovs. Owmep TÓYV pQerayevegTépow (aTopio-
^ ^ /
ypá$cov ot zparevovres Tij 906m Tfjs uév apyadas
nuvÜoAÀoyias àzéocgcav Ow TTv OÓvoyépeuav, TÀs
/
OÓé vecoTépas mpüátew àvaypájew émeyetpnaav.
» A X e P ? / -^
E$opos puév yàp oó Kvpatos, lookpdárovs cw
naÜnrüs, Üroorqcápevos ypáóoew Tàs Kowas
7 X M M ,F e ,
Tzpüfew, Tàs pév maÀatas pvÜoAÀoyias Depépm,
M ? 5 A ^ € ^ 7 /
r& 0. ànzó Tüs 'lipakAeOv xaÜó0ov mpaxÜévra
ES €
guvrafdjuevos TraUTQyv Qüpx)v émoujcaro TÍjs iGTO-

339

BOOK IV

l. I A« not unaware of the fact that those who
compile the narratives of ancient mythology labour
under many disadvantages in their composition.
For, in the first place, the antiquity of the events
they have to record, since it makes record difficult,
is a cause. of much perplexity to those who
would compose an account of them; and again,
inasmuch as any pronouncement they may make of
the dates of events does not admit of the strictest
kind of proof or disproof, a feeling of contempt for
the narration is aroused in the mind of those who
read it; furthermore, the variety and the multitude
of the heroes, demi-gods, and men in general whose
genealogies must be set down make their recital a
difficult thing to achieve; but the greatest and most
disconcerting obstacle of all consists in the fact that
those who have recorded the deeds and myths of
the earliest times are in disagreement among them-
selves. For these reasons the writers of greatest
reputation among the later historians have stood
aloof from the narration of the ancient mythology
because of its difficulty, and have undertaken to
record only the more recent events. Ephorus of
Cymé, for instance, a pupil of Isocrates, when he
undertook to write his universal history, passed
over the tales of the old mythologv and commenced
his history with a narration of the events which took
place after the Return of thc Heracleidae. Like-

339

DIODORUS OF SICILY

/ N
ptas. Opnotos Oé Tovro KaAAoÜ0évns xav Ocó-
TOMTOS, KQGTÀ TÜv a)T)V TJAucav — yeyovores,
azéoTQcav TOv TaGÀawOv qUÜcv. T")etg O€ Tov
évavTiav TOUTOLlS KpiGw/ €yovres, KQl TOV €K TÍjs
avaypaórs óvov ÜmooTrüvres, TT)V mücav Émgué-
Aeuav érowoápneÜa 77$ GapxyatvoAoytas. — jiéyto at
M ^

yap kat sÀetoTraL GcuvereAéo8moav páfeuws mo
^ e / X € / N ^ »
TOV T7)oxv Te kat muuÜécov kat zroÀMOv. GÀAAcv
5 ^ 5 ^ C A A N /
avópOv ayaÜdGv: dv Ouà Tàs kowas evepyeoias
oí jerayevéovepot ToUs gév (igaoÜéois, TOUS O
0»pouats Üvotaus ériugoav, vávras OÓ Ó Tíjs
(oroptas Aóyos Toiís kaÜwWkovow ératvotg etg. TOv
atcva kaÜvuvnaev.

? A 7 ^ i / / N

Lv puév ov cats mpo TavT4gs piüpAows Tpiciv
5 / A A ^ » y
aveypaibaj.ev 7às sapà Tots GAÀots. éÜveaoc piv ÜoAo-
yovuévas mpàfew kat Tà sept Üedv map avTo(s
e /
(gTopoUpeva, pos O€ TovTois Tàs TotmoÜeoctas
^ ?
Tfs Tap ékáoToigs ycopas kai Tà d$vÓpeva Tap
$ ^ / A y ^ M / /
avTo(s Ünpia «ai rGÀÀa Ca kat kaÜOÀov mávra
A / » 1 / 4
rà unus à£u. kat sapaoo£oÀoyoUpeva Ove£tovres,
? / E X ^ ej e /
€v ravTy Oé Tà mapa Tois LAÀAÀqgow (oTopovueva
KQTQ TOÜs Gpxatovs xpOóvous sept TÓv éÉmLQave-
cTáTCOVv T"pcocv Tre kat vuuÜécv kat kaÜóÀov TÓv
Ka rà vóÀepuov G£u0ÀoyóOv 7L kareupyaaj.évov, opotcos
Óé kai rÓv €v eipnjvy TL Xpijauiov 7pós TOv KowOov
PBiov eópóvrov 7) vouoÜergcávrov. | zowoópeÜa
0€ rhv àpxTv a0 Óuov)cov Ouà TO kai saÀau0Ov

^ ^ / ,

etvau. GóO0pa robrov kat gqeytaTras evepyeotas
karareÜetaÜat và yévev TOv avÜpomov.
340

BOOK IV. r. 3-6

wise Callisthenes and Theopompus, who were con-
temporaries of Epbhorus, held aloof from the old
myths. We, however, holding the opposite opinion
to theirs, have shouldered the labour which such a
record involves and have expended all the care
within our power upon the ancient legends. For
very great and most numerous deeds have been
performed by the heroes and demi-gods and by

many good men likewise, who, because of the
benefits thev conferred w E have been shared by
all men, have been honoured by succeeding genera-
tions Suh sacrifices which in some cases are like
those offered to the gods, in other cases like such as
are paid to heroes, and of one and all the appropriate
praises have been sung by the voice of history for all
time.

Now in the three preceding Books we have re-
corded the deeds of mytbological times which are
found among other nations and what their histories
relate about the gods, also the topography of the
land in every case and the wild beasts and other
animals which are found among them, and, speaking
generally, we have described everything which was
worthy of mention and was marvellous to relate;
and in the present Book we shall set forth what the
Greeks in their histories of the ancient periods tell
about their most renowned heroes and demi-gods
and, in general, about all who have performed any
notable exploit in war, and likewise about such also
as in time of peace have made some useful discovery
or enacted some good law contributing to man's social
life. And we shall begin with Dionysus because he
not only belongs to a very ancient time but also con-

e
ferred very great benefactions upon the racc of men.

341

DIODORUS OF SICILY

Etoqrat pév ov zip ev rais "rpoetprjaévats
Bios ót Twés TÓÀv Dapfápov avrvmrovoDvra.
Ts yevécecos ToÜ Üeoü Tovrov. Aty/mrTtO guév
yàp TOv map. ab0Tois Ücóv "Ootpw Ovoualóuevóv
$acw eivac rov rap. " EÀÀqat Atóvvaov kaÀoUpevov.
robrov Oé gqÜoÀoyobüow émeAMÜetv dmacav Tüv
oiKovp.évqv, eüperT]v yevój.evov TOU oivov, kai TT)V
$vreiav Oujdáfau Tíjs üpméÀov To)s avÜpoovs,
KaL Ot& raUTTqV TT €Üepyectav ruyetv aupujovov-
Lévgs àÜavacias. Opoios O6 To)s 'lvOoos Ov
Ücóv ToÜTov wap éavrots aàmodóatveaÜat yeyovévat,
Kai rà epi T5v $vTeiav Tfjg üpméAov diÀoreyvr-
gcavra jperaóoÜüvai. Tf TOÜ oivou xprycews Tots
KaT&ü TTVv otkovuévgv GvÜperrotu. ets O6 -Tà
KaTà Bépos Tepi TOUTOV elpnkóTes vOv Trà mapà
rots "EAA«ot Aeyópeva epi ToU Üeob ToUTov
Oué£usev.

2. KdOpov uév ydp $aoc 7Óv ' Ay?jvopos ék Gowi-
KTjs 070 TOU DactÀéws amoaraAfjvat mrpós ÜYyrqaw
Tjs Evpcrms, evroAàs AaBóvra T) Tr5v srapÜévov
ayayetvi 9$) gu), avakdpirTew eis Tl QD owtkv.
ereADóvra € rroAM]v ycpav, kai p Ovvdpevov
avevpetv, G/TTO "JV VO. TÜV ets. OLKOV dvakopaojv:
KaTravr)cavra O ets Two Bowrtav KüTd TOV
Ta paOe8op.évov Xpnopov KTiOQL TOS Oxffas. év-
ra 0a óé karouajaavra. vina. ev " Appovtav
Tv '"AdpoOUrqs, yevvíjoa: ec abüTfs MepéAmv
kai 'lvo kai 'Avrovógv kat 'ÁAyavqv, éri Óé
IIoAv8wpov. f 96 ZiunéAQ OÓu(à TO kdAAÀos Aia

/
nuyévra kai ueÜ' Sovyias voioDpevov Tàs. ÓjpuMas

! Vogel suggests avayetv.

342

BOOK IV. r. 6-2. 2

We have stated in the previous Books that certain
barbarian peoples claim for themselves the birth-
place of this god. The Egyptians, for example, say
that the god who among them bears the name
Osiris is the one whom the Greeks call Dionysus.!
And this god, as their myths relate, visited all the
inhabited world, was the diseoverer of wine, taught
mankind how to cultivate the vine, and because of
this benefaction of his received the gift of immor-
tality with the approval of all. But the Indians
likewise declare that this god was born among them,
and that after he had ingeniously discovered que to
cultivate the vine he shar ed the benefit which wine
imparts with human beings throughout the inhabited
world. But for our part, since we have spoken of
these matters in detail, we shall at this point reeount
what the Grecks have to say about this god.

2. The Greek aecount of Dionysus runs like this:
Cadmus, the son of Ágenor, was sent forth from
Phoenicia by the king to seek out Europé, under
orders either to bring him the maiden or never
to come back to Phoenicia. After Cadmus had
traversed a wide territory without being able to
find her, he despaired of ever returning to his home;
and when he had arrived in Boeotia, in obedience to
the oracle which he had received he founded the
city of Thebes. Here he made his home and marry-
ing Harmonia, the daughter of Aphrodite, he begat
by her Seele: Ino, vA OtONO6; Agavé, and Poly-
dorus. Semelé was loved by Zeus. beesusc of her
beauty, but since he had his intercourse with her
secretly and without speech she thought that the

! Cp. Book 1. 15. 6 ff., and Vol. 1. p. 71 and note.
* Cp. Book 1. 19. 7 f.

343
VOL. II. M

DIODORUS OF SICILY

O0£at karaQpovetv abrfjs: Otómep ov. avTfjs rapa-
kAnÜfvau Tràs ézwrÀokàs Opotas TotetaÜat Talis
7pós T)v "Hpav ovmepubopaits. TOv gév o$v
A(a zapayevópevov Üeogpezós perà Dpovróv kai
aoTpav em óavàs zovetaÜlat TV gvvovotay:
TU € Lene €ykvov o0cav kat TO p.éyeÜos
Tis mrepuaTáaeos OUK evéykaaav T0 puév Dpédos
ékTpOgat, 070 Oé ToU TupOos aDTTV TeÀevTTjoad.
€T€TO, TO vratótov avaAaDovra TOV Ata rapaóobvat
TÓ Epp), Kat mpoará£au TOUTO pev GTOKOLLOQL
TpÓs TÓ dvTpov TÓ £v 71) Nvom, KeüiLevov ueraéu
(Qowtkns kac NeiÀov, ats 06 véuóaus mapaóotvac
Trpéóew kat uerà ToÀMjs omovOSs émuéAeuav
aoro0 vro vetaÜa. TV GpioTQv. O0 kat Tpaévra
TÓv Auóvvaov ev TÍj Nvay TrvXetv TÍ]s mpoatyyopias
TQUTIS az0 Aus kat Nvans. «at TOv "Opnmpov
Ó€ roUrois uaprvpijcat év Tots Upvots év ots Àéye

» / Té e » E / e,
éoTL O0é vis Nvan, vvacov opos, avÜéov vAn,
^ 4 Ml ? / € /

T4Ào0 QD owikns, oxeóóv AtyUmTOto poaov.

Tpaóévra 9' abrÓv ómO vOv vuu$jov év m$
Nay $aciv eóperyv T€ TOÜ OlvoU yevéata. KaL
T ,$urelav Ol0dtau TÍjs apmréAov TOUS ,àvÜpdymovs.
égtóvra 0€ oxeOov ei TT otkovpLéviy mroAM)v
Xcpav e&mpnepáaan, UL Ot&. TOÜTO TUX€lv Trapd
TG |LeyioToV TuLOV. poss Ó aU0TOV KQli TO ÉK
Tis ,Kpfjs karackevalópevov mop, TÓ Tipocayo-
pevóp.evor jev. om €vicov CüÜUos, o9 voÀv 9€ Aevzo-
pevov TÍjs Tepi TOv oivov eóc0tas. | roÜüTo 0€ Ou0d-

I- Cp. DBook.3. 69.
344

BOOK IV.2. 2-5

god despised her; consequently she made the re-
quest of him that he come to her embraces in the
same manner as in his approaches to Hera. Accord-
ingly, Zeus visited her in a way befitting a. god,
accompanied by thundering and lightning, revealing
himself to her as he embraccd her; but Semelé,
who was pregnant and unable to cuduse the majesty
of the divine presence, brought forth the babe
untimely and was herself slain by the fire. Thereupon
Zeus, taking up the child, handed it over to the
care of Hermes, and ordered him to take it to the
cave in Nysa,! which lay between Phoenicia and
the Nile, where he should deliver it to the nvmphs
that they should rear it and with great solicitude
bestow upon it the best of carc. Consequently,
since Dionysus was reared in Nysa, he received the
name he bears from Zeus and Nysa.* And Homer
bears witness to this in his Hymns? when he says:

There is a certain Nysa, mountain high,
With forests thick, in Phoenicé afar,
Close to Aegyptus' streams.

After he had received his rearing by the nymphs
in Nysa, they say, he made the diseov ery of wine
and taught mankind how to cultivate the vine.
And as hc visited the inhabited world almost in its
entirety, he brought much land under cultivation
and in return for this received most high honours at
the hands of all men. He also discovered the drink
made out of barley and called by some sytAos, the
bouquet of which is not mueh inferior to that of
wine. The preparation of this drink he taught to

? 1.c. Dio- (from Dios, the genitive form of the nominative

Zeus) and -nysus (Nysa); cp. Book 1. 15. 6.
? Homceric Hymns 1. 8-9.

345

DIODORUS OF SICILY

A / » A / , /
cat TOUS Xc)pav €xovras pu) Ovvauévmv émié-

T xeota. Tv Tfs ajuméAov $ureiar. zepiayeoÜac Ó'

aTOV KaL orpacómeooy oU gÓvov avopóy, aAÀa
KQi yvvatKOv, Kai TOUS dOikovus kai acepets TÓv
avÜpoxmov koÀáLew. | kai kacà uev Tr)» Bowurtav
a300t00vTaà. Tfj TTaTp(OL. xápvras cAevÜepó)aau Tácas
TüS "ÓÀet, kai kTiGaL qTÓÀUW emávupov TÍjs
a)Tovop(as, nv EAevÜepas "rpogo;yopebcuu.

2. Mad du O eis T)» 'lvóuc]v cpueret
Xpóvco TUS emávoOov ets T?) Bowuoríav sovjcacÜa,
kopbovra név Aadópcv a£tAoyov v AfjÜos, Ka T-
ayayetv Oé mpáTov TÓÀYV GmávToov ÜpiauBov ém'
ceAédavros 'lvóucoó. at rovs uév Boworo)s kai
Tro)s GÀÀovs "EAAqvas kat Opükas àmouvquovevov-
Tas Tís karQ& T)v 'lvOóurv oTpareias karaóet£at
Tüs Tpwernpioas Üvoias Aworiow, kat TÓv. Üeóv
vop4L,ew Karà TÓv xpóvov TobTov sowtoÜau TÀs
zapà Tots üvÜpcorois émuoavelas. Ou0. kal sap
7zoAÀats rv 'EAÀqviOcv s0AÀeov Ou& Tpuov érÓv
Dakyetà Te yvvaucv | ü0poiteoÜat, | kai rats
mapÜévow vopupuov. eivac Üvpoodopetv kai ovvev-
Üovoidbew | e0aCovoaws kat. Tuvooats TOV. Üeóv:
Tüs 0€ yvvatkas karà ovoTryuaTa Üvoudiew TO
Óce kai Bakxyeíew kai kaÜóÀov T? mapovotav
Onvetv ToU Auovócov, jujovuévas Tàs (oTopov-
nuévas 70 saÀou0v zapeOpevew T ÜeàÀ pnoauvdáas.

?.e. ** City of Freedom."
i.e. after one year had intervened.

? Literally, **every three years," sinee the Greeks in
reckoning from an event ineluded the year in whieh it took
place.

* Seholars bave wondered why Dionysus, who was originally

346

1
2

BOOK IV. 2. 5-3. 3

those peoples whose country was unsuited to the
cultivation of the vine. He also led about with
himself an army composed not only of men but of
women as well, and punished such men as were un-
just and impious. In Boeotia, out of gratitude to
the land of his birth, he freed all the cities and
founded a city whose name signified independence,
which he called Eleutherae.!

3. Then he made a campaign into India, whence
he returned to Boeotia in the third year,? bringing
with him a notable quantity of booty, and he was
the first man ever to celebrate a triumph seated on
an Indian elephant. And the Bocotians and other
Greeks and the Thracians, in memory of the cam-
paign in India, have established sacrifices every
other year? to Dionysus, and believe that at that
time the god reveals himself to human beings.
Consequently in many Greck cities every other
year? Dacchie bands of women gather, and it is
lawful for the maidens to carry the thyrsus and to
Join in the frenzied revelry, crying out " Euai! "
and honouring the god ; while the matrons, forming
in groups, offer sacrifices to the god and celebrate
his mysteries and, in genera], CSI with hymns the
presence of Dionysus, in this manner acting the part
of the Maenads? who, as history records, were of
old the companions of the god. Ee also punished

a vegetation god, should have had his special festival only
every other year. L. R. Farnell (The Cults of the Greek
States, 5. 181) suggests that the Thracians, from whom the
worship of Dionysus came to the Greeks, ** may have shifted
their corn-land every other year," and so stood in special
need of the vegetation god for the new soil only after this
interval.
5 Cp. Book 3. 69. 4.

347

DIODORUS OF SICILY

5 3
i koÀdgau. 9' avTOv zoÀÀoU0s pnév kat dAAovs karáà
T7ácav Tv oikovuuévgrv To)s Ooko0vras aaceetv,
? ; M / N ^ ^
éemióaveoraTovs Oé llevUéa xat Avkoüpyov. Tfs
Oé kaTà TOV oitvov ebpégeos kat Ócpeás keyapiua-
/ ^ bi 0 / TH e AT à P4 A
puévys Tots avÜpeyrous kaÜ' bmepDBoArv Ou4 ve T7v
TOorrv TTV €K TOU TOoTOÜ kat Otà. TÓ TOlS Gag
eürovworépous "yiveaÜat. To)s TÓV olvov müvovras,
$aci émi TOv Oecimvov,| Orav dkparos oivos
émiO.0 Tat, zpoaemiAéyew ayaÜoó Oatkovos:. órav
M ^ A
Oé perà TO Oetmvov Oi0Taw Kekpapévos vOaTt,
Atos caríjpos émtLQovetv. TÓv yàp oivov àkparov
jev TrtÓpLevov [LGVLO)O ets O.aUcaets amoreAetv,
TOU Ó a0 As o ppov |tyévros Tiv pev répiu:
KQL TTv T7)00v)v pévew, TO Oé Tfs pavías kai
5 gapaÀvaecs DAÀamTov OwpÜob0oÜ0at.. | kaÜóAov 9Oé
nuvÜoAoyobci. vOv ÜeOv pneyiorgs ànoOoyüs Tvwy-
yàvew vzap avÜpootis ro)0s TOig «eUepyeaíats
DTepBaÀouévous kaTà TTv eUpeow TOv ayaÜóov
A(órvaóv 7e kat Avjumrpav, róv uév ToÜ Tppoaqve-
GTáTOV TO0TOUÜ 'yevónevov «eóperyv, TT»v O6 üs
£npás rpojs rr)v kpar(iaTQv mapaóo0cav TQ yéve
TOv avÜpexrov.

4. MvÜoAoyoUci. Óé Tues kat érepov Aióvvoov
yeyovévat 70À) Tos ypOvots Tporepobvra TOUTOV.
M! A 5 N N / /
$aci yàp €k (4s kat QDepoedovgs | Atóvvoov
/ N e / b / 5 /
yevéaÜau. TÓv ÜrOÓ Twov XapaGuv óvouaGópnevov,

- L4
o9 rXv T€ yéveow kat Tàs Üvaias kat Truiàs vuke-

1 rv Óctzvoy F, Bekker, Dindorf, 70 9etzvov D, Vogel.

! ''he Attice custom, as given by the scholiasts on Aris-
tophanes, Amights, 85; Peace, 300, was slightly different:
''he toast to the ** Good Deity " was given in uninixed wine

349

BOOK IV. 3. 4-4. 1

here and there throughout all the inhabited world
many men who were thought to be impious, the
most renowned among the number being Pentheus
and Lyeurgus. And since the discovery of wine
and the gift of it to human beings were the source
of such great satisfaction to them, both because of
the pleasure which derives from the drinking of it
and because of the greater vigour which comes to
the bodies of those who partake of it, it is the custom,
they say, when unmixed wine is served during a
meal to greet it with the words, '" To the Good
Deity! " but when the cup is passed around after
the meal diluted with water, to ery out, " To Zeus
Saviour! '! Forthe drinking of unmixed wine re-
sults in a state of madness, but when it is mixed
with the rain from Zeus the delight and pleasure
continue, but the ill effect of madness and stupor is
avoided. And, in general, the myths relate that
the gods who receive the greatest approval at the
hands of human beings are those who excelled in
their benefactions by reason of their discovery of
good things, namely, Dionysus and Demeter, the
former because he was the discoverer of the most
pleasing drink, the latter because she gave to the
race of men thc most excellent * of the dry foods.

4. Some writers of myths, however, relate that
there was a seeond Dionysus who was much earlier
in time than the one we have just mentioned. For
according to them there was born of Zeus and Perse-
phoné a Dionysus who is called by some Sabazius

and whose birth and sacrifices and honours are
after the dinner was over and the table removed, that to
" Zeus Saviour " just before the guests went home.

? Wheat.

349

"€
-—

DIODORUS OF SICILY

pwáàs kai kpudiovs sapeusdyovot Óuà TTjv ata xUvqv
TT éK Tí] gvvovaias érrakoAovÜoócav. A€yovat
OÓ a)vrOv Gyxwoia Oeveykeiv, KaL mpóyrov en-
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oTOÓpov TÓVv kapzóv émvurTeÀetv: à o0 Or) kai
Kepariav abTOv mapeuod.yovot.

Kai TOv pév ék 2XeuéÀms yevópevov 6v -oís
vec)Tépots ypóvows $aot 7T oca yevéoÜat 7pv-
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70ovaàs ÜkaTdQopov yeyovévai, kaTà € Tüs
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Movcas a)TO ovvazoOnuete, sapÜévovs ovoas
KQGL Temat0evuévas Ouuoepóvros: Tajras O€ Oud
Te TÍjs LeA«Otas kat TrÓv Opyvoecov, éru. 0€ TÓYV
GÀÀcv TÓv év mai0cía kaAdGv Vuxozyaryetv TÓV
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Lev Tüs €v Tolg soÀéuois pnáyas OmAÀots avTOV
mroAepukois eioapiíjaÜaa KaL Oopa.s mrapüdAecv,
KüTrà Oé Tàg £v eiprvm TaYWnyÜpeus KaL éoprüs
éaÜfjow avÜewaits kai xarà Tv paAakóriTa Tpv-
$epats xpíjoÜa.. «pos Oé ràs ék ToU mAeová-
Covros oivov kejaAaÀytas Tolg Tívovou *wo-

Luévas Owa0e0écÜa. Aéyovow | a)róv uírpal cow

| uirpg Wesseling, following Eusebius: uirpg.

BOOK IV. 4. 144

celebrated at night and in secret, because of the
disgrace resulting from the intercourse of the sexes.
They state also that he excelled in sagacity and
was the first to attempt the yoking of oxen and by
their aid to effect the sowing of the seed, this being
the reason why they also represent him as wearing
a horn.

But the Dionysus who was born of Semelé in more
recent times, they say, was a man w 'ho was effeminate
in body and altogether delicate; in beauty, how-
ever, he far excalled all other men and was addicted
to indulgence in the delights of love, and on his
campaigns he led about ith himself a "mulbtude of
women who were armed with lances which were
shaped like thyrsi! They say also that when he
went abroad he was accompanied by the Muses,
who were maidens that had received an unusually
excellent education, and that by their songs and
dancing and other talents in which they had been
instructed these maidens delighted the heart of the
god. They also add that he was aecompanied on
his campaigns by a personal attendant and care-
taker, Seilenus, who was his adviser and instructor
in the most excellent pursuits and contributed greatly
to the high achievements and fame of Dionysus.
And in the battles which took place during his wars
he arrayed himself in arms suitable for war and in
the skins of panthers, but in assemblages and at
festive gatherings in time of peace he wore garments
which were bright-coloured and luxurious in their
cffeminacy. Furthermore, in order to ward off the
headaches which every man gets from drinking too
much wine he bound about his head, they report,

"Op. p-2060-n. L
5951

DIODORUS OF SICILY

KeóaM)v, à$ó' Ts aiias koi purpnóópov Ovopdá-
LeoÜau/ àzÓ Oé ravT0s Tf LTpas vorepov capáà
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OuwTopa O0. avTOv mpocayopevÜSgvau Aéyovot Ou
TO vQGTpOS Lév évós Dmápéat 7ToUs ÓUo Awovicovs,
uQurépeov Oé Ovotv. kekAÀmpovo,nkévau Oé TÓv
vec)Tepov Küi Tüs ToU mpoyeveoTépov páÉeis:
O.0Tep TOUS perayeveoTépovs avÜpoxrovs, dàyvo-
oüvras gév T&ÀnÜés, mÀavgÜévras O6 Oià Tv
Op.cvvpi4av, €va yeyovévat vopiaau Atóvvoov.

Tov 8é vdpÜnka vpocárTovow a)0TQ Oui Twas
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otvov puo Tíjs TOU Uv6aTOS kpácecs eUpnuuévns
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düv cvvavaorpoóüs kai eDcy(as ToUs ocuveop-
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navubOeugs ytveo0au, kat rais Bakropiais. £vAlvaus
xypcnévovs Ta/vTous GAÀAÀovs UTTew. OÓiÓ kai
Twv pev TpavuaTiLopévov, Twv 0€ kat TeÀAevrov-
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dTooTíjca. TOU zivew Oa vOv àxpaTov árrooo-
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0€ vápÜnét ypijoÜat kat uy) £vAivaus Pakrrpiaus.

5. 'Ecevvgutas 9 a9rQ Tos àvÜpc rovs sroÀÀAds
Tpocdj, Tàs dA$opuaàs dvo TOv epi abrOv
érvrióevidrov AaBóvras. Dakyetov uév. yàp. dmró

1 ** W'earer of a mitra."

352?

BOOK IV. 4. 4-5. 1

a band (mitra), which was the reason for his receiving
the name Mitrephorus ! ; and it was this head-band,
they say, that in later times led to the introduction of
the diadem for kings. He was also called Dimetor,*
they relate, because the two Dionysi were born of
one father, but of two mothers. The younger one
also inherited the deeds of the older, and so the
men of later times, being unaware of the truth and
being deceived because of the identity of their
names, thought there had been but one Dionysus.

The narthex? is also associated with Dionysus for
the following reason. When wine was first dis-
covered, the mixing of water with it had not as yet
been devised and the wine was drunk unmixed;
but when friends gathered together and enjoyed
good cheer, the revellers, filling themselves to
abundance with the unmixed wine, became like
madmen and used their wooden staves to strike one
another. Consequently, since some of them were
wounded and some died of wounds inflicted in vital
spots, Dionysus was offended at such happenings,
and though he did not decide that they should
refrain from drinking the unmixed wine in abund-
ance, because the drink gave such pleasure, he
ordered them hereafter to carry a narthex and not a
wooden staff.

5. Many epithets, so we are informed, have been
given him by men, who have found the occasions
from which they arose in the practices and customs
which have become associated with him. So, for
instance, he has been called Baccheius from the

? ** Of two mothers " ; but see Book 2. 62. 5 for a different
explanation of the name.
3 i.e. the reed which formed the staff of the thyrsus.

353

LE,

DIODORUS OF SICILY

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TOls Éék ^fs swat0etag ayaÜots cdeAovcas Te kal
TeproUGas, rovs Ó€ ZaTUpovs TOiS TpOS yéÀwTa
cvvepyobow émvrnóeUnaot ypopévovs, grapaakevá-
^ N
Lew 7 Awv/co TÓv e)0a«uova kat. kexapua-
/ 7 / N ^ —- ^
pévov Biüv. xaÜ0AÀov Oé voÜrov vÓÀv ÜvpneAuciv

! Chap. 4. 2. But in Book 3. 63. 3 the long beard is
explained as due to the fact that the first Dionysus was an
Indian.

354

BOOK IV. s. 1-4

Dacchic bands of women who accompanied him.
Lenaeus from the custom of treading the clusters of
grapes in a wine-tub (/enos), and Bromius from the
thunder (bromos) which attended his birth; likewise
for a similar reason he has been called Pyrigenes
(* Born-of-Fire "). Thriambus is a name that has
been given him, they say, because he was the first of
those of whom we have a record to have celebrated
a triumph (tAriambos) upon entering his native land
after his campaign, this having been done when he
returned from India with great booty. ]t is on a
similar basis that the other appellations or epithets
have been given to him, but we feel that it would
be a long task to tell of them and inappropriate to
the history which we are writing.

He was thought to have two forms, men say,
because there were two Dionysi, the ancient one
having a long beard, because all men in early times
wore long beards, the younger one being youthful
and effeminate and voung, as we have mentioned
before.!| Certain writers say, however, that it was
because men who become drunk get into two states,
being either joyous or sullen, that the god has been
called " two-formed." Satyrs also, it is reported,
were carried about by him in his company and
afforded the god great delight and pleasure in con-
nection with their dancings and their goat-songs.?
And, in general, the Muses who bestowed benefits
and delights through the advantages which their
education gave them, and the Satyrs by the use of
the devices which contribute to mirth, made the
life of Dionysus happy and agreeable. There is
general agreement also, they say, that he was the

3 'The Greek word usually translated ** tragedies."

355

DIODORUS OF SICILY

d'y aeo $actv eÜperr]v yevéaÜat, kat Ücar po. kaTa.-
Oet£at, kat pou aKpoaudáTov cvoro)ua Trouj-
cacÜac mpos O€ TOUTOLS GAevrovpyryrovs 70a
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veoTépous LOUGLKOS GUvOOOUS cvovioao0a. TÓV
zepi TOv Üuóvvaov TeyvvrÓv, kai aàreAets Tovfoat
TOUS Tà TOLGÜTA. E7rV/TTOevovTas.

Kat epi uév Atovícov xat TÓv sept aoToD
puÜoAoyovp.évo apkeaU:aóp.eÜa rots pnÜetou oTo-
xyabónevot Ts ovuperptas.

6. IHept? Oe [IIpizov ka. TÓV j.uÜoAo'yovp.évav
mepi a)ToD vbv Ote uev, oLKetov ópves TOV T€pl
ToUTOUv Àóyov Taj/s Awovvetakats (aToptaws. jivOo-
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évreraüaÜat zpós vàs à$poOisiakds TjOovds. Tivés
OéÉ $aov TO aiQotov TOv àvÜpoov To)s maAawoUs
pv 08s ovo ew PovAop.évovs I ptazrov "poca-
yopebaau. €vtoL O€ Aéyovat TO yewijrucóv p.ópuov,
avirtov Dzápyov TÍjs ysevéoeos TOv àvÜpowov
kai O.auovijs eis àzavra TÓv aiQva, Truyetv TÍjs

! kai deleted by Bekker.

! 'The /hymele was the altar of Dionysus which stood in the
centre of the orchestra of the theatre, and so the adjective
'"thymele" came to signify the action of the chorus as
opposed to that of the actors. **Thymoelic" contests in-
cluded non-dramatie performances, such as the singing of
songs, dancing, jugglery, and the like.

* From the fourth century B.c. onward for at least eight
centuries these '' Artists of Dionysus" were members of

356

BOOK IV. c. 4-6. 2

inventor of thymelic! contests, and that he intro-
duced places where the spectators could witness the
shows and organized musical concerts; furthermore,
he freed from any forced contribution to the state
those who had cultivated any sort of musical skill
during his campaigns, and it is for these reasons
that later generations have formed musical associa-
tions of the artists of Dionysus ? and have relieved
of taxes the followers of this profession.

As for Dionysus and the myths which are related
about him we shall rest content with what has been
said, since we are aiming at due proportion in our
account.

6. We shall at this point discuss Priapus and the
myths related about him, realizing that an account
of him is appropriate in connection with the history
of Dionysus. Now the ancients record in their
myths that Priapus was the son of Dionysus and
Aphrodite and they present a plausible argument for
this lineage ; for men when under the influence of wine
find the members of their bodies tense and inclined to
the pleasures of love. But certain writers say that
when the ancients wished to speak in their myths of
the sexual organ of males they called it Priapus.
Some, however, relate that the generative member,
since it is the cause of the reproduction of human
beings and of their continued existence through all

powerful guilds which bore that title togcther with the name
of the city in which their headquarters were situated. "These
guilds made contracts with cities in their territories for furnish-
ing theatrical exhibitions of every description and their
members in many cases enjoved freedom froni military service
and similar privileges, as well as the exemption from taxation
mentioned below.

357

DIODORUS OF SICILY

3 aÜavárov Tus. ot 0^ Atysmriot sept ToO. IIpu-
zov uvÜoÀoyoüvrés $aot 70 vaAÀac0v Tovs Turávas
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püja. Ou4 TO umOéva fovÀecÜa. ToÓvo aveAéoÜQa..
Trv O€ "low -0v $óvov ToU àvópos avaómnrobcav,
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pev Ootvac Odibat 70ts tepeÜüat kat cuuüv mpoová£at
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avaÜetvau. karQ TÓ (epov évrerapévov. arepi piév
otv TfSs yevécens ToU llpuízov kat Tfjs Tis
Towu0Ta uvÜoÀoyetra. sapà ois maAÀatots TÓV
Avyvs TU.

4 Toórov 89€ cóv Üeóv cwés uev 'I09ó$aAMov ovopua-
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KaüTrà TÓÀw d-ovéuovow a)70 é€v Tos itepots,!
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dAAa4s axyeO0v àráaats obTos 0 Üeós rvyyávev TwOs
TUATjs, ueTÀ. 'yéAuyTos KaL TaiOtás Trapewayopevos
év rais Üvoias.

| éy rois cepots deleted by Vogel.

1 Cp. Book I. 21-2, wherethe murderer of Osiris is Fyphon
not the Titans.

358

BOOK IV. 6. 2-4

time, became the object of immortal honour. But
the Egyptians in their myths about Priapus say that
in ancient times the Titans formed a conspiracy
against Osiris and slew him, and then, taking his
body and dividing it into equal parts among them-
selves, they slipped them secretly out of the house,
but this organ alone they threw into the river, since
no one of them was willing to take it with him.!
But Isis tracked down the murder of her husband,
and after slaying the Titans and fashioning the
several pieces of his bodv into the shape of a human
figure,? she gave them to the priests with orders
that they pav Osiris the honours of a god, but since
the only member she was unable to recover was the
organ of sex she commanded them to pay to it the
honours of a god and to set it up in their temples
in an erect position? — Now this is the myth about
the birth of Priapus and the honour paid to him, as
it is given by the ancient Egyptians.

This god is also called by some Ithyphallus, by
others Tychon. Honours arc accorded him not only
in the city, in the temples, but also throughout the
countryside, where men set up his statue to watch
over their vineyards and gardens, and introduce
him as one who punishes any who cast a spell over
some fair thing which they possess. And in the
sacred rites, not only of Dionvsus but of practically
all other gods as well, this god receives honour to
some extent, being introduced in the sacrifices to
the accompaniment of laughter and sport.

? According to the account in Book 1. 21. 5 Isis used spices
and wax to build each piece up to the size of a human body.

3 Diodorus is equating Priapus with the Egyptian god Min,
a deity of fertility, whose statues werc ithiy phallic.

359

DIODORUS OF SICILY

IlapazAgaéos 0Oé -TO llpiizo Twés uv6Oo-
Aoyobac yeyevijoÜa« Tv e "Eppuadpoór-
TOV, ÓvV x '"Eppuob xat "Adpoo (T"S yewrnÜévra
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Aéyet
Moó?ca« 8. évvéa srácoac üpeiBópevac 0t kaÀg

! zà 06 $vowà. nópia. avyyevvácÜat Toro Kai yvvaukOÓs kat
avópos (*and he is born with the physical organs both of a
woman and of a man ") after éyew DD.

360

BOOK IV. 6. s-7

A birth like that of Priapus is ascribed by some
writers of myths to Hermaphroditus, as he has been
called, who was born of Hermes and Aphrodité and
received a name which is a combination of those of
both his parents. Some say that this Hermaphro-
ditus is a god and appears at certain times among
men, and that he is born with a physical body which
is a combination of that of a man and that of a
woman, in that hc has a body which is beautiful and
delicate like that of a woman, but has the mascu-
line quality and vigour of a man. But there are
some who declare that such ereatures of two sexes
are monstrosities, and coming rarely into the world
as they do they have the quality of presaging the
future, sometimes for evil and sometimes for good.
But let this be enough for us on such matters.

T. As for the Niuses: since we have referred to
them in connection with the deeds of Dionysus, it
may be appropriate to give the facts about them in
summary. Forthe majority of the writers of myths
and those who enjoy the greatest reputation say
that they were daughters oL Zeus and ! Mnemosyné ;
but a few poets, among whose number is Aleman,
state that they were daughters of Uranus and G6.
Writers similarly disagree also concerning the number
of the Muses ; for some say that they are three, and
others that they are nine, but the number nine has
prevailed since it rests upon the authority of the
most distinguished men, such as Homer and Hesiod
and others like them. . Homer,! for instance, writes :

The Muses, nine in all, replying each
To each with voices sweet ;

! Odyssey 24. 60.
361

DIODORUS OF SICILY

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^ * /
TOUS dKpoaTGs TOÍS €K mTaeias Trépvywwoj.évots
| yeyovévat after zÀetoroc omitted by D.

362

BOOK IV. 7. 2-4

and Hesiod * even gives their names when he writes :

Cleio, Éuterpé, and Thaleia, Melpomené,
Terpsichoré and Erato, and Polymnia, Urania,
Calliopé too, of them all the most comely.

To each of the Muses men assign her special
aptitude for one of the branches of the liberal arts,
such as poetry, song, pantomimic dancing, the round
dance with music, the studv of the stars, and the
other liberal arts. They are also believed to be
virgins, as most writers of myths say, because men
consider that the high attainment which is reached
through education is pure and uncontaminated.
Men have given the Muses their name from the
word muein, which signifies the teaching of those
things which are noble and expedient and are not
known by the uneducated.? For the name of each
Muse, they say, men have found a reason appro-
priate to her: Cleio is so named because the praise
which poets sing in their encomia bestows great
glory (£leos) upon those who are praised; Euterpé,
because she gives to those who hear her sing delight
(terpein) in the blessings which education bestows;
Thaleia, because men whose praises have been sung
in poems flourish (iAallein) through long periods of
time; Melpomené, from the chanting (melodia) by
which she charms the souls of her listeners; 'Terpsi-
choré, because she delights (ferpezm) her disciples
with the good things which come from education ;

1 "lTheogony 11-9.

? But muein means '' to close " the eyes or mouth; Plato,
Cratylus 406 A, derives the word from j«9o0ai. which he ex-
plains as mcaning '' searching and philosophy." "There is no
agreement among modern scholars on the etymology of the
word *'* Muse."

363

DIODORUS OF SICILY

ayaÜots, 'Eparc O' àxó ToU ToUs maiOevÜÉvras
ToÜewo)s kat ézepáoTovs azoTeÀetv, IloAvpvuav
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Oi&óopov obcav amoOoyüs Tvyxüvew D57O TÓV
m
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lovrov O' uiv dàpko)wvrcos ctpnuuévov geTa-
PuBácopev TÓV Aóyov eri Tàs 'HpakAéovs mpá£es.

o. Ovx à a-yvoó) Ó OTL TToÀÀa. OUO Yprjo a. cvp aive
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mzpaxÜévraw kaÜawpetv 7i Tfjs ToU Üeo0 OóÉ£mns 1"

|^ c Dhejovely one."

? ''he following account of Heracles is generally considered
to have been drawn from a Praisc of Heracles by Matris of
hebes, who is otherwise unknown and appears to have
omitted nothing that would redown to the glory of the
greatest Greek hero.

304

BOOK IV. 7. 4-8. 2

Erato,! because she makes those who are instructed
by her men who are desired and worthy to be loved ;
Polymnia, because by her great (polle) praises (hum-
nesis) she brings distinction to writers whose works
have won for them immortal fame; Urania, because
men who have been instructed of her she raises
aloft to heaven (ouranos), for it is a fact that
imagination and the power of thought lift men's
souls to heavenly heights; Calliope, because of her
beautiful (£ale) voice (ops), that is, by reason of the
exceeding beauty of her language she wins the
approbation of her auditors.

But since we have spoken sufficiently on these
matters we shall turn our discussion to the deeds of
Heracles.?

8. I am not unaware that many difficulties beset
those who undertake to give an account of the
ancient myths, and especially is this true with re-
spect to the myths about Heracles. For as regards
the magnitude of the deeds which he accomplished
it is generally agreed that Heracles has been handed
down as one who surpassed all men of whom memory
from the beginning of time has brought down an
account; consequently it is a difficult. attainment
to report each one of his deeds in a worthy manner
and to present a record which shall be on a level
with labours so great, the magnitude of which won
for him the prize ofimmortality. Furthermore,since
in the eyes of many men the very early age and
astonishing nature of the facts which are related
make the myths incredible, a writer is under the
necessity either of omitting the greatest deeds and
so detracting somewhat from the fame of the god,
or of recounting them all and in so doing making

365

e
D».

DIODORUS OF SICILY

e J ^
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^ /
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/ 3 A M] ^ Z/ /,
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dkoÀoUÜcs rots moÀotoTárots TÓV owrÓv T€ kal
nvÜoAóycv.

1 égaiwvov D, ómrepox1v Vulgate.

360

BOOK IV. 8. a-z

the history of them incredible. For some readers
set up an unfair standard and require in the accounts
of the ancient myths the same exactness as in the
events of our own time, and using their own life as
a standard they pass judgment on those deeds the
magnitude of which throw them open to doubt, and
estimate the might of Heracles by the weakness of
the men of our day, with the result that the exceed-
ing magnitude of his deeds makes the account of
them incredible. For, speaking generally, when
the histories of mvths are concerned, a man should
by no means serutinize the truth with so sharp an
eye. In the theatres, for instance, though we are
persuaded there have existed no Centaurs who are
composed of two different kinds of bodies nor any
Geryones with three bodies, we yet look with favour
upon such products of the myths as these, and by
our applause we enhance the honour of the god.
And strange it would be indeed that Heracles, w nie
yet among mortal men, should by his own jabonrs
have brought under cultivation the inhabited world.
and that human beings should nevertheless forget
the benefactions w hich he rendered them generally
and slander the commendation he receives for the
noblest deeds, and strange that our ancestors should
have unanimously accorded immortality to him
because of his exceedingly great attainments, and
that we should nevertheless fail to cherish and
maintain for the god the pious devotion which
has been handed down to us from our fathers.
However, we shall leave such considerations and
relate his deeds from the beginning, basing our
account on those of the most ancient poets and
writers of myths.

367

DIODORUS OF SICILY

9. 'l'?s "Akpuiotov 7otvvv. Aaváxs kat Atós. óaot
/ / / M ^ A /
yevécÜa, llepaéa: ToUvT« O6 uwyetoav rrj» Kydéos
? / 5 / ^ » /
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b! / ? / / ? / i

7T)v lléAozos E)vpuOUxqv ovvouajsacav 'AAkprjvqv
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T€eKVÓ)OQ4, Ka TGUTY) ÁLa. uvyévra OU azárns Hpa-

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, ^
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TÓV Üecv ava. dépew A€yera TÓV eipmp.évov Tpómov.

?
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xpóvov mpoaypijva. T)v OTepBoÀmyv Tíjs Tob yevvq-
/

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mretaau o oQ0após cAmribew Ou TT Oc dÓpocUvnv:
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/ TEES. / ,| / N »
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, /, / N »
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^ M! 3 » 3 / i!
TUTIOUGGP KQL gGuvep'yov €XOUGQV EiAetÜüvav TYV

1 i.e, to Zeus.

368

BOOK IV. 9. 1-4

9. This, then, is the story as it has been given
us: Perseus was the son of Danaé, the daughter of
Acrisius, and Zeus. Now Andromeda, the daughter
of Cepheus, lay with him and bore Electryon, and
then Eurydicé, the daughter of Pelops, married him
and gave birth to Alemené, who in turn was wooed
by Zeus, who deceived her, and bore Heracles.
Consequently the sources of his descent, in their
entirety, lead back, as is claimed, through both his
parents to the greatest of the gods,! in the manner
we have shown. "The prowess which was found in
him was not onlv to be seen in his deeds, but was
also recognized even before his birth. For when
Zeus lay with Alemené he made the night three
times its normal length and by the magnitude of
the time expended on the procreation he presaged
the exceptional might of the child which would be
begotten. And, in general, he did not effect this
union from the desire of love, as he did in the case
of other women, but rather only for the sake of
procreation. Consequently, desiring to give legality
to his embraces, he did not choose to offer violence
to Alemené, and yet he could not hope to persuade
her because of her chastity ; and so, deciding to use
deception, he deceived Alemené by assuming in
every respect the shape of Amphitryon.

When the natural time of pregnancy had passed,
Zeus, whose mind was fixed upon the birth of Heracles,
announced in advance in the presence of all the gods
that it was his intention to make the child who
should be born that dav king over the descendants
of Perseus; whereupon Hera, who was filled with
jealousy, using as her helper Eileithyia? her daughter,

? ''he goddess who assisted in travail.

369

DIODORUS :OF SICILY

Üvyarépa, ríjs uev '" AA«pajvus sapakaraoxetv 7às
950^ M » *, L 1 ^ £
cOtvas, TÓv OÓ E)pvo0éa mpó ToÜ xkaÜwnkovros

5 Ld Ml A ^ ? ^ A O€ INT. 2
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/ ^ / € ,
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a)TO TpOÓs T")V gLw«Tépa TpéQew apekeAevaaro.
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zapáOofov: 7) uév yàp oTépyew OjetAovca uüTMp
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b / A 3 r4 A Li e A
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r] / / 3 / A / /
abyéva cóiy£as amémwuéte rovs Ópákovras. Ouómep
! mpoctoóoa ABD, c pouotca 11, rapio9oa Dekker.

379

BOOK IV. 9. 4-10. 1

checked the birth-pains of Alemené and brought
Eurystheus ! forth to the light before his full time.
Zeus, however, though he had been outgeneralled,
wished both to fulfill his promise and to take thought
for the future fame of Heracles; consequently, they
say, he persuaded Hera to agree that Eurystheus
should be king as he had promised, but that Heracles
should serve Eurystheus and perform twelve Labours,
these to be whatever Eurystheus should prescribe,
and that after he had done so he should receive the
gift of immortality. After Alemené had brought
forth the babe, fearful of Hera's jealousy she exposed
it at a place which to this time is called after him
the Field of Heracles. Now at this very time
Athena, approaching the spot in the company of
Hera and being amazed at the natural vigour of the
child, persuaded Hera to offer it the breast. But
when the boy tugged upon her breast with greater
violence than would be expected at his age, Hera
was unable to endure the pain and cast the babe
from her, whereupon Athena took it to its mother
and urged her to rear it. And anyone may well be
surprised at the unexpected turn of the affair; for
the mother whose duty it was to love her own off-
spring was trving to destroy it, while she who
cherished towards it a stepmother's hatred, in
ignorance saved the life of one who was her natural
enemy.

10. After this Hera sent two serpents to destroy
the babe, but the boy, instead of being terrified,
gripped the neck of a serpent in each hand and
strangled them both. Consequently the inhabitants

! Descendant of Perseus by another line and later king of
Argos.

3j1

DIODORUS OF SICILY

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TT TTplOQ, KkaTÉOTGGeV €K TÓV vadv Tds vpoamn-

| pef? fBoeee after reAarvre doleted hy Bekker.

| Cp. Book 1. 24. 4. But Heraeles won his fame, not
diosek Hera, but throngh his own aehievements; and so
many philologists derive the first part of his name, not from

Hera, but from 7 7jpa (5: service
? Literally, an ''ephebus," in Athens at the age of eighteen.

31?

BOOK IV. ro. r-4

of Argos, on learning of what had taken place, gave
him the name Heracles because he had gained
glory (Aleos) by the aid of Hera,! although he had
formerly been called Alcaeus. Other children are
given their names by their parents, this one alone
gained his name by his valour.

After this time Amphitryon was banished from
liryns and changed his residence to Thebes; and
Heracles, in his rearing and education and especially
in the thorough instruction which he received in
physical exercises, came to be the first by far in
bodily strength among all the rest and famed for
his nobility of spirit. Indeed, while he was still a
youth? in age he first of all restored the freedom
of Thebes, returning in this way to the city, as though
it were the place of his birth, the gratitude which
he owed it. For though the Thebans had been
made subject to Erginus, the king of the Minyans,
and were paying him a fixed yearly tribute, Heracles
was not dismayed at the superior power of these
overlords but had the courage to accomplish a deed
of fame. Indeed, when the agents of the Minyans
appeared to require the tribute and were insolent
in their exactions, Heracles mutilated? them and
then expelled them from the city. Erginus then
demanded that the guilty party be handed over to
him, and Creon, the king of the Thebans, dismayed
at the great power of Erginus, was prepared to
deliver the man who was responsible for the crime
complained of. Heracles, however, persuading the
young men of his age to strike for the freedom of
their fatherland, took out of the temples the suits
of armour which had been affixed to their walls,

3 4. €. cut off their hands and their feet.

373

DIODORUS OF SICILY

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^ ^ 3 /
«aL roUTo «pá£avra Trevé£eoÜla. 75s aÜavaotas.

374

DOOK IV. ro. 4-7

dedicated to the gods by their forefathers as spoil
from their wars; for there was not to be found in
the city any arms in the hands of a private citizen,
the Minyans having stripped the city of its arms in
order that the inhabitants of Thebes might not
entertain any thought of revolting from them. | And
when Heracles learned that Erginus, the king of
the Minyans, was advancing with troops against the
city he went out to meet him in a certain narrow
place, whereby he rendered the multitude of the
hostile force of no avail, killed Erginus himself, and
slew practically all the men who had accompanied
him. Then appearing unawares before the city of
the Orchomenians and slipping in at their gates he
both burned the palace of the Minyans and razed
the city to the ground.

After this deed had been noised about through-
out the whole of Greece and all men were filled
with wonder at the unexpected happening, Creon
the king, admiring the high achievement of the
voung man, united his daughter Megara in marriage
to him and entrusted him with the affairs of the city
as though he were his lawful son; but Eurystheus,
who was ruler of Argolis, viewing with suspicion the
growing power of Heracles, summoned him to his
side and commanded him to perform Labours. And
when Heracles ignored the summons Zeus despatched
word to him to enter the service of Eurystheus;
whereupon Heracles journeyed to Delphi, and on
inquiring of the god regarding the matter he re-
ceived a reply which stated that the gods had
decided that he should perform twelve Labours at
the command of Eurystheus and that upon their
conclusion he should receive the gift of immortality.

375

VOL. II. N

DIODORUS OF SICILY

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kaÜ' 2v eicÜev xoAesew 7o Ünpiov. 0 0' 'HpakMfjs

| mpoaraxÜévr eov Wesseling.
? énéneu ey Reiske.

1 ** Perforated."

370

BOOK IV. rr. r-4

11]. At such a turn of affairs Heracles fell into
despondeney of no ordinary kind; for he felt that
servitude to an inferior was a thing which his high
achievements did not deserve, and yet he saw that
it would be hurtful to himself and impossible not to
obey Zeus, who was his father as well. While he
was thus greatly at a loss, Hera sent upon him a
frenzy, and in his vexation of soul he fell into a
madness. As the aflliction grew on him he lost his
mind and tried to slay Iolaüs, and when Iolaüs made
his escape but his own children by Megara were
near by, he shot his bow and killed them under the
impression that they were enemies of his. When
he finally recovered from his madness and recognized
the mistake he had made through a misapprehension,
he was plunged in grief over the magnitude of the
calamity. And while all extended him sympathy
and joined in his grief, for a long while he stayed
inactive at home, avoiding any association or meet-
ing with men; at last, however, time assuaged his
grief, and making up his mind to undergo the
dangers he made his appearance at the court of
Eurystheus.

The first Labour which he undertook was the
slaying of the lion in Nemea. This was a beast of
enormous size, which could not be wounded by iron
or bronze or stone and required the compulsion of
the human hand for his subduing. It passed the
larger part of its time between Mycenae and
Nemea, in the neighbourhood of a mountain which
was called retus! from a peculiarity which it
possessed; for it had a cleft at its base which ex-
tended clean through it and in which the beast was
accustomed to lurk. Heracles came to the region

361

DIODORUS OF SICILY

kaTavri]oas évi TÓV TÓTOV mpoaéBaAev Q)TO,
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TT €k Tfjs ükiOos mAnyrn a QWLaTOV.

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cOTe ém aUTfjs Tfs nx s aupuBóys croxácaaÜa.
TOU kaipoU. éTw uev yàp (oxDovza àóeis abrOv àv

! So Dindorf: àtervzoóvro.
? So Dindorf: àérpife pév.

! Op. Strabo 8. 3. 10.
375

BOOK IV. i11. 4-12. 1

and attacked the lion, and when the beast retreated
into the cleft, after closing up the other opening he
followed in after it and grappled with it, and winding
his arms about its neck choked it to death. The
skin of the lion he put about himself, and since he
could cover his whole body with it because of its
great size, he had in it a protection against the
perils which were to follow.

The second Labour which he undertook was the
slaying of the Lernaean hydra, springing from
whose single body were fashioned a hundred necks,
each bearing the head of a serpent. And when
one head was cut off, the place where it was
severed put forth two others; for this reason it was
considered to be invincible, and with good reason,
since the part of it which was subdued sent forth
a two-fold assistance in its place. Against a thing
so difficult to manage as this Heracles devised an
ingenious scheme and commanded lolaüs to sear
with a burning brand the part which had been
severed, in order to check the flow of the blood.
So when he had subdued the animal by this means
he dipped the heads of his arrows in the venom, in
order that when the missile should be shot the
wound which the point made might be incurable.

12. The third Command which he received was
the bringing back alive of the Erymanthian boar
which lived on Mount Lampeia! in Arcadia. "This
Command was thought to be exceedingly difficult,
since it required of the man who fought such a
beast that he possess such a superiority over it as
to catch precisely the proper moment in the very
heat of the encounter. For should he let it loose
while it still retained its strength he would be in

379

€

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DIODORUS OF SICILY

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OÓé Owwpndrovs Üfpas, éuewiav Oé kat avve-
! So Dindorf: zAetc.

390

DOOK IV. i2. 1-5

danger from its tushes, and should he attack it more
violently than was proper, then he would have killed
it and so the Labour would remain unfulfilled.
However, when it came to the struggle he kept so
careful an eye on tle proper balance that he brought
back the boar alive to Eurystheus; and when the
king saw him carrying the boar on his shoulders, he
was terrified and hid himself in a bronze vessel.
About the time that Heracles was performing
these Labours, there was a struggle between him
and the Centaurs, as they are called, the reason
being as follows. Pholus was a Centaur, from whom
the neighbouring mountain came to be called Pholoé,
and receiving Heracles with the courtesies due to a
guest he opened for him a jar of wine which had
been buried in the earth. This jar, the writers of
myths relate, had of old been left with a certain
Centaur by Dionysus, who had given him orders
only to open it when Heracles should come to that
place. And so, four generations after that time,
when Heracles was being entertained as a guest,
Pholus recalled the orders of Dionysus. Now when
the jar had been opened and the sweet odour of
the wine, because of its great age and strength,
came to the Centaurs dwelling near there, it came
to pass that they were driven mad; consequently
they rushed in a body to the dwelling of Pholus and
set about plundering him of the wine in a terrifying
manner. At this Pholus hid himself in fear, but
Heracles, to their surprise, grappled with those who
were employing such violence. He had indeed to
struggle with beings who were gods on their mother's
side, who possessed the swiftness of horses, who had
the strength of two bodies, and enjoyed in addition

391

DIODORUS OF SICILY

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émAnyn), kai TO 7pabua éxcv àviarov éreAeUTyoev.

1 'The word means a |: cloud."
2 1.e. Eurystheus.

382

BOOK IV. i2. s-8

the experienee and wisdom of men. The Centaurs
advanced upon him, some with pine trees which
they had plucked up together with the roots, others
with great rocks, some with burning firebrands, and
still others with axes such as are used to slaughter
oxen. Dut he withstood them without sign of fear
and maintained a battle which was worthy of his
former exploits. The Centaurs were aided in their
struggle by their mother Nephelé,! who sent down
a heavy rain, by which she gave no trouble to those
which had four legs, but for him who was supported
upon two made the footing slippery. Despite all
this Heracles maintained an astonishing struggle
with those who enjoyed such advantages as these,
slew the larger part of them, and forced the sur-
vivors to flee. Of the Centaurs which were killed
the most renowned were Daphnis, Argeius, Amphion,
also Hippotion, Oreius, Isoples, Melanchaetes, and
lhereus, Doupon, and Phrixus. As for those who
escaped the peril by flight, every one of them later
received a fitting punishment: Iomadus, for in-
stance, was killed in Arcadia when he was attempting
to violate Aleyoné, the sister of Éurystheus. And
for this feat it came to pass that Heracles was
marvelled at exceedingly; for though he had private
grounds for hating his enemy,* yet because he
pitied her who was being outraged, he determined
to be superior to others in humanity.

À peculiar thing also happened in the case of him
who was called Pholus, the friend of Heracles. While
he was burying the fallen Centaurs, since they were
his kindred, and was extracting an arrow from one
of them, he was wounded by the barb, and since the
wound could not be healed he came to his death.

383

DIODORUS OF SICILY

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7 Tipá£ts TrpoaeOetro. Ou7ep karaakevácas xaAktiv
TÀaTaynv, kat O.& raUTIS €faiciov karackeváicv
/ 3 / X e N / -— /
JóQov, é£edópe. rà Ódoa, kat zépas Tjj Gvveyeta

384

BOOK IV. i2. 8-13. 2

Heracles gave him a magnifieent funeral and buried
him at the foot of the mountain, which serves better
than a gravestone to preserve his glory; for Pholoé
makes known the identity of the buried man by
bearing his name and no inscription is needed.
Likewise Heracles unwittingly by a shot from his
bow killed the Centaur Cheiron, who was admired
for his knowledge of healing. But as for the Centaurs
let what we have said suffice.

13. The next Command which Heracles received
was the bringing back of the hart which had golden
horns and exceiled in swiftness of foot. In the
performance of this Labour his sagacitv stood him
in not less stead than his strength of bodv. For
some say that he captured it by the use of nets,
others that he tracked it down and mastered it
while it was asleep, and some that he wore it out by
running it down. One thing is eertain, that he
aceomplished this Labour by his sagacity of mind,
without the use of force and without running any
perils.

Heracles then received a Command to drive the
birds out of the Stymphalian Lake, and he easily
aceomplished the Labour bv means of a device of
art and bv ingenuity. "The lake abounded, it would
appear, with a multitude of birds without telling,
which destroyed the fruits of the country round-
about. Now it was not possible to master the
animals by force because of the exeeptional multi-
tude of them, and so the deed called for ingenuity
in cleverly discovering some device. Consequently
he fashioned a bronze rattle whereby he made a
terrible noise and frightened the animals awav, and
furthermore, by imnaintaining a continual din, he

395

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TÀ Au TÓ Tarpi«c kaÜuépooe. areóavirqv Ó. avTOv

! Usually known as the Minotaur, "' bull of Minos"; cp.
chap. 77.

396

BOOK IV. 13. 2-14. r

easily forced them to abandon their siege of the
place and cleansed the lake of them.

Upon the performance of this Labour he received
a Command from Eurystheus to cleanse the stables
of Augeas, and to do this without the assistance of
any other man. These stables contained an enormous
mass of dung which had accumulated over a great
period, and it was a spirit of insult which induced
Eurystheus to lay upon him the command to clean
out this dung. Heracles declined as unworthy of
him to carry this out upon his shoulders, in order
to avoid the disgrace which would follow upon the
insulting command; and so, turning the course of
the Alpheius river, as it is called, into the stables
and cleansing them by means of the stream, he
accomplished the Labour in a single day, and with-
out suffering any insult. Surely, then, we may well
marvel at the ingenuity of Heracles; for he accom-
plished the ignoble task involved in the Command
without incurring any disgrace or submitting to
something which would render him unworthy of
immortality.

The next Labour which Heracles undertook was
to bring back from Crete the bull! of which, they
say, Pasiphaé had been enamoured, and sailing to
the island he secured the aid of Minos the king and
brought it back to Peloponnesus, having voyaged
upon its back over so wide an expanse of sea.

14. After the performance of this Labour Heracles
established the Olympie Games, having selected for
so great a festival the most beautiful of places,
which was the plain lying along the banks of the
Alpheius river, where he dedicated these Games to
Zeus the Father. And he stipulated that the prize

387

DIODORUS OF SICILY

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! karaycvtcacÜav after mpwrevovra deleted by all editors

but Vogel.
? karamori5cac 1, all editors, «aravoijoa. ABD, Vogel.

! 'IThe contest in boxing and wrestling.
? 'The famous foot-race, 6063 feet long.

389

BOOK IV. r4. r-3

in them should be only a crown, since he himself
had conferred benefits upon the race of men without
receiving any monetary reward. All the contests
were won by him without opposition by anyone else,
since no one was bold enough to contend with him
because of his exceeding prowess. And vet the
contests are very different one from another, since
it is hard for a boxer or one who enters for the
* Pankration '"! to defeat a man who runs the
" stadion, ? and equally difficult for the man who wins
first placein the light contests to wear down those who
excel inthe heavy. Consequently it was fitting that
of all Games the Olympic should be the one most
honoured, since they were instituted by a noble man.

It would also not be right to overlook the gifts
which were bestowed upon Heracles by the gods
because of his high achievements. For instance,
when he returned from the wars to devote himself
to both relaxations and festivals, as well as to feasts
and contests, each one of the gods honoured him
with appropriate gifts; Athena with a robe, Hephaes-
tus with a war-club and coat of mail, these two gods
vying with one another in accordance with the arts
they practised, the one with an eye to the enjoy-
ment and delight afforded in times of peace, the
other looking to his safety amid the perils of war.
As for the other gods, Poseidon presented him with
horses, Hermes with a sword, Apollo gave him a
bow and arrows and taught him their use, and
Demeter instituted the Lesser Mysteries ? in honour
of Heracles, that she might purify him of the guilt
he had incurred in the slaughter of the Centaurs.

3? These were celebrated at Agrae, south-east of the Acro-
polis, on the Ilissus, the ** Greater Mysteries" at Eleusis.

389

DIODORUS OF SICILY

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! (gre To0 Dindorf: ets 86€ 70.
? Dindorf conjectures aveAouévo.

399

BOOK IV. r4. 4-15. 2

A peculiar thing also came to pass in conuection
with the birth of this god. Thc first mortal woman,
for instance, with whom Zeus lay was Niobé, the
daughter of Phoroneus, and the last was Alemené,
who, as the writers of myths state in their genealogies,
was the sixteenth lineal descendant from Niobe.
It appears, then, that Zeus began to beget human
beings with the ancestors of this Alemené and ceased
with her; that is, he stopped with her his inter-
course with mortal women, since he had no hope
that he would beget in after times one who would
be worthy of his former children and was unwilling
to have the better followed bv the worse.

I5. After this, when the Giants about Pallené
chose to begin the war against the immortals,
Heracles fought on the side of the gods, and slaying
many of the Sons of Earth he received the highest
approbation. For Zeus gave the name of " Olym-
pian '' only to those gods who had fought by his
side, in order that the courageous, by being adorned
by so honourable a title, might be distinguished by
this designation from the coward; and of those who
were born of mortal women he considered only
Dionysus and Heracles worthy of this name, not
only because they had Zeus for their father, but
also beeause they had avowed the same plan of
life as he and conferred great benefits upon the
life of men.

And Zeus, when Prometheus had taken fire and
given it to, men, put him in chains and set an eagle
at his side which devoured his liver. But when
Heracles saw him suffering such punishment because
of the benefit which he had conferred upon men,
he killed the eagle with an arrow, and then persuad-

391

DIODORUS OF SICILY

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! oz suggested by Vogel: az.

! |n chaps. 41—5U0.
392

BOOK IV. rs. 2-16. 2

ing Zeus to cease from his anger he rescued him
who had been the benefactor of all.

The next Labour which Heracles undertook was
the bringing back of the horses of Diomedes, the
Thracian. The feeding-troughs of these horses were
of brass because the steeds were so savage, and they
were fastened by iron chains because of theirstrength,
and the food they ate was not the natural produce
of the soil but they tore apart the limbs of strangers
and so got their food from the ill lot of hapless men.
Heracles, in order to control them, threw to them
their master Diomedes, and when he had satisfied
the hunger of the animals by means of the flesh of
the man who had taught them to violate human
law in this fashion, he had them under his control.
And when the horses were brought to Eurystheus
he consecrated them to Hera, and in fact their
breed continued down to the reign of Alexander of
Macedon.

When this Labour was finished Heracles sailed
forth with Jason as a member of the expedition to
the Colchi to get the golden fleece. But we shall
give a detailed account of these matters in connection
with the expedition of the Argonauts.!

16. Heracles then received a Command to bring
back the girdle of Hippolyté the Amazon and so
made the expedition against the Amazons. |. Accord-
ingly he sailed into the Pontus, which was named
by him Euxeinus, and continuing to the mouth
of the Thermodon River he encamped near the city
of Themiscyra, in which was situated the palace of
the Amazons. And first of all he demanded of
them the girdle which he had been commanded

i.e. '' hospitable to strangers."

393

DIODORUS OF SICILY

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? ébvAa£e D, Vogel, Ó.eri]pmae CF, Dindorf, Bekker.
3 Gveripqgaev D, Vogel, àcóvAa£ev CF, Dindorf, Bekker.

1 j.e. ** Whirlwind."

394

BOOK IV. 16. 2-4

to get; but when they would pay no heed to him,
he joined battle with them. Now the general mass
of the Amazons were arrayed against the main
body of the followers of Heracles, but the most
honoured of the women were drawn up opposite
Heracles himself and put up a stubborn battle.
The first, for instance, to join battle with him was
Aella,! who had been given this name because of
her swiftness, but she found her opponent more
agile than herself. "The second, Philippis, encounter-
ing a mortal blow at the very first conflict, was slain.
Then he joined battle with Prothoé, who, they said,
had been victorious seven times over the opponents
whom she had challenged to battle. When she
fell, the fourth whom he overcame was known as
Eriboea. She had boasted that because of the
manly bravery which she displayed in contests of
war she had no need of anyone to help her, but she
found her claim was false when she encountered
her better. The next, Celaeno, Eurvbia, and
Phoebé, who were companions of Artemis in the
hunt and whose spears found their mark invariably,
did not even graze the single target, but in that
fight they were one and all cut down as they stood
shoulder to shoulder with each other. After them
Deianeira, Asteria and Marpé, and Tecmoessa and
Alcippeé were overcome. The last-named had taken
a vow to remain a maiden, and the vow she kept,
but her life she could not preserve. The com-
mander of the Amazons, Melanippé, who was also
greatly admired for her manly courage, now lost her
supremacy. And Heracles, after thus killing the
most renowned of the Amazons and forcing the
remaining multitude to turn in flight, cut down the

395

DIODORUS OF SICILY

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Tiv vfjcov TÓv Ümnpiov. Ow ep €v Toig UoTepov

1 ** He of the Golden Sword."
396

BOOK JV. 16. 4-17. 3

greater number of them, so that the race of them
was utterly exterminated. As for the captives, he
gave Antiopé as a gift to Theseus and set Melanippé
free, accepting her girdle as her ransom.

]7. Eurystheus then enjoined upon him as a tenth
Labour the bringing back of the cattle of Geryones,
which pastured in the parts of Iberia which slope
towards the ocean. And Heracles, realizing that
this task called for preparation on a large scale and
involved great hardships, gathered a notable arma-
ment and a multitude of soldiers such as would be
adequate for this expedition. Forit had been noised
abroad throughout all the inhabited world that
Chrysaor,! who received this appellation because of
his wealth, was king over the whole of Iberia, and
that he had three sons to fight at his side, who
excelled in both strength of body and the deeds of
courage which they displayed in contests of war;
it was known, furthermore, that each of these sons
had at his disposal great forces which were recruited
from warlike tribes. It was because of these reports
that Eurystheus, thinking any expedition against
these men would be too diffhicult to succeed, had
assigned to Heracles the Labour just described. But
Heracles met the perils with the same bold spirit
which he had displayed in the deeds which he had
performed up to this time. His forces he gathered
and brought to Crete, having decided to make his
departurc from that place; for this island is especially
well situated for expeditions against any part of the
inhabited world. Before his departure he was
magnificently honoured by the natives, and wishing
to show his gratitude to the Cretans he cleansed the
island of the wild beasts which infested it. And this

DIODORUS OF SICILY

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18. Mera 8€ vov " Avratov Üaàvacrov vapeAOcv etg

! So Bekker: azoxretvavza MSS., Dindorf, Vogel.

r O5 Dook 1. 21. 4.
398

BOOK IV. 17. 3-18. 1

is the reason why in later times not a single wild
animal, such as a bear, or wolf, or serpent, or any
similar beast, was to be found on the island. This
deed he accomplished for the glory of the island,
which, the myths relate, was both the birthplace and
the early home of Zeus.

Setting sail, then, from Crete, Heracles put in at
Libya, and first of all he challenged to a fight
Antaeus,! whose fame was noised abroad because of
his strength of body and his skill in wrestling, and
because he was wont to put to death all strangers
whom he had defeated in wrestling, and grappling
with him Heracles slew the giant. Following up this
great deed he subdued Libya, which was full of wild
animals, and large parts of the adjoining desert,
and brought it all under cultivation, so that the whole
land was filled with ploughed fields and such plantings
in general as bear fruit, much of it being devoted to
vineyards and much to olive orchards ; and, speaking
generally, Libya, which before that time had been
uninhabitable because of the multitude of the wild
beasts which infested the whole land, was brought
under cultivation by him and made infclor to no
other country in point of prosperity. He likewise
punished with death such men as defied the law or
arrogant rulers and gave prosperity to the cities.
And the myths relate that he hated every kind of
wild beast and lawless men and warred upon them
because of the fact that it had been his lot that while
vet an infant the serpents made an attempt on his
life, and that when he came to man's estate he
became subject to the power of an arrogant and
unjust despot who laid upon him these Labours.

18. After Heracles had slain Antaeus he passed into

299

DIODORUS OF SICILY

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1 ofs Hertlein : ots xat.

1 Op. Book 1. 88. 5.
400

BOOK IV. 18. 1-4

Egypt and put to death Dusiris,! the king of the
land, who made it his practice to kill the strangers who
visited that country. Then he made his way through
the waterless part of Libya, and coming upon a land
which was well watered and fruitful he founded a
city of marvellous size, which was called Hecatompy-
lon,? giving it this name because of the multitude
ofits gates. Andthe prosperity of this city continued
until comparatively recent times, when the Car-
thaginians made an expedition against it with notable
forces under the command of able generals and made
themselves its masters. And after Heracles had
visited a large part of Libva he arrived at the ocean
near Gadeira,? where he set up pillars on each of the
twocontinents. His fleet accompanied him along the
coast and on it he crossed over into Iberia. And
finding there the sons of Chrysaor encamped at some
distance from one another with three great armies,
he challenged each ofthe leaders to single combat and
slew them all, and then after subduing Iberia he
drove off the celebrated herds of cattle. He then
traversed the country of the Iberians, and since he
had received honours at the hands of a certain king of
the natives, a man who excelled in piety and justice,
he left with the king a portion of the cattle as a
present. The king aecepted them, but dedicated
them all to Heracles and made it his practice each
year to sacrifice to Heracles the fairest bull of the
herd; and it came to pass that the kine are still
maintained in Iberia and continue to be sacred to
Heraclces down to our own time.

But since we have mentioncd the pillars of Hcracles,
we deemit to be appropriate to sct forth the facts con-

2 ** Of a. Hundred Gates." 3 Cadiz.
AOI

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! 'IThe Straits of Gibraltar are twelve miles wide and for
eight miles the average depth is 250 fathoms.
? 'Phe reference is to Lake Copais.

402

BOOK IV. 18. 4-7

cerning them. When Heracles arrived at the farthest
points of the continents of Libya and Europe which lie
upon the ocean, he decided to set up these pillars to
commemorate his campaign. And since he wished
to leave upon the ocean a monument which would be
had in everlasting remembrance, he built out both
the promontories, they say, to a great distance;
consequently, whereas before that time a great
space had stood between them, he now narrowed the
passage, in order that by making it shallow and
narrow! he might prevent the great sea-monsters
from passing out of the ocean into the inner sea, and
that at the same time the fame of their builder might
be held in everlasting remembrance by reason of the
magnitude of the structures. Some authorities,
however, say just the opposite, namely, that the two
continents were originally joined and that he cut a
passage between them, and that by opening the
passage he brought it about that the ocean was
mingled with our sea. On this question, however,
it will be possible for every man to think as he may
please.

À thing very much like this he had already done in
Greece. For instance, in the region which is called
Tempé, where the country is like a plain and was
largely covered with marshes, he cut a channel
through the territory which bordered on it, and
carrying off through this ditch all the water of the
marsh he caused the plains to appear which are now in
Thessaly along the Peneius river. But in Boeotia he
did just the opposite and damming the stream which
flowed near the Minyan city of Orchomenus he turned
the country into a lake ? and caused the ruin of that
whole region. But what he did in Thessaly was to

493

DIODORUS OF SICILY

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Üóv«v rà Owecióvra TOv avparoméOwnv sepikómTew

404

BOOK IV. 1:8. 7-19. 4

confer a benefit upon the Greeks, whereas in Boeotia
he was exacting punishment from those who dwelt
in Minyan territory, because they had enslaved the
Thebans.

19. Heracles, then. delivered over the kingdom of
the Iberians to the noblest men among the natives and,
on his part, took his army and passing into Celtica
and traversing the length and breadth of it he put an
end to the lawlessness and murdering of strangers to
which the people had become addicted ; and since a
great multitude of men from every tribe flocked to his
army of their own accord, he founded a great city
which was named Alesia after the '' w andering "
(alé) on his campaign. But he also mingled among
the citizens of the city many natives, and since these
surpassed the others in multitude, it came to pass
that the inhabitants as a whole were barbarized.
The Celts up to the present time hold this city in
honour, looking upon it as the hearth and mother-
city of all Celtica. And forthe entire period from the
days of Heracles this city remained free and was never
sacked until our own time; but at last Gaius Caesar,
who has been pronounced a god because of the
magnitude of his deeds, took it by storm and made it
and the other Celts subjects of the Romans. | Hera-
cles then made his way from Celtica to Italy, and as
he traversed the mountain pass through the Alps he
made a highway out of the route, which was rough
and almost impassable, with the result that it can
now be crossed by armies and baggage-trains. The
barbarians who inhabited this mountain region had
been accustomed to butcher and to plunder such

! In 52 E.c.; the account of the siege and capture of
Alesia is in Caesar, T'he Gallic War, 1. 68 ff.

405

DIODORUS OF SICILY

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| ets rwas Üapvovs after uév deleted by Bekker.
! Cisalpine Gaul.

406

BOOK IV. 19. 4 20. 3

armies as passed through when they came to the
difficult portions of the way, but he subdued them all,
slew those that were the leaders in lawlessness of this
kind, and made the journey safe for succeeding
generations. And after crossing the Alps he passed
through the level plain of what is now called Galatia !
and made his way through Liguria.

20. The Ligurians who dwell in this land possess a
soil which is stonv and altogether wretched, and, in
return for the labours and exceedingly great hard-
ships of the natives, produces only scanty crops which
are wrung from it. Consequently the inhabitants
are of small bulk and are kept vigorous by their
constant exercise ; forsincethey are far removed from
the care-free life which accompanies luxury, they are
light in their movements and excel in vigour when it
comes to contests of war. In general,the inhabitants
of the region round about are inured to continuous
work, and since the land requires much labour for its
cultivation, the Ligurians have become accustomed
to require the women to share in the hardships which
the cultivation involves. And since both the men
and the women work side by side for hire, it came to
pass that a strange and surprising thing took place
in our day in connection with a certain woman. She
was with child, and while working for hire in companv
with the men she was seized by the labour-pains in
the midst of her work and quietly withdrew into a
thicket; here she gave birth to the child, and then.
after covering it with leaves, she hid the babe there
and herself rejoined the labourers, continuing to
endure the same hardship as that in which they were
engaged and giving no hint of what had happened.
And when the babe wailed and the occurrence be-

407
VOL. II. O

DIODORUS OFP-SICILY

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£eviots a&toAóyots. Kal DOcopea.ts Kexapuap.evaas
eripnoav- KQL TOUTOV TÓV QVvOÓpOv Urro|] pora.
Léypt TÀvÓe 7Óv kawpüv Owapévet kaTà TTVW
"Pop. 7v yàp v6üv ebyevOv avOpOv TO TÓv
IIwaptcv óvopatopévcov ! yévos 0uguévew sapà rots
Popaíors, cg Umrapyov GpxoAóraTOv, ToO Oc
Kaktov év TÓ IH Aat kaTáaots eaTw exovoa
AuÜtvav kMpaa TTV dvop.aLopnévqy am eketvov
Kaxtav, ovcav mAqotov 7fjs TÓT€ yevopuévns otktas
ToÜü Kaktov. Oo O9 ov 'HpakxMjs aàzoOefágevos
TT)» evvouav TOv TO lIaAdTtov. otkovvrov, poetrrev
a)TO(s ÓTL jierà Tv éavTroÜ ueráoTaow etg ÜeoUs
TOS cU apuévots ékOóekaTevoeuw ' HpakAet r1v ovaíav
cvpupijaeras TOV Btov eQÓatprovéoepov eyew.? ó
kat gvvéDy kara ToUs voTepov xypóvous Otapetvat

! So Hertlein: óvopatópevov.
? éxew Hertlein: efe.

408

BOOK IV. 2o. 5-21. 3

came known, the overseer could in no wise persuade
her to stop her work; and indeed she did not desist
from the hardship until her employer took pity upon
her, paid her the wages due her, and set her free
from work.

2]. After Heracles had passed through the lands of
the Ligurians and of the Tyrrhenians ? he came to the
river Tiber and pitched his camp at the site where
ome now stands. But this city was founded many
generations afterwards by Romulus, the son of Ares,
and at this time certain people of the vicinity had
their homes on the Palatine Hill, as it is now called,
and formed an altogether inconsiderable citv. Here
some of the notable men, among them Caeius and
Pinarius, welcomed Heraeles with marked aets of
hospitality and honoured him with pleasing gifts;
and memorials of these men abide in Rome to the
present day. For, of the nobles of our time, the gens
which bears the name Pinarii still exists among the
Romans, beiug regarded as very ancient, and as for
Cacius, there is a passage on the Palatine which leads
downward, furnished with a stairway of s and is
called after him the ' ' Steps of Cacius," 3 and it lies
near the original house of Caeius. Now Heracles
received ute favour the good-will shown him by
the dwellers on the Palatine and foretold to them that,
after he had passed into the cirele of the gods, it
would come to pass that whatever men should make a
vow to dedieate to Heracles a tithe of their goods
would lead a more happy and prosperous life. And in
iact this eustom did arise in later times and has

| À similar story of women of Liguria is told by Strabo
(3.4.17), on the authority of Posidonius.
? Etruscans. 8 'The scalae Caci.

499

DIODORUS OF SICILY

[ext TOv Ka" "jus ypóvcov: moAAoDs yàp TOv
Popatov oU póvov : TÓV GUUJLÉTpOUS oUaias KekmT)-
p.évov, àÀÀà kat TOv peyaAomÀoUrov Twàs eUfa-
pévovs ékOekaTeUvoew 'HpaxAet, kat uerà. 7rabra
yevopévovs e)0aiuovas, ékóekareÜcgau 7às oUDocías
oUgcas rGÀA4vTOV TeTpakKwGyLÀGov. | AeUkoAÀos yàp
o TÀv kaÜ' avTov ' Peace axeóóv vt vÀovowóra Tos
dv OtuTuuAmodap.evos T7)v LOlav ovotav karéÜvae TÓ
Üec) v&cav Trv Oekdrqv, eUcxX(as 7rovOv auveyets
«at TroÀvOagzrávovs. kareokevacav 0é kat '"Pogatot
ToUT«o TOÀ Üeà mapà 7óv "lüfepw (epóv a£uAoyov,
év à vot ovot ovvreAetv Tàs ék rfjs Óekàrns Üvotas.

'O 8' oov 'HpaxAijs az0 ToO Tuépecs àvaCev£as,
«a4 O.e£uov TT)v TapáAuv Tíjs vv 'IraAias óvopa-
Copévis, kamvrroev eis TO Kupatov mreOiov, €v à
pvÜoAoyoDaw &vOpas yeveaUa. TOls Te Dopaus Trpo-
éyovTas kal emi TG pavo. OtcoVO|LGOqL€vOUS , obs
ovouáLtecÜa. ytyavras. cvonácÜau O6 at TO
meOLtov ToÜro (OD Aeypatov azó Tob Aó$ov ToÜ TO
vTaÀat0v ékQvcoÓvros dxAaTOov mÜp mapamÀnaios
Tf kaTrà T)v MuccAav Atrvg: kaAÀetrat 0é vüv 0
Aódos! Ovecoovtos, é£yov «soAAà onpueta ToO
«exabaÜau xarà ToÜs dpyatovs ypóvovs. ToUs Ó
otv ycyavras vrvÜopévovs r1)v ' HpakAéovs vrapovotav
aÜpouaÜTiva« zrávras kat ma parátaatat TÓ Trpoetpr]-
névq. Üavp.aaí)s Oc yevojévis Lyn KO. Td. Te
TTv popnv kai 7v a Av TÓV ycyávrov, óaoct TOv
'"H paucAéa,, OU iiaXoUv rav a)TO TOv Ücàv, kpa jaa
TÓ MÁXn, kai TroUS TÀeiaTovs dveAóvra T?)V Ycpav

! Aódos Dindorf: Tó7os.

: Oveoostos (cp. Strabo 5. 4. 8), Oveaovottos Bekker, Dindorf,
Vogel, ovseoovotos MS5.

4IO

BOOK IV. aer. 3-6

persisted to our own day ; for many Romans, and not
only those of moderate fortunes but some even of
great wealth, who have taken a vow to dedicate a
tenth to Heracles and have thereafter become happy
and prosperous, have presented him with a tenth of
their possessions, which came to four thousand talents.
Lucullus, for instance, who was perhaps the wealthiest
Roman of his day, had his estate appraised and then
offered a full tenth of it to the god, thus providing
continuous feastings and expensive ones withal.
Furthermore, the HRomans have built to this god a
notable temple on the bank of the Tiber, with the
purpose of performing in it the sacrifices from the
proceeds of the tithe.

Heracles then moved on from the Tiber, and as he
passed down the coast of what now bears the name of
Italy he came to the Cumaean Plain. Here, the
myths relate, there were men of outstanding strength
the fame of whom had gone abroad for lawlessness
and they were called Giants. "This plain was called
Phlegraean ('* fiery ') from the mountain which of
old spouted forth a huge fire as Aetna did in Sicily ;
at this timc, however, the mountain is called Vesuvius
and shows many signs of the fire which once raged in
those ancient times. Now the Giants, according to
the account, on learning that Heracles was at hand,
gathered in full force and drew themselves up in
battle-order against him. "The struggle which took
place was a wonderful one, in view of both thestrength
and the courage of the Giants, but Heracles, they
say, with the help of the gods who fought on his
side, gained the upper hand in the battle, slew most
ofthe Giants, and brought the land under cultivation.

AII

DIODORUS OF SICILY

c&rpiepó)oaa. pv ÜoAosobvra. Ó oL ytyavres ynye-
vets yeyovévau àuà TV brrepBoArv ToO Karà TÓ
copa peyéÜovs. kai mep uév TOv év QOAéypa
dovevÜevrcov yvyávrav roiaÜra uvÜoÀoyobci Twes,
ots kai lüuawos 0 ovyypade)s 7)koAoUÜnoev.

22. 'O 89' 'HpakAMgs é« o8 GDAeypatov ze0(ov
kareADaw écrit TT)v ÜdAa Trav KaTeakeUaagev épyya. Trepi
TTV " Aopvov ovopabopéviv Apu, Lepàv 0€ Depoeóó-
vns vopabopévny A Keürat pL€v oUv 9) Aipun] pera£v
Mionvob kat. Awatapyetcov, zÀnotov rv Üepuáv
0OGTOV, €yel O€ Tv pév meptperpov cs Tévre
cTraóGov, TO 0€ DáÜos &moTov: éyovca yàp vÓop
kaÜapcorrarov atvera. Tfj xpóq kvavoüv Oud Tv
ocepBoM)v ToU Bá0ovs. poÜoAoyobct 9e TO pev
TGÀGA0V yeyevfjata. vekvoparretov Tpós aUTj], Ó
TOÍS borepov Xpovots kaTaAcAóoÜa4 $aciv. avame-
"rTGJLév]s 0€ TÍjs Aipunjs eis TWO Ü&ÀaTTrav, TOV
IipakAéa Aeyerat TÓV [Lev ékpovv éyydoau, TV OÓ'
000v 77v vOv o)cav zapa ÜaAarrav karackevdáoca,
Tv à. ékeivov kaAovuévav 'HpakAetav.

laóra pév ov ézpafe mepi éketvovs ToUs TO-
TOUS. évTeÜÜev O' ávateUCas kaTwvruoe Tís llo-
ceiÓc)viATÓV Ycpas Tpós Twa TéTpav, T7pOS 1T)
uvÜoÀoyoücw iOuóv 7v& yevéaÜat.. kai. zrapáOo£ov.
TÓV yàp éyycpüuv Trwà kvvqyyov év To(s kaTà T)v

! So Stephanus : óvonalonévqv.

! ''imaeus of Tauromenium in Sicily was born about 350
B.C. and is reputed to have lived to the age of ninety-six.
His greatest work was a history of Sicily and the West from
the earliest times to 2064 b.c.

DOOR-IV. 21. 6-22. 3

The myths record that the Giants were sons of the
earth because of the exceedinglv great size of their
bodies. With regard, then, to the Giants who were
slain in Phlegra, this is the account of certain writers
of myths, who have been followed bv the historian
Timaeus 1 also.

22. From the Phlegraean Plain Heracles went
down to the sea, where he constructed works about
the lake which bears the name Lake of Avernus and
is held sacred to Persephoné. Now this lake lies
between Misenum and Dicaearcheia * near the hot
waters? and is about five stades in cireumference and
of incredible depth; for its water is very pure and
nas to the eye a dark blue colour because of its very
great depth. And the myths record that in ancient
fines there had been on its shores an oracle of the
dead which, they sav, was destroyed in later days.
Lake Avernus once had an opening into the sea, but
Heracles is said to have filled up the outlet and
constructed the road which runs at this time along
the sea and is called after him the " Way of
Heracles."

]hese, then, are the deeds of Heracles in the
regions mentioned above. And moving on from there
he came to a eertain rock in the country of the people
of Poseidonia,! where the myths relate that a peculiar
and marvellous thing once took place. "There was,
that is, among the patives of the region a certain

* The Roman Puteoli.

3 'The hot springs of Daiae, the famous summer resort of
the Romans, which, aecording to Strabo (5. 15), ** were
suited both to the taste of the fastidious and to the cure of
disease " (tr. of Jones in the L.C.L.).

! The Roman Paestum, modern Pesto.

413

DIODORUS OF SICILY

0rpav avóporyaUijuaat Oucovopua.gquévoy év uév TOÍS
epmpoaoUev Xpóvots ete éva, TÓV An$Üévrav Ünpicov
TOS keóaAas kai roUs 700as àvaTuévai à Apré-
pAO0u. Kat TpoonÀoüv Tois Oévópeot, vÓTe O oDv
orepóvf kágpov yeucoocagevov, os! 7fjs Üco0 kara-
ópov5cavra, etmretv OóruL T") KkedaÀrv ToU Ümnpiov
éavrQ avar(Ümot, kat rois Aóyots. akoÀoUÜcs €k
Twos Gévópov kpeuáoa TOUTYV, a)TOv O€, KQUJLOTO)-
Oovs Trép.a áo eds ovoTs, KaTG eoufplay etg UTVOV
Tpamrijvau «aD óv 1) xpóvov ToU Oecpob AvÜcvros
aDToprcos meaety rT)v kedaÀnv és 7Óv kouopevov
kai OóuadÜetpai. | GÀÀ&. yàp ok àv Tis Üavpdoete
TO 'yeyovós, oTt 7fjs Üceás raUTv1s zroÀAa vrepvoráoets
nurnpovevovrat vepiéyovoau TT]|v karàü Tv aoeBóv
TuLopiav. TO O 'HpakAet ài Tyv evoéBeuav
robvavriov cvvep yeveataa. karavrycavros yap
aro0 "pós T j.eÜópra. TÜS Poyürns kai Aokptos,
Kai Oud TOV eK Tíjs óOotmoptas KÓtrOV avaTQUJOoLévov,
$jaciv UOrO TÓV TerT(yov aU0TOv évoyAÀoUpevov
eUéaoÜa. Tots Üeots à$avets yevéoÜat 700g évo-
yAofóvras a)TÓv: kai Ou robTo, TOv Üeóv DeDawo-
cávrcv TTv ebDynv, p póvov KaTrG TÓ TOpOv
a.Qavets yevéoÜac rovrovs, GÀÀà kat kara vOv vore-
pov xpóvov &zavca p5óéva rérTvya. GatveoÜac karáà
T)V Xcpav.

'O 8' 'HpaxAfjs karavr5cas emt TOv gopÜpnov
kaürà TO GTeroraTov Tfjs ÜaAárTus vàs puév Dobs
émepaicoev eig Trjv 2uceAiav, avTOs Óé Ta/pov ké-
pos ÀAafopevos Guerri£aro TÓv srópov, óvros rob Oua-
oT/uarOos oTaOLv TpuOv kai Oéka, cs ltüuauós
$n0t.

! cos Capps: xai
414

BOOK IV. e2. 3-6

hunter, the fame of whom had gone abroad because
of his brave exploits in hunting. On former occasions
it had been his practice to dedicate to Artemis the
heads and feet of the animals he secured and to nail
them to the trees, but once, when he had over-
powered a huge wild boar, he said, as though in
contempt of the goddess, " The head of the beast I
dedicate to mvself," and bearing out his words he
hung the head on a tree, and then, the atmosphere
being very warm, at midday he fell asleep. And
while he was thus asleep the thong broke, and the
head fell down of itself upon the sleeper and killed
him. And in truth there is no reason why anyone
should marvel at this happening, for many actual
occurrences are recorded which illustrate the venge-
ance this goddess takes upon the impious. DButinthe
case of Heracles his piety was such that the opposite
happened to him. For when he had arrived at the
border between Hheginé and Locris ! and lay down
to rest after his wearying journey, they say that he
was disturbed by the crickets and that he prayed to
the gods that the creatures which were disturbing
him might disappear; whereupon the gods granted
his petition, and not only did his prayer cause the
insects to disappear for the moment, but in all later
times as well not a cricket has ever been seen in the
land.

When Heracles arrived at the strait? where the
sea is narrowest, he had the cattle taken over into
Sicily, but as for himself, he took hold of the horn of
a bull and swam across the passage, the distance
between the shores being thirteen stades, as Timaeus
says.

! [n the toe of Italy. ? 'The Strait of Messina.
415

U(»

DIODORUS OF SICILY

23. Merzà 9é raóra DovAÓpevos éykvkAoOfva.
TrÁOUV YuceAtav, érrOL€tro T1)v 1ropetav dro TÓs. IIeAc-
puáoos émt TOV "Epvka. Dve£ióvros aDTOD Tv Tap-
dAtov Tíjs vTjOOV, pv ÜoAoyobat TÀS NUp.óas ivetvat
Üepp.a. Aovrpá Trpós TÜV üvdzavociw TÍjs Ka TO Tv
óOovmoptav GUTÓ yevop.évns kakorrabeias. TOUTOV
8' dvrow 8vrróv, rà pev nepata, 7&0 Eyyeorata
"poaayopcierat, TV OVOLLALOLAV €yOVTO. TOLUTQV QTO
TOv TÓmTOGV. TOÜÓ HpaxAéovs TÀnouicavros Toig
karà TÓV Fipuka. ALIE "poekaÀAéca;ro GUTOV
Epvt eis rrdÀqv, vtós ! àv ' AópoOUrqs kai Bovra To6
TOT Baciebovros TÓV TÓTOV. yevojévis 0€ TÍjs
diAoTuas erá mpooTQtov, Ka. TOU guév "Epvkos
Ol9óvros 7?v yopav, Tob O. MpakAéovs ras obs,
TÓ jgiév TpOTOV d'yavo er ety TOv "Epuxa, OLOTL
T0À) Aetrrovra. Tís actas ai Bóes, cvykpwop.évi]s
TÍjs Xcpas 7pOs aDTÓs'* TIpOS rabra Oc ToU 'Hpa-
kAeous dm0$awop.évov OLÓTt, TODTAaS v amoBáAn,
oTepijaera. Tfs aÜavacias, e$00r1oas Oo "Epvé
Tf GcuvÜNky kai zraAataas cAetdn) kat TV
yopav àzéDaAev. o 0' HpakAfs Tv A.év Xopav
mapeéÜero Tots éyxaoptous, gvyxcpnjaas a.rots
Aag. pavet TOUS kaprroUs,, péxpt v TuS TV eyóvav
aUTOD mapayevop.evos omavnom Omep kai cvvéPn
yevéaÜau.. | moÀÀats yàp vorepov yeveats Acpievs
o0 Aakeóawutóvtos karavTi)Oas eis Trjv. 24keXav kai

l Lev adter vtos deleted by Bekker.

! j.e. from the eastern extremity of the north coast to the
western.

? Cp. Aristophanes, T'he Clouds, 1051: ''Where, pray,
did you ever see Baths of Heracles ('HpaxAeta Aovrpá) that

416

BOOK IV. 23. 1-3

23. Upon his arrival in Sicily Heracles desired to
make the circuit of the entire island and so set out
from Pelorias in the direction of Eryx! While
passing along the coast of the island, the myths
relate, the Nvmphs caused warm baths? to gush
forth so that he might refresh himself after the toil
sustained in his journeying. "There are two of these,
called respectively Himeraea and EÉgestaea, each of
them having its name from the place where the baths
are. As Heracles approached the region of Eryx? he
was challenged to a wrestling match by Eryx, who
was the son of Aphrodite and Butas, who was then
king of that country. The contest of the rivals
carried with it a penalty, whereby Eryx was to
surrender his land and Heracles the cattle. Now at
first Eryx was displeased at such terms, maintaining
that the cattle were of far less value as compared with
the land; but when Heracles in answer to his argu-
ments showed that if he lost the cattle he would
likewise lose his immortality, Eryx agreed to the
terms, and wrestling with him was defeated and lost
his land. Heracles turned the land over to the
natives of the region, agreeing with them that they
should gather the fruits of it until one of his descend-
ants should appear among them and demand it
back; and this actually came to pass. For in fact
many generations later Dorieus * the Lacedaemonian

werecold ?" Allnaturally hot springs were commonly called
** Heracleia "' by the Greeks.

3 4.e. Mount Eryx, at the north-west corner of Sicily,
now Mt. San Giuliano.

5 lThe chequered career of Dorieus, of the royal line
of Sparta and so à Heraclid, is given in some detail in
Herodotus 5. 41-8.

417

DIODORUS OF SICILY

T)v xcpav àGmoAÀapBov ékrwe vOÀw '"HpdkAetav.
ray) O. a)Tíjs avCtouévgs, ot Kapynóówor $Üovij-
cavres àpga kat dopmÜévres pyrore mAÀéov ioxU-
caca Tíjs Kapxgoóoóvos àj$éAqra( TOV | Oowikov
T)V T|yeuoviav, oTpareUcavres ém aUTTv peyá-
Àats Ovváj.ect kat kara. kpáros éAóvres karéakayav.
dÀÀà mepi uév TOUTOV T kaTà gépos €v Tols
oiKetotgs ypóvo:s àvavypduiopev.

Tóre 8! o 'Hpax«Afjs éykvkAoUpevos 7r)» 2ukeAMav,
kararT5gas eis T»V vÜv o0gav TOv 2vpakoactov
7óAw kai TvÜÓpevos Tà juÜoAoyoUpeva xarà Tov
rfs Kópns aprayiiv, €Üvoé re ats Ücats ueyaAorpe-
7TÓSs kai eis Tv Kuávgv cov kaAMoTeUVovra TÓV
raUpcv kaÜayyicas karéGei£e ÜUew Tos éyxcptovs
kar. évavróv 7jj Kópg kat mpós Tjj Kvdvgy Àap-
7pÓs dyew mavwyupiv re kai Üvoíav. a)TOs 8€
jerà. TÀv Boóv ài 7fjs ueaoyetov Ove£uv, kat TOv
éyycpicv 3iukavóv peydÀauws Óvvápeotw àvrvra£a.-
uéve, évíknoev émióavet sapará£eu kat zroÀÀoUs
d7ékTewev, év ots jvÜoAoyoÜot Twes kat ovparm-
yoUs émi$javeis yeyevfoÜau Tovs pnéypi ToD vÜv
72powjs Tufjs rTvyxávovras, AeUkaazw kat IITe0ua-
kpárnv kai Bovéóvav kai UAvyárav, érc 06 Bvratav
kai Ipvrióav.

24. Mera 8e raD7a O.eAÜ0cov 70. Aeovrivov TeO6ov,
TÓ uév káAAos Tfjs yo)pas eÜaUpaoce, vpos Óé ros
TuAGvTGs aDTOV otketcus O.uriÜépevos ávéAvre map!

! No account of this is in the extant portions of Diodorus.
This Heracleia in the region about Mt. Eryx i8 not to be

418

BOOK IV. 235. 3-24. 1

came to Sicily, and taking back the land founded the
city of Heracleia. Since the city grew rapidly, the
Carthaginians, being jealous of it and also afraid that
it would grow stronger than Carthage and take from
the Phoenicians their sovereignty, came up against
it with a great army, took it by storm, and razed it
to the ground. Dut this affair we shall discuss in
detail in connection with the period in which it falls.!

While Heracles was making the circuit of Sicily at
this time he came to the city which is now Svracuse,
and on learning what the myth relates about the hape
of Coré he offered sacrifices to the goddesses ? on a
magnificent scale, and after dedicating to her the
fairest bull of his herd and casting it in the spring
Cyané ? he commanded the natives to sacrifice each
year to Coré and to conduct at Cvanó a festive
gathering and a sacrifice in splendid fashion. He
then passed with his cattle through the interior of the
island, and when the native Sicani opposed him in
great force, he overcame them in a notable battle and
slew many of their number, among whom, certain
writers of myths relate, were also some distinguished
generals who receive the honours accorded to heroes
even to this day, such as Leucaspis, Pcdiacrates,!
Buphonas, Glychatas, Bvtacas, and Crytidas.

24. After this Heracles, as he passed through the
plain of Leontini, marvelled at the beauty of the
land, and to show his affection for the men who

confused with the well-known Heracleia Minoa in the
territory of Agrigentum. "The date oi its destruction is not
known.

? Coré (** The Maiden," ?.e. Persephoné) and Demeter.

? Cp. Book 5. 4 for an account of the connection of this
spring with the myvth of Core.

! Called Pediocrates by Xenagoras, &rg. 21 (Jacoby).

419

DIODORUS OF SICILY

a)rots aÜavara jvw«ueta TÍs €avroD mapovaías.
(OLov ÓÉ TL gvvépr] yevéatia, 7rept Tiv TOM TÓV
"Ayvpuwaicov. €v TQUTm yàp TuumÜeis e ém iOQ7S TOS
"Ovis Üeots mraviyyópeat Kal Üvataus Aaurpats,
«awmep kaTrà ToUs éjuTpooÜev xpóvovs oD0euiav
Üvoiav mpocOexyop.eros, TÓT€ Tipcrres avvevóokmae,
ToU Oautovtov 717jv aÜavactav aDTO zpoonpatvovros.
0000 yàp ovans oU GmoÜev Tíüjs wÓÀeos meTpd-
Oovus, at Does 7& wixvg kaÜdmzep émi kmpoÜ Twos
aTervTOoUvro. Ópotos 0€ kat a07O TO 'HpaxkAet
ToUrov cupufatvovros, kai ToU àÜAov Oekdrov me-
Aovuévov, vouicas von Tv Aauávew Ts aÜava-
gías, mpooeOéyero rüs reÀounévas DTO TÓV ÉyXxo-
piov KaT évuavTOv Üvo(as. Otósep Tots e)0o-
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emus, TéjLevos kareokeUaaev (ipo Fopvórg,
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ToU vOv Tüpovpuévas: mrávres yàp ot KQTG TOUTUV
T)V 7TÓÀw otkoÜrres ek yeveriíjs TÓs KOpas*?

'IoAá« Tpé$ovow uéypv àv oTov Üvoitous peyaAo-
| So Dindorf: ev8okuiovpévots.

? lepas after xópas omitted D, Vogel; retained by Bekker,
Dindorf.

! 'The native city of Diodorus.
420

BOOK IV. 24. r4

honoured him he left behind him there impcrishable
memorials of his presence. And it came to pass that
a peculiar thing took place near the city of Agyrium.!
Here he was honoured on equal terms with the
Olympian gods by festivals and splendid sacrifices,
and though before this time he had accepted no
sacrifice, he then gave his consent for the first time,
sinee the deity was giving intimations to him of his
coming immortality. lor instance, there was a
road not far from the city which was all of rock,
and yet the cattle left their tracks in it as if in a waxy
substance. Since, then, this same thing happened in
the case of Heracles as well * and his tenth Labour
was likewise coming to an end, he considered that
he was already to a degree participating in inimor-
tality and so accepted the annual sacrifices which
were offered him by the people of the city. Conse-
quently, as a mark of his gratitude to the people who
had found favour with him, he built before the city a
lake, four stades in cireumference, which he ordained
should be called by his name ; and he likewise gave
his name to the moulds of the tracks which the cattle
had left in the rock and dedicated to the hero
Geryones a sacred precinct which is honoured to this
day by the people of that region. "To Iolaüs, his
nephew, who was his companion on the expedition,
he likewise dedicated a notable sacred precinct, and
ordained that annual honours and sacrifices should be
offered to him, as is done even to this day; for all
the inhabitants of this city let the hair of their
heads grow from their birth in honour of Iolaüs,
until they have obtained good omens in costly sacri-

* ;.e. Heracles also left his footprints in the rock.

421

DIODORUS OF SICILY

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vraov, Kai TereAekas TOv Oéxarov áÜAov, éAafe
mrpóorayp.a map EbpvaÜécs TOv éÉ àOov KépBepov
zpós TO jg áyayetv. mpós Oé TobTov TOv dÜAov

422

BOOK IV. 24. 4-25. 1

fices and have rendered the god propitious. And
such a holiness and majesty pervade the sacred
precinct that the boys who fail to perform the
customary rites lose their power ofspecch and become
like dead men. But so soon as anyone of them who
is suffering from this malady takes a vow that he will
pay the sacrifice and vouchsafes to the god a pledge to
that effect, at once, thev say, he is restored to health.
Now the inhabitants, in pursuance of these rites, call
the gate, at which they come into the presence of the
god and offer him these sacrifices, '' The Heracleian,"
and every year with the utmost zeal they hold games
which include gymnastic contests and horse-races.
And since the whole populace, both free men and
slaves, unite in approbation of the god, thev have
commanded their servants, as they do honour to
him apart from the rest, to gather in bands and when
they come together to hold banquets and perform
sacrifices to the god.

Heracles then erossed over into Italy with the
cattle and proceeded along the coast; there he slew
Lacinius as he was attempting to steal some of the
cattle, and to Croton, whom he killed by accident, he
accorded a magnificent funeral and erected for him a
tomb; and he foretold to the natives of the place
that also in after times a famous city would arise
which should bear the name of the man who had died.

25. But when Heracles had made the circuit of
the Adriatie, and had journeyed around the gulf
on foot, he came to Epirus, whence he made his
way to Peloponnesus. And now that he had per-
formed the tenth Labour he received a Command
from Eurystheus to bring Cerberus up from Hades to
the light of day. And assuming that it would be to

423

Ut»

DIODORUS OF SICILY

e E M] / e ^ ^ ? A

oz0ÀaBov cvvoicew | a)TO, mapijMÜev eis cas

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26. Oros yap KQTQ TOUS apaóeQop.évovs p.UÜovs
karafs eis roUs kaÜ' aGov TÓTOUS, Kai Tpocóe-
1 7j added by Dindorf.

424

his advantage for the accomplishment of this Labour,
he went to Athens and took part in the Eleusinian
Mysteries, Musaeus, the son of Orpheus, being at
that time in charge of the initiatory rites.

Since we have mentioned Orpheus it will not be
inappropriate for us in passing to speak briefly about
him. He was the son of Oeagrus, a Thracian by
birth, and in culture and song-music and poesy he far
surpassed all men of whom we have a record; for he
composed a poem which was an object of wonder and
exeelled in its melody when it was sung. And his
fame grew to such a degree that men believed that
with his musie he held a spell over both the wild
beasts and the trees. And after he had devoted his
entire time to his education and had learned what-
everthe myths had tosay about the gods, he journeyed
to Egypt, where he further increased his knowledge
and so became the greatest man among the Greeks
both for his knowledge of the gods and for their rites.
as well as for his poems and songs. He also took part
in the expedition of the Argonauts, and because of the
love he held for his wife he dared the amazing deed
of descending into Hades, where he entranced Per-
sephoné bv his melodious song and persuaded her to
assist him in his desires and to allow him to briug up
his dead wife from Hades, in this exploit resembling
Dionysus; for the my ths relate that Dionysus
brought up his mother Semelé from Hades, and that,
sharing with her his own immortality, he changed lier
name to Thvoné.

But now that we have diseussed Orpheus, we shall
return to Heraeles.

20. Heracles. then, aecording to the myths whieh
have come down to us, descended into the realm of

425

DIODORUS OF SICILY

^ ? /
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| jr. after Àéyovow deleted by Dindorf, Bekker, retained
bv Vogel.

426

BOOK IV. 26. r-4

Hades, and being welcomed like a brother by Perse-
phoné brought Theseus and Peirithoüs baek to the
upper world after freeing them from their bonds.
This he accomplished by the favour of Persephoné,
and receiving the dog Cerberus in chains he carried
him away to the amazement of all and exhibited him
to men.

The last Labour which Heracles undertook was the
bringing back of the golden apples of the Hesperides,
andso he againsailed to Libya. "With regard tothese
apples there is disagreement among the writers of
myths, and some say that there were golden apples in
certain gardens of the Hesperides in Libya, where
they were guarded without ceasing by a most for-
midable dragon, whereas others "assert that the
Hesperides possessed flocks of sheep which excelled
in beauty and were therefore called for their beauty,
as the poets might do, " golden apples," ! just as
Aphrodité is called " golden " because of her loveli-
ness. There are some, however, who say that it was
because the sheep had a peculiar colour like gold that
they got this designation, and that Dracon
(" dragon ") was the name of the shepherd of the
sheep, a man who excelled in strength of body and
courage, who guarded the sheep and slew anv who
might dare try to carry them off... But with regard to
such matters it will be every man's privilege to form
such opinions as accord with his own belief. At any
rate Heracles slew the guardian of the apples, and
after he had duly brought them to Eurystheus and
had in this wise finished his Labours he waited to
receive the gift of immortality, even as Apollo had
prophesied to him.

! The word 4íjAov means both '' sheep " and '' apple."

427

DIODORUS OF SICILY

27. 'Hutv 8" ov zapaAeurréov rà. epi " ArAavros
nvÜoÀoyoUpeva kai. TÀ epi TOÜ 'yévovs TÓv
Eomepiocv. kaTà yàp 75v 'Eocepirw Oóvopaio-
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? / ^ / 3- 7X 1 KN ^ i X
ézráüveAÜetv zdAw. éri TÓv áÜÀov. rovs 06 Amoras
Poem abràs after Àparas omitted D, Dindorf, Vogel, retained
by Dekker.

428

BOOK IV. 27. 1-4

21. But we must not fail to mention what the
myths relate about Atlas and about the race of the
Hesperides. The account runs like this: In the
country known as Hesperitis there were two brothers
whose fame was known abroad, Hesperus and Atlas.
lhese brothers possessed flocks of sheep which ex-
celled in beauty and were in colour of a golden vellow,
this being the reason why the poets, in speaking of
these sheep as mela, called them golden mela. Now
Hesperus begat a daughter named Hesperis, whom he
gave in marriage to his brother and aftcr whom the
land was given the name Hesperitis; and Atlas
begat by her seven daughters, who were named after
their father Atlantides, and after their mother.
Hesperides. And since thesc Atlantides excelled
in beauty and chastity, Busiris the king of the
Egyptians, the account savs, was seized with the
desire to get the maidens into his power; and
consequently he dispatched pirates by sea with
orders to seize the girls and deliver them into his
hands.

About this time Heracles, while engaged in the
performance of his last Labour, slew in Libya
Antaeus, who was compelling all strangers to wrestle
with him, and upon Busiris in Egvpt, who was sacri-
ficing to Zeus the strangers who visited his country,
he inflicted the punishment which he deserved. After
this Heracles sailed up the Nile into Ethiopia, where
he slew Emathion, the king of the Ethiopians, who
made battle with him unprovoked, and then returned
to the completion of his last Labour. Meanwhile the

———— — — - - ——— zt nd -—— À— -— —— — — M — 0 —ÓÁÀ —MM — —À T LÀ MÀ —

* kaAAcepety after .NX« deleted by Diudort,

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! ebpórra Dindorf: €yovra.
? koÀágac added by Kallenberg to govern 'A0nvatovs.

430

BOOK IV. 27. 4-28. 2

pirates had seized the girls while they were playing
in a certain garden and carried them off, and fleeing
swiftlv to their ships had sailed away with them.
Heracles came upon the pirates as they were taking
their meal on a certain strand, and learning from the
maidens what had taken place he slew the "pirates to
a man and brought the girls back to Atlas their
father; and in return Atlas was so grateful to
Heracles for his kindly deed that he not only gladly
gave him such assistance as his Labour called for,
but he also instructed him quite freely in the know-
ledge of astrology. For Atlas had worked out the
science of astrologv to a degree surpassing others
and had ingeniously discovered the spherical nature
of the stars, and for that reason was generally
believed to be bearing the entire firmament upon his
shoulders. Similarly in the case of Heracles, when
he had brought to the Greeks the doctrine of the
sphere, he gained great fame, as if he had taken over
the burden of the firmament which Atlas had borne,
since men intimated in this enigmatic way what had
actually taken place.

28. While Heracles was busied with the matters
just described, the Amazons, they say, of whom there
were some still left in the region of the Thermodon
river, gathered in a body and set out to get revenge
upon the Greeks for what Heracles had done in his
campaign against them. They were especially
eager to punish the Athenians because Theseus had
made a slave of Antiop6, the leader of the Amazons,
or, as others write, of Hippolyté. The Seythians had
joined forces with the Amazons, and so it came

! Or the phrase may mean *' 2the spherical arrangement of
the:stari "; but cp. p. 219, D.

431

DIODORUS OF SICILY

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émávusev rà ert ras lipakAéovs zpá£es.

29. TereAekóros yàp avTOÜ TOUS &UAovs, Kat ToO
Üco9 Xpicavros gv p. épeu TpO TÍjs ets Ücos quer-
aAAayijs QTTOLKLAV eis Lapóo: srépubat Kat TOUS €K
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/ A ^ , 4 3 ^^ /
zéjujau perà TÓVv TaiÓcv Oi TO vavTeÀOs véous

1 'The Strait of Kerteh, which connects the Sea of Azof
with the Black 8ea.

? "This spot was probably on the slopes of the Areopagus.
Cp. Aeschylus, Zumenides, 685 ff.: '' And this hill of Ares,

432

about that a notable army had been assembled, with
which the leaders of the Amazons crossed the Cim-
merian Bosporus! and advanced through Thrace.
Finally they traversed a large part of Europe and
came to Attica, where they pitched their camp
in what is at present called after them " the
Amazoneum."? When Theseus learned of the
oncoming of the Amazons he came to the aid of the
forces of his citizens, bringing with him the Amazon
Antiopé, by whom he already had a son Hippolytus.
Theseus joined battle with the Amazons, and since
the Athenians surpassed them in bravery, he gained
the victory, and of the Amazons who opposed him.
some he slew at the time and the rest he drove out of
Attica. And it came to pass that Antiopé, who was
fighting at the side of her husband Theseus, dis-
tinguished herself in the battle and died fighting
heroically. The Amazons who survived renounced
their ancestral soil, and returned with the Seythians
into Seythia and made their homes among that people.

But we have spoken enough about the Amazons,
and shall return to the deeds of Heracles.

20. After Heracles had performed his Labours,
the god revealed to him that it would be well if,
before he passed into the company of the gods, he
should despatch a colony to Sardinia and make the
sons who had been born to him by the daughters of
Thespius the leaders of the settlement, and so he
decided to send his nephew Iolaüs with the boys, since

whereon the Amazons had their seat and pitched thcir tents,
what time they came, embattled, in resentment against
Theseus, and in those days built up this new citadel with lofty
towers to rival his, and sacrificed to Ares . . ." (tr. of Smyth
in the L.C.L.).

433

DIODORUS OF SICILY

eivav..— àvaykatov 0. muiv ó$atverau. mpoOveAÜetv
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! "The territory of the city of Thespiae in Boeotia.

* ' This was done, according to some ancient writers, on
fifty successive nights; according to others, on seven nights
when seven daughters lay with Heracles each night, one
refusing and being sentenced by him to lifelong maidenhood.

434

BOOK V. 29. 1-4

they were still quite voung. Now it seems to us
indispensable that we should speak first of the birth
of the boys, in order that we may be able to set forth
more clearly what is to be said about the colony.
lhespius was by birth a distinguished man of
Athens and son of E and he was king of the
land which bears his name ! and begot by his wives,
of whom he had a great number, fifty daughters. And
when Heracles was still a boy, but already of extra-
ordinary strength of body, the king str ongly desired
that his daughters should bear children by him.
Consequently "he invited Heracles to a sacrifice, and
after entertaining him in brilliant fashion he sent his
daughters one by one in to him; and Heracles lay
with them all? brought them all with child, and so
became the father of fifty sons. "These sons all took
the same name after the daughters of Thespius;?
and when they had arrived at manhood Heracles
decided to send them to Sardinia to found a colony,
as the oracle had commanded. And since the
expedition was under the general command of
Iolaüs, who had accompanied Heracles on practically
all of his campaigns, the latter entrusted him with
the care of the Thespiadae and the planting of the
colony. Ofthe fifty boys, two continued to dwell in
Thebes, their descendants, they say, being honoured
even to the present dav, and seven in Thespiae,
where they are called demouchij and where their

But some writers (e.g. Pausanias, 9. 27. 7, Gregorius Nazian-
zenus, Orat. IV, Contra Julianum I (Migne, S. Gr. 35. 661))
state that this deed was accomplished. by Heracles in one
night and counted as his thirteenth Labour.

3 1,e. each took the name Thespiades, '' son of Thespius."

* The word means "* protector ot the people."

435

Di1ODORUS Or SICILY

acc Ts srOÀecS pnéypt TÓV veoTépov katpó|v.
TOUS Óé AourouUs Garavras 'IóAaos &vaAapov Kat
rroAAoUs GÀÀovs TOUS . BovAopiévovs Kowcvetv Tíjs
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€v TOÍS o(Ketots ypóvous avaypauiojuev.

30. Tóre ó' o 'lóÀaos karao71)Gàs T& Tepl TTv
aToucav, Kat TOv AaióaÀov ék Tíjs ZiuceAas pera-
mejubauevos, karegkevagev épya ToÀÀÀ kai ge-
ydÀa uéxpu TOv vOv kaipóv Owapuérovra Kai dO
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71x0ucav cor émovvpor ajrO mepietvac Tr|v. ToD
yovécs mpoonyopíav: OtoT€p €v To(s VOTEpov ypóvots

! "[oAaets (cp. Strabo 5. 2. 7), 'IoAaovs MSS, 'IoAae(ovs
Wesseling and editors.

436

BOOK IV. 29. 4-30. 2

descendants, they say, were the chief meu ofthe city
until recent times. All the other Thespiadae and
many more who wished to join in the founding of the
colony Iolaüs took with him and sailed away to
Sardinia. Here he overcame the natives in battle
and divided the faircst part of the island into allot-
ments, especially the land which was a level plain
and is called to this day Iolaeium. "When he had
brought the land under cultivation and planted it with
fruit-bearing trees he made of the island an object
of eontention; for instance, it gained such fame
for the abundance of its fruits that at a later time
the Carthaginians, when they had grown powerful,
desired the island and faced many struggles and perils
for possession of it. But we shall write of these
matters in connection with the period to which they
belong.

30. At the time we are considering, Iolaüs estab-
lished the colony, and summoning Daedalus from
Sicily he built through him many great works which
stand to this day and are called '" Daedaleia " after
their builder. He also had large and expensive
c&ymmnasia constructed and established courts of
justice and the other institutions which contribute
to the prosperity of a state. Furthermore, Iolaüs
named the folk of the colony Iolaeis, calling them after
himself, the Thespiadae consenting to this and
granting to him this honour as to a father. In fact
his regard for them led them to entertain such a kindly
feeling towards him that they bestowed upon him as
a title the appellation usually given to the progenitor
of a people; consequently those who in later times

! This is not found in the extant portions of Diodorus.

437

DIODORUS OF SICILY

ol Tàs Üvoias TeÀoÜüvres ToUrwo TQ ÜeQ mpoa-
ayopevovsow a)rOv 'loÀaov maTépa, kaÜdmep oi
IIéocac 70v Kópov.

Merà 9é raóra O puév 'lóAaos émavwov eig Tov
.EAA49a, Kat "pog mAeUaas TÍj Lucca, OUK oAtryov
Xpóvov Otérpufev ev Tj vgoo. kaÜ" óv rj Xpóvov
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KGi TOS Zuavots kaTa4uyévres ev 7a)Ty KQT-
dkncav, TULc)pLevot 0.a.oepóvTos UT TÓV éyxepto.
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piu Trepuévect kat TuiaXs Tvjpeoukais. iàuov Oé mt
kai rapáóoo£ov avvéDn yevéaÜa. karà 77v üzouiav
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KwODvous é£éóvyov. |. &ió kat mrpórepov uév Kapyn-
O0vtot, uerà 0€ cabra. 'Pwpatoc zoAAakis ToÀepnj-
cavres vroUrots Tis apoÜéoecs Ovjuaprov.

4398

BOOK IV. 3o. 2-6

offer sacrifices to this god address him as "' Father
Iolaüs," as the Persians do when they address Cyrus.

After this Iolaüs, on his return to Greeee, sailed
over to Sieilv and spent a considerable time on that
island. And at this time several of those who were
visiting the island in his eompany remained in Sieily
because of the beauty of the land, and uniting with
the Sieani they settled in the island, being especially
honoured bv the natives. Iolaüs also received a
great welcome, and sinee he eonferred benefits
upon many men he was honoured in many of the
eities with sacred preeinets and with sueh distinetions
as are aeeorded to heroes. And a peeuliar and
astonishing thing came to pass in conneetion with this
colony in Sodinis: For the god ! had told them in
an oracle that all who joined in this eolony and their
descendants should continually remain free men for
evermore, and the event in their case has eontinued
to be in harmony with the oraele even to our own
times. Forthe people ofthe eolony in the long course
of time came to be barbarized, sinee the barbarians
who took part in the colony about them outnumbered
them, and so they removed into the mountainous part
of the island and made their home in the rough and
barren regions and there, accustoming themselves to
live on milk and meat and raising large flocks and
herds, thev had no need of grain. "They also built
themselves underground dwellings, and by spending
their lives in such dug-out homes they avoided the
perils whieh wars entail. Asa eonsequence both the
Carthaginians in former days and the Romans later,
despite the many wars which they w aged with this
people, did not attain their design.?

! Apollo in Delphi. " Op. Book 5.15.
439

VOL. II. P

DIODORUS OF SICILY

M ! , ^
Kai zepi pRév / loAíov xai GOeomtaóóv, ér 86
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» / / , / A A 4
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! à 'HpakA5s omitted by DF, Vogel.
4140

BOOK IV. 3o. 6-31.

As regards lolaüs, then, and the Thespiadae and
the colony which was sent to Sardinia, we shall rest
satisfied with what has been said, and we shall con-
tinue the story of Heracles from the point at which
our account left off.

9l. After Heracles had conipleted his Labours he
gave his own wife Megara in marriage to Iolaüs,
being apprehensive of begetting any children by her
picutc ofthe calamity w hich had befallen their other
offspring, and sought another wife by whom he
might have children without apprehension.! Con-
sequently he wooed lolé, the daughter of Eurytus
who was ruler of Oechalia. DBnt Eurvtus was hesitant
because of the ill fortune which had come in the case of
Megara and replied that he would deliberate concern-
ing "the marriage. Since Heracles had met with a
refusal to his ut because of the dishonour which had
been shown him he now drove off the mares of
Eurytus. Dunt Iphitus, the son of Eurvtus, har-
boured suspicions of what had been done and came
to Tiryns in search of the horses, whereupon Heracles,
taking him up on a lofty tower of the castle, asked
him to see whether they were by chance grazing
anywhere; and when Iphitus was unable to discover
them, he claimed that Iphitus had falsely accused him
of the theft and threw him down headlong from the
tower.

Decause of his murder of Iphitus Heracles was
attacked by a disease, and coming to Neleus at Pylus
he besought him to purify him of the blood-guilt.
lhereupon Neleus took counsel with his sons and
found that all of them, with the exception of Nestor
who was the youngest, agreed in advising him that he

! Cp. chap. 11.
441

DIODORUS OF SICILY

5 óéfaoÜa. róv kaÜapuóv: o O 'HpakAfs TÓTe puév
ma peAÀBov mpós Ancóofov rov 'IezroAvrov kai reioas
aUTrOv ékaÜapÜn, ov Ovvdpevos O. amoÀvÜTvac Tíjs
vocov égpo10€ TOv ' AsróAÀQ vrepi Tfjs Üepasre(as.
TOUTOU Ü€ ypr7jgavcos oTL Ddov ovTo s azoAvÜriaerat
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6 KaL TT Mév TUATV Ó a TroO0p.evos TOV "HpakAéa
rois 'Ióórov aoiv dméóoke KaTd TOV xpopóv,

ó 0 HpakAfs by aÜes KaL OovÀevov Tij Ou$dAn

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8 kai karéakaiev. 78 OuédA a.moOexopévr) Tyr
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kai Tivov, €Üa)paoe TT)v dperwyv, €éÀeUÜepov O'

! jm rijs vógov after mei0eata. deleted by Dindorf, Vogel,
retained by Bekker.

442

BOOK IV. sr. 4-8

should not undertake the rite of purification.
Heracles then went to Deiphobus, the son of Hippo-
lytus, and prevailing upon him was given the rite of
purification, but being still unable to rid himself of
the disease he inquired of Apollo how to heal it.
Apollo gave him the answer that he would easily rid
himself of the disease if he should be sold as a slave
and honourably pay over the purchase price of him-
self to the sons of Iphitus, and so, being now under
constraint to obey the oracle, he sailed over to Asia in
company with some of hisfriends. "There he willingly
submitted to be sold bv one of his friends and became
the slave of Omphale, the daughter of Iardanus, who
was still unmarried and was queen of the people who
were called at that time Maeonians, but now Lydians.
The man who had sold Heracles paid over the pur-
chase price to the sons of Iphitus, as the oracle had
commanded, and Heracles, healed now of the disease
and serving Omphalé as her slave, began to mete out
punishment upon the robbers who infested the land.
As for the Cercopes, for instance, as they are called,
who were robbing and committing many evil acts,
some of them he put to death and others he took
captive and delivered in chains to Omphalé. Syleus,
who was seizing anv strangers who passed by and
forcing them to hoe his vineyards, he slew by a blow
with his own hoe; and from the Itoni, who had been
plundering a large part of the land of Omphalé.
he took away their bootv, and the city which they
had made the base of B raids he sacked, and
enslaving its inhabitants razed it to the ground.
Omphalé was pleased with the courage Heracles
displayed, and on learning who he was and who had
been his parents she marvelled at his valour, set him

443

DIODORUS OF SICILY

aü$etca kai gvvowjcaca a)7Q Aápov éyévvgae.
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ofóTnra TÓv kawpov, àÜpoicas Ó. ócovs éOvvaro,

! 'Dhis story is told below in chap. 12.
* Iliad 5. 638-42.

444

DOOK IV. 41. 8-32. 3

free, and marrving him bore him Lamus. Already
before this, while pc was yet a slave, there had been
born to Heracles bv a slave a son Gc deus

39. After this Heracles, retur ning to Peloponnesus.
made war against Ilium, since he. had a ground of
complaint against its king, Laomedon. For when
Heracles was on the expedition with Jason to get
the golden fleece and had slain the sea-monster,
Lari don had withheld from him the mares which
he had agreed to give him and of which we shall
give a detailed aecount a little later in connection
with the Argonauts.| At that time Heracles had
not had the leisure. since he was engaged upon
the expedition of Jason, but later he found an
opportunity and made war upon Troy with eighteen
ships of war, as some sav, but, as Homer w rites, with
six in all], when he broduces Heracles' son

Tlepolemus as saying ?:

Ave, what a man, thev sav, was Heracles

In might, mv father lie, steadfast, with heart
Of lion, who once came here to carry off

The mares of King Laomedon, with but

Six ships and scantier men, vet sacked he then
The citv of proud llium, and made

Her streets bereft.

When Heracles, then, had landed on the coast of
the Troad, he advanced in person with his select
troops against the city and left in command of the
ships Oecles, the son of Amphiaraus. And since the
presence of the enemy had not been expected, it
proved impossible for Laomedon, on account of the
exigencies of the moment, to collect a passable army,
but gathering as many soldiers as he could he advanced

445

DIODORUS OF SICILY

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! Augeas had agreed to give Heracles one-tenth of his
herds in payment for the eleansing of his stables.

4406

BOOK IV. 32. 3-33. 2

with them against the ships, in the hope that if he
could burn them he could bring an end to the war.
Oecles came out to meet n but when he, the
general, fell, the rest succeeded in making good their
flight to the ships and in putting out to sea from the
jand. Laomedon then withdrew and Joining combat
with the troops of Heracles near the city he was
slain himself and most of the soldiers with him.
Heracles then took the citv by storm and after
slaughtering many of its inhabitants in the action he
gave the kingdom of the Iliadae to Priam because of
his sense of justice; for Priam was the only one ofthe
sons of Laomedon who had opposed his father and
had counselled him to give the mares back to
Heracles, as he had promised to do. And Heracles
crowned Telamon with the meed of valour by bestow-
ing upon him Hesioné the daughter of Laomedon,
for in the siege he had been the first to force his way
into the city, while Heracles was assaulting the
strongest section of the wall of the acropolis.

39. After this Heracles returned to Peloponnesus
and set out against Áugeas, since the latter had de-
frauded him of his reward.! It came to a battle
between him and the Eleans, but on this occasion
he had no success and so returned to Olenus * to
Dexamenus. The latters daughter Hippolyté was
being joined in marriage to ÀÁzan, and when Heracles,
as he sat at the wedding feast, observed the Centaur
Eurytion acting in an insulting manner towards
Hippolyté and endeavouring to do violence to her,
he slew him. When Heracles returned to Tiryns,
Eurystheus charged him with plotting to seize the

* À city of Achaea.
447

DIODORUS OF SICILY

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kpáos, kamjyayev émi Tl? Paauetav Tuvódpecv
TOv maTépa TÓV /Noakópov, kat Tv Daociue(av
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ézTOKalOeka: Tp€ls yàp QT O TOv! etKOGL nóvov

449

BOOK IV. 33. 2-6

kingdom and conumanded that he and Alemené
and Iphicles and Iolaüs should depart from Tiryns.
Consequently he was forced to go into exile along
with these just mentioned and made his dwelling in
Pheneus in Arcadia. This city he took for his head-
quarters, and learning once that a sacred procession
had been sent forth from Elis to the Isthmus in honour
of Poseidon and that Eurytus, the son of Augeas, was
at the head of it, he fell unexpectedly upon Eurytus
and killed him near Cleonae, where a temple of
Heracles still stands. After this he made war upon
Elis and slew Augeas its king, and taking the city by
storm he recalled Phvleus, he son of Augeas, and
gave the kingdom into lis hands; for ie son had
been exiled by his father at the time when he had
served as arbitrator between his father and Heracles
in the matter ofthe reward and had given the decision
to Heracles.

After this Hippocoón exiled from Sparta his
brother Tyndareüs, and the sons of Hippocoón.
twenty in number, put to death Oeonus who was the
son of Licymnius and a friend of Heracles ; whereupon
Heracles was angered and set out against them, and
being victorious in a great battle he made a slaughter
ofevery man ofthem. Then, taking Sparta by storm
he restored Tyndareüs, who was the father of the
Dioscori, to his kingdom and bestowed upon him the
kingdom on the ground that it was his by right of
war, commanding him to keep it safe for Heracles'
own descendants. "There fell in the battle but a
very few of the comrades of Heracles, though among
them were famous men, such as Iphiclus and Cepheus
and seventeen sons of Cepheus, since only three of his

TOV "deleted by Kallenberg.
449

DIODORUS OF SICILY

OvccoÜnceav: TÀv Ó' évavriov a)Drós ve O 'lzmo-
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$jov. 'I5Aedos O' avópoÜeis xai T?)v purépa
450

BOOK IV. 33. 6-11

twenty sons came out alive; whereas of the opponents
Hippocoón himself fell, and ten sons along with him,
and vast numbers of the rest of the Spartans. From
this campaign Heracles returned into Arcadia, and
as he stopped at the home of Aleos the king he lay
secretly with his daughter Augé, brought her with
child, and went back to Stymphalus. Aleos was
ignorant of what had taken place, but when the bulk
of the child in the womb betrayed the violation of his
daughter he inquired who had violated her. And
when Augé disclosed that it was Heracles who had
done violence to her, he would not believe what she
had said, but gave her into the hands of Nauplius
his friend with orders to drown herin thesea. Butas
Augé was being led off to Nauplia and was near Mount
Parthenium, she felt herself overcome by the birth-
pains and withdrew into a near-by thicket as if to
perform a certain necessary act; here she gave birth
to a male child, and hiding the babe in some bushes
she left it there. After doing this Augé went back
to Nauplius, and when she had arrived at the harbour
of Nauplia in Argolis she was saved from death in an
unexpected manner. Nauplius, that is, decided not
to drown her, as he had been ordered, but to make a
gift of her to some Carians who were setting out for
Asia; and these men took Augé to Asia and gave her
to Teuthras the king of Mysia. As for the babe that
had been left on Parthenium bv Auge, certain herds-
men belonging to Corvthus the king came upon it as
it was getting its food from the teat of a hind and
brought it as a gift to their master. Corythus re-
ceived the child gladly, raised him as if he were his
own son, and named him Telephus after the hind
(elaphos) which had suckled it. After Telephus had

451

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DIODORUS OF SICILY

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TÓ Ünpiov áxovricavros, OnoAoyoUuevov a)TQ TO

! gaiàücvr added by Wesseling.
452

BOOK IV. 33. 11-34. 3

come to manhood, being seized with the desire to learn
who his mother was, he went to Delphi and received
the reply to sail to Mysia to Teuthras the king.
Here he discovered his mother, and when it was
known who his father was he received the heartiest
welcome. And since Teuthras had no male children
he joined his daughter Argiopé in marriage to
lelephus and named him his successor to the
kingdom.

94. In the fifth vear after Heracles had changed
his residence to Pheneus, being grieved over the
death of Oeonus, the son of Licymnius, and of
Iphiclus his brother, he removed of his free will
from Arcadia and all Peloponnesus. There with-
drew with him a great many people of Arcadia and
he went to Calvdon in Aetolia and made his home
there. And since he had neither legitimate children
nor a lawful wife, he married Deianeira, the daughter
of Oeneus, Meleager being now dead. In this con-
neetion it would not, in our opinion, be inappro-
priate for us to digress briefly and to speak of the
reversal of fortune which befel Meleager.

The facts are these: Once when Oeneus had an
excellent erop of grain, he offered sacrifices to the
other gods, but neglected Artemis alone; and
angered at him for this the goddess sent forth
against him the famous Calydonian boar, a creature
of enormous size. This animal harried the neigh-
bouring land and damaged the farms; whereupon
Meleager, the son of Oeneus, being then in the
bloom of youth and excelling in strength and in
courage, took along with himself many of the bravest
men and set out to hunt the beast. Meleager was
the first to plunge his javelin into it and by general

453

DIODORUS OF SICILY

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cas euretv Or. TÓTe TeÀevTXjoe. MeAéaypos 0 vios
aUTfs, 0rav 0 OaÀOs kazakavÜOf. OLóTrep TekoÜcav,
^ ^ ^ ^ N /
kai vop.baa.cav év 7j) T00 0aÀo0 QvÀaki1 71v acr r)ptav
^ ^ 1 3 ^ ^
vroU TÉékvov ketoÜai, vóv OÓaÀov ézwueÀÓs Tnpeiv.

| The mother of Meleager.

454

BOOK IV. 34. 3-6

agreement was accorded the reward of valour, which
cousisted of the skin of the animal. But Atalanté,
the daughter of Schoeneus, participated in the hunt,
and since Meleager was enamoured of her, he re-
linquished in her favour the skin and the praise for
the greatest bravery. The sons of Thestius, how-
ever, who had also joined in the hunt, were angered
at what he had done, since he had honoured a
stranger woman above them and set kinship aside.
Consequently, setting at naught the award which
Meleager had made, they lay in wait for Atalanté,
and falling upon her as she returned to Arcadia
took fom? her the skin. Meleager, however, was
deeply incensed both because of the love which he
bore AÁtalanté and because of the dishonour shown
her, and espoused the cause of Atalanté. And first
of all he urged the robbers to return to the woman
the meed of valour which he had given her; and
when they paid no heed to him he slew them, although
they were brothers of Althaea.! Consequently
Althaea, overcome with anguish at the slaving of
the men of her own blood, uttered a curse in which
she demanded the death of Meleager; and the
immortals, so the account runs, gave heed to her
and made an end of his life.

But certain writers of myths give the following
account :—At the time of the birth of Meleager the
Fates stood over Althaea in her sleep and said to
her that her son Meleager would die at the moment
when the brand in the fire had been consumed.
Consequentlv, when she had given birth, she believed
that the safety of her child depended upon the
preservation of the brand and so she guarded the
brand with every care. Afterward, Bowerer. being

455

m
í

DIODORUS OF SICILY

€ ? ^ ^ ^
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^ ^ A A Pl
Thr ÜzO TOU vOoTGjJL00 aàpOevouévqv kai TO mMjÜos
456

BOOK IV. 54. 7-35. 4

deeply ineensed at the murder of her brothers, she
burned the brand and so made herself the cause of
the death of Meleager; but as time went on she
grieved more and more over what she had done and
finally made an end of her life bv hanging.

359. At the time that these things were taking
place, the myth continues, Hipponoüs in Olenus,
angered at his daughter Periboea because she
claimed that she was sh child bv Ares, sent her
away into Aetolia to Oeneus with orders for him to
do away with her at the first opportunity. Oeneus,
however, who had recentlv lost his son and -s
was unwiling to slay Periboea, but married her
instead and begat a son Tvdeus. Such, then, is the
way the story runs of Mele: accr and Althaea and
Oeneus.

But Heracles, desiring to do a service to the Caly-
donians, diverted the river Acheloüs, and making
another bed for it he reeovered a large amount of
fruitfull and which was now irrigated by this stream.
Consequently eertain poets, as we are told, have
made this deed into a mwth;: for thev have intro-
duced Heracles as joining battle with Acheloüs, the
river assuming the form of a bull, and as breaking
off in the str ugole one of his horns. which he gave
to the Aetolians. This they call the " Horn of
Amaltheia," and represent it as filled with a great
quantitv of everv kind of autumn fruit, such as
grapes and apples and the like, the poets signifving
in this obscure manner by the horn of Acheloüs the
stream which ran through the eanal, and by the
apples and pomegranates and grapes the fruitful
land which was watered by the river and the multi-

457

DIODORUS OF SICILY

^ ^ ? 7 ?
TÓv kapmoóopo/Uvrov óvrÀOv: "ApnoaAÜeías 9
7 / / / 5 a
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/ ^ t^
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L4 M
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perafü puoyónevos, kai Oià Tv OfUrqra Ts
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TÀqy)üs e)00)0s amoÜvüokov, éóquoe Tij ÓAMqaveipq

Ocogew diATpov, Orrcs uyoepad rv GAMov yvvaucáv

! ;,e. the idea of Heraeles' strength is suggested both by the
name Amaltheia, the first part of which is the same as that of
amalakistia (* hardness ") and by the hard thing a horn is—

459

BOOK IV. 5s. 4-36. 4

tude of its fruit-bearing plants. Moreover, they say
that the phrase " Amaltheia's Horn "' is used as of
a quality incapable of being softened (a-malakistia),
whereby is indicated the tense vigour of the man
who built the work.!

396. Heracles took the field with the Calydonians
against the 'Thesprotians, captured the city of
Ephyra by storm, and slew Phyleus the king of the
Thesprotians. And taking prisoner the daughter of
Phyleus he lay with her and begat Tlepolemus.
Three years after his marriage to Deianeira Heracles
was dining in the home of Oeneus and Eurynomus,
the son of Architeles, who was still a lad in years,
was serving him, and when the boy made some
slip in the service Heracles gave him a blow with his
fist, and striking him too hard he unintentionally
killed the lad. Overcome with grief at this mis-
fortune he went again into voluntary exile from
Calydonia along with his wife Deianeira and Hyllus,
his son by her, who was still a boy in years. And
when in his jonrneying he arrived at the Euenus
river he found there the Centaur Nessus who was
conveying travellers across the river for a fee.
Nessus carried Deianeira across first, and becoming
enamoured of her because of her beauty he tried
to assault her. But when she called to her husband
for help Heracles shot the Centaur with an arrow, and
Nessus, struck even while he was having intercourse
with her and because of the sharpness of the blow
being at once on the point of death, told Deianeira
that he would give her a love-charm to the end that
Heracles should never desire to approach any other

a most fanciful conception. For another explanation of the
origin of the phrase ** Amaltheia's Horn " cp. Book 3. 68.

459

DIODORUS OF SICILY

5 'HpaxAfs 0eAjon mÀqowicat. — mapekeAeUoaro ov
Aafobcav rov éÉ aroD meoóvra yóvov, kat TOUTO
mpoapitacav éAatov kai TO dirO Tfjs GK(OOS Goo Td-
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d»yyos avaAao0ca TÓv yóvov, kat 71)v aktOoo. Bíujaca,
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€ycov TOUS dei Ovavparevovras rv ApkdOcv.

91. Mera 0é Ta0ra. DvAavzos roU ^Apvoósov Daot-
Aécs Oó£avros eis 70 év AeÀdots tepóv apavevoun-
Kévat, arpareUcas uera MoAcéov Tóv 7e BaouAéa rv
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c&avaorijaas MqAtve0ct zapéócke T7) xopav:
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poyets. aT) viov 'ÁvT(ioyov éyévrgoev. | érékvooe
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2 vtovs 0vo, l'Anvéa kai 'OOírqv. | rv 0. éxneoóvrov
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OmQov kKaraóvyóvres émi vOv EDpvoÜ0éa ponÜecias
érvyov Ou T)v éyÜpav 75v vpOós '"HpakAéa-

! 'This differs slightly from the aecount in Sophocles,
Women of Trachis, 572 fi. where Nessus enjoins upon
Deianeira: ''If thou gatherest with thy hands the blood
elotted round my wound, at the place where the Hydra,
Lerna's monstrous growth, hath tinged the arrow with black

460

BOOK IV. 356. 4-37. 2

woman. He urged her, accordingly, to take the
seed which had fallen from him and, mixing it with
olive oil and the blood which was dripping from the
barb of the arrow, to anoint with this the shirt of
Heracles. This counsel, then, Nessus gave Deianeira
and at once breathed his last. And she put the
seed, as Nessus had enjoined upon her, into a jar
and dipped in it the barb of the arrow and kept it
all unknown to Heracles. And he, after crossing
the river, came to Ceyx, the king of Trachis, and
made his dwelling with him, having with him the
Arcadians who always accompanied him on his
campaigns.

37. After this, when Phyvlas, the king of the
Dryopes, had in the eyes of men committed an act
of impiety against the temple of Delphi, Heracles
took the field against him in company with the
inhabitants of Melis, slew the king of the Dryopes,
drove the rest of them out of the land, and gave it
to the people of Melis: and the daughter of Phylas
he took captive and lying with her begat a son
Antiochus. Dy Deianeira he became the father of
two sons, vounger than Hyllus, Gleneus and Hodites.
Of the Dryopes who had been driven from their
land some passed over into Euboea and founded
there the city Carystus, others sailed to the island
of Cyprus, where they mixed with the natives of
the island and made their home, while the rest of the
Dryopes took refuge with Eurystheus and won his
aid because of the enmity which he bore to Heracies ;

gall—this shall be to thee a charm for the soul of Heracles.
so that he shall never look upon any woman to love her more
than thee" (tr. of Jebb). And the incident takes place
while Heracles is taking Deianeira home as his bride.

461

DIODORUS OF SICILY

TovUTO0Uv yàp abTO(s OGOuvepyoÜvros pets TróÀets
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er. 0. ! Hióva.

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- 5 ^ / €^ ? / - ^ Q
o a)Tf, Kmrwewrrov vtóv éyévvqgoe. Trav7a8 0€ 0ta-

462

BOOK IV. a;. 2-3

and with the aid of Eurystheus they founded three
cities in Peloponnesus, Asiné, Hermioné, and Eion.
After the removal of the Dryopes from their land
a war arose between the Dorieis who inhabit the
land called Hestiaeotis, whose king was Aegimius,
and the Lapithae dwelling about Mount Olympus,
whose king was Coronus, the son of Caeneus. And
since the Lapithae greatly excelled in the number
of their forces, the Doricis turned to Heracles for
aid and implored him to join with them, promising
him a third part of the land of Doris and of the
kingship, and when they had won him over they
made common cause in the campaign against the
Lapithae. Heracles had with him the Arcadians
who accompanied him on his campaigns, and master-
ing the Lapithae with their aid he slew king Coronus
himself, and massacring most of the rest he com-
pelled them to withdraw from the land which was
in dispute. After accomplishing these deeds he
entrusted to Áegimius the third part of the land,
which was his share, with orders that he keep it in
trust in favour of IIeracles' descendants. He now
returned to Trachis, and upon being challenged to
combat by Cvenus, the son of Ares, he slew the
man; and as he was leaving the territory of Itonus
and was making his way through Pelasgiotis he fell
in with Ormenius the king and asked of him the hand
of his daughter Asty dameia. When Ormenius re-
fused him because he already had for lawful wife
Deianeira, the daughter of Oeneus, Heracles took
the field against him, captured his city, and slew the
king who would not obey him, and taking captive
Astv dameia he lay with her and begat a son Ctesip-
pus. After finishing this exploit he set out to

4603

DIODORUS OF SICILY

zpa£dpevos éorpácevaev ets 7T?jv OtyaAMav éri rovs
Eb»p/órov -cat0as, OTi 77v. 'lóAwv | uvqgorevcas
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émt TÓ akpcomYjpiov TO kaAovuevov Kqvator.

28. Evraó0a DE Üvatav emureAÓv dméoTewe Actyav
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"HpaxAéovs evuóopás karazemAwypévQ, kat ovv-

! So Burmann: Torcor II, Acyszrtov D.

464

BOOK IV. 37. 5-38. 3

Oechalia to take the field against the sons of Eurytus
because he had been refused in his suit for the hand
of lolé. The Arcadians again fought on his side
and he captured the city and slew the sons of Eurytus,
who were Toxeus, Molion, and Clytius. And taking
Iolé captive he departed from Euboea to the promon-
tory which is called Cenaeum.

38. At Cenaeon Heracles, wishing to perform a
sacrifice, dispatched his attendant Lichas to Deianeira
his wife, commanding him to ask her for the shirt
and robe which he customarily wore in the eelebra-
tion of sacrifices. But when Deianeira learned from
Lichas of the love which Heracles had for Iolé, she
wished him to have a greater affection for herself
and so anointed the shirt with the love-charm which
had been given her by the Centaur, whose intention
was to bring about the death of Heracles. Lichas,
then, in ignorance of these matters, brought back
the garments for the sacrifice; and Heracles put on
the shirt which had been anointed, and as the
strength of the toxie drug began slowly to work he
met with the most terrible calamity. For the
arrow's barb had carried the poison of the adder,!
and when the shirt for this reason, as it became
heated, attacked the flesh of the body, Heracles
was seized with such anguish that he slew Lichas,
who had been his servant, and then, disbanding his
army, returned to Trachis.

As Heracles eontinued to suffer more and more
from his malady he dispatched Licymnius and Iolaüs
to Delphi to inquire of Apollo what he must do to
heal the malady, but Deianeira was so stricken by
the magnitude of Heracles' misfortune that, being

! ne. of the Lernaean Hydra ; cp. chap. 11. 5.
465

DIODORUS OF SICILY

eiQvta. éavT?j v5v àpapriav, &yxyóvm vov Büov ka:-
/, e * 1 » ^^ A e
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aToOetéavres gpoerpéiavro TO L€v Tip Tov àzavras

466

BOOK IV. 38. 3-39. 1

eonscious of her error, she ended her life by hanging
herself. The god gave the reply that Ieracles
should be taken, and with him his armour and
weapons of war, unto Oeté and that they should
build a huge pyre near him; what remained to be
done, he said, would rest with Zeus. Now when
Iolaüs had carried out these orders and had with-
drawn to a distance to see what would take place,
Heracles, having abandoned hope for himself,
ascended the pyre aud asked each one who eame up
to him to put torch to the pyre. And when no one
had the courage to obey him Philoctetes alone was
prevailed upon ; and he, having received in return for
his compliance the gift of the bow and arrows of
Heracles, lighted the pyre. And immediately light-
ning also fell from the heavens and the pyre was
wholly consumed. . After this, when the companions
of Iolaüs came to gather up the bones of Heracles
and found not a single bone anywhere, they assumed
that, in aecordance with the words of the oracle,
he had passed from among men into the company
of the gods.

39. These men, therefore, performed the offerings
to the dead as to a hero, and after throwing up a
great mound of earth returned to Trachis. Follow-
ing their example Menoetius, the son of Actor and
a friend of Heracles, sacrificed a boar and a bull
and a ram to him as to a hero and commanded that
each year in Opus Heracles should receive the sacri-
fices and honours of a hero. Much the same thing
was likewise done bv the Thebans, but the Athenians
were the first of all other men to honour Heracles
with sacrifices like as to a god, and by holding up
as an example for all other meu to follow their own

467

t»

DIODORUS Or SICILY

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40. IIepi O6 TOY '"ÁpyoravTOv, éme(Ó7) TOUTOLS

468

DOOK IV. 39. t-40. t

reverence for the god they induced the Greeks first
of all, and after them all men throughout the in-
habited world, to honour Heracles as a god.

We should add to what has been said about
Heracles, that after his apotheosis Zeus persuaded
Hera to adopt him as her son and henceforth for all
time to cherish him with a mother's love, and this
adoption, they say, took place in the following
manner. lIÍeralay upon a bed, and drawing Heracles
close to her bodv then let him fall through her

carments to the ground, imitating in this way the
dc tusd birth ; and? this ceremony is observed to this
day by the barbarians whenever they wish to adopt
ason. Hera,the myths relate, after she had adopted
Heracles in this fashion, joined him in marriage to
Hebé, regarding whom the poet speaks in the
"dS ^

I saw the shade of Heracles, but for
Himself he takes delight of feasts among
Th'immortal gods and for his wife he hath
The shapely-ankled Hebé.

Thev report of Heracles further that Zeus enrolled
him among the twelve gods but that he would not
accept this honour; for it was impossible for him
thus to be enrolled unless one of the twelve gods
were first cast out; hence in his eyes it would be
monstrous for him to accept an honour which involved
depriving another god of his honour.

Now on the subject of Heracles if we have dwelt
over-long, we have at least omitted nothing from
the myths which are related eoncerning him.

40. As for the Argonauts, since Heracles joined

! Odyssey 11. 602-3.
469

DIODORUS OF SICILY

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1l zv Dindorf: -7óv.

1 ** Hostile to strangers; " cp. p. 393, n. 2.

BOOK IV. 4o. r-z

them in their campaign, it may be appropriate to
speak of them in this connection.

This is the account which is given:—Jason was
the son of Aeson and the nephew through his father
of Pelias, the king of the Thessalians, and excelling
as he did above those of his years in strength of body
and nobility of spirit he was eager to accomplish a
deed worthy of memory. And since he observed
that of the men of former times Perseus and certain
others had gained glory which was held in ever-
lasting remembrance from the campaigns which
they had waged in foreign lands and the hazard
attending the labours they had performed, he was
eager to follow the examples thev had set. Asa
consequence he revealed his undertaking to the
king and quickly received his approval. It was not
so much that Pelias was eager to bring distinction
to the youth as that he hoped that in the hazardous
expeditions he would lose his life; for he himself
had been deprived by nature of any male children
and was fearful that his brother, with his son to aid
him, would make an attempt upon the kingdom.
Hiding, however, this suspicion and promising to
supplv everything which would be needed for the
expedition, he urged Jason to undertake an exploit
by sailing to Colchis after the renowned golden-
fleeced skin of the ram. "The Pontus at that time
was inhabited on all its shores by nations which were
barbarous and altogether fierce and was ealled
'" Axenos, ! since the natives were in the habit of
slaying the strangers who landed on its shores.
Jason, who was eager for glory, recognizing that the
labour was difficult of accomplishment and yet not
altogether impossible, and coneluding that for this

471
YOL. II. Q

DIODORUS OF SICILY

robüro páAÀAov abTOv éÉmtavéorepov éaeaÜat 8ua-
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KaT üvOpetav.

! So Dindorf: zpóg re 70 áÜAÀov.
412

BOOK IV. 4o. 5s-4r. 3

very reason the greater renown would attach to
himself, made ready everything needed for the
undertaking.

41. First of all, in the vicinity of Mount Pelion
he built a ship which far surpassed in its size and in
its equipment in general any vessel known in those
days, since the men of that time put to sea on rafts
or in very small boats. Consequently those who
saw the ship at the time were greatly astonished,
and when the report was noised about throughout
Greece both of the exploit and of the enterprise of
building the ship, no small number of the youths
of prominence were eager to take part in the expe-
dition. Jason, then, after he had launched the ship
and fitted it out in brilliant fashion with everything
which would astonish the mind, picked out the
most renowned chieftains from those who were eager
to share his plan, with the result that the whole
number of those in his company amounted to fifty-
four. Of these the most famous were Castor and
Polydeuces, Heracles and Telamon, Orpheus and
Atalanté the daughter of Schoeneus, and the sons of
Thespius, and the leader himself who was setting
out on the voyage to Colchis. "The vessel was called
Argo after Argus, as some writers of myths record,
who was the master-builder of the ship and went
along on the voyage in order to repair the parts of
the vessel as they were strained from time to time,
but, as some say, after its exceeding great swiftness,
since the ancients called what is swift argos. Now
after the chieftains had gathered together they
chose Heracles to be their general, preferring him
because of his courage.

413

DIODORUS OF SICILY

» 5 5 — ? — L4
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5 Bópevov awoAÀwretv zapà TOv atyuaAóv. évraü0a
474

BOOK IV. 42. 1-5

42. After they had sailed from Iolcus, the account
continues, and had gone past Athos and Samothrace,
they encountered a storm and were carried to
Sigeium in the Troad. When they disembarked
there, it is said, they discovered a maiden bound in
chains upon the shore, the reason for it being as
follows. Poseidon, as the story runs, became angry
with Laomedon the king of Trov in eonneetion with
the building of its walls.! aecording to the mythieal
story, and sent forth from the sea a monster to
ravage the land. By this monster those who made
their living by the seashore and the farmers who
tilled the land contiguous to the sea were being
surprised and carried off. Furthermore, a pestilenee
fell upon the people and a total destruction of their
erops, so that all the inhabitants were at their wits'
end because of the magnitude of what had befallen
them. Consequently the common erowd gathered
together into an assembly and sought for a deliver-
ance from their misfortunes, and the king, it is
said, dispatehed a mission to Apollo to inquire of
the god regarding what had befallen them. When
the oracle, then, became known, which told that the
cause was the anger of Poseidon and that only then
would it cease when the Trojans should of their free
will select by lot one of their children and deliver
him to the monster for his food, although all the
children submitted to the lot, it fell upon the king's
daughter Hesioné. Consequently Laomedon was
constrained by neeessity to deliver the maiden and
to leave her, bound in chains, upon the shore. Here

1 Poseidon and Apollo had been compelled by Zeus to labour
for Laomedon for hire, but when they had built the walls oí
Troy Laomedon refused to pay them.

475

DIODORUS OF SICILY

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amópaaw mrotodquevov, KaL paDóvra "apó fjs
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! i.c. the Cabeiri. * je. Castor and Polydeuces.

476

BOOK IV. 12. 5-43. 2

Heracles, when he had disembarked with the Argo-
nauts and learned from the girl of her sudden ehange
of fortune, rent asunder the chains whieh were
about her body and going up to the eity made an
offer to the king to slay the monster. When Lao-
medon aeeepted the proposal and promised to give
him as his reward his invineible mares, Heracles,
they say, did slay the monster and Hesioné was
given the ehoiee either to leave her home with her
saviour or to remain in her native land with her
parents. The girl, then, ehose to spend her life
with the stranger, not merely beeause she preferred
the benefaction she had received to the ties of kin-
ship, but also because she feared that a monster
might again appear and she be exposed by the
citizens to the same fate as that from which she had
just eseaped. As for Heracles, after he had been
splendidly honoured with gifts and the appropriate
tokens of hospitality, he left Hesioné and the mares
in keeping with Laomedon, having arranged that
after he had returned from Colehis, he should receive
them again; he then set sail with all haste in the
company of the Argonauts to aeeomplish the labour
whieh lay before them.

43. But there eame on a great storm and the
chieftains had given up hope of being saved, when
Orpheus, they say, who was the only one on ship-
board who had ever been initiated in the mysteries
of the deities of Samothrace.! offered to these deities
the prayers for their salvation. And immediately the
wind died down and two stars fell over the heads of
the Dioscori,?? and the whole company was amazed
at the marvel! which had taken plaee and eoncluded
that they had been rescued from their perils by an

477

r
"—

^
-

DIODORUS OF SICILY

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mapaOoóGdus émuavérrov, $aot ToUs pév €v mais
aváykats óvras ézuaAécaoÜ0at kaÜárep Ücobs rovs
3 ^ A^ ^
apugTels, Kai Tàs atTíag OvqÀccavras Tüs TOU

! ó6 deleted by Vogel, retained by Bekker, Dindorf,
Jacoby.

! 'The Gemini, the appearanee of whieh was believed to
have a quieting influence on the sea; thus Horaee (Odes,
1. 3. 2) prays to '' Helen's brethren, stars oi light," safely

479

BOOK IV. 43. 2-3

act of Providence of the gods. For this reason, the
story of this reversal of fortune for the Ar gonauts
has been handed down to sueceeding generations,
and sailors when caught in storms always direct
their prayers to the deities of Samothraee and
attribute the appearance of the two stars! to the
epiphany of the Dioscori.

At that time, however, the tale continues, when
the storm had abated, the chieftains landed in
Thrace on the country which was ruled over by
Phineus. Here thev came upon two youths who by
way of punishment had been shut within a burial
vault where they were being subjected to continual
blows of the whip; these were sons of Phineus and
Cleopatra, who men said was born of Oreithyia,
the daughter of Erechtheus, and Boreas, and had
unjustly been subjected to such a punishment because
of the unscerupulousness and lying accusations of
their mother-in-law. For FPhineus had married
Idaea, the daughter of Dardanus the king of the
sey thians, and vielding to her*evere desire out of
his love for her he bad: believed her cha arge that his
sons bv an earlier marriage had insolently offered
violence to their mother-in-law ont of a desire to
please their mother. And when Heracles and his
friends unexpeetedly appeared, the youths who
were suffering these tortures, they say, made suppli-
cation to te chieftains as they would to gods, and
setting forth the causes of their father's unlawful

to bring to (ireece the ship whieh bears Vergil. Cp. Macaulay,
The Lays of Ancient Rome:

"afe comes the ship to haven,
Through billows and through gales,
If once the Great ' Twin Brethren
Sit shining on the sail».

DIODORUS OF SICILY

TaTpÓs "apavoptas OetoÜau TOv àTvX"udToV
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O)x &yvoc Oé Or. Twés TÓv uvÜoypdá ov
Tv ÀcÜ9vat Qao roUs Oweüas or o0 raTpóÓs, kai
! ék Vulgate, Dekker, Jacoby, omitted D, Dindorf, Vogel.

490

BOOK IV. 43. 5-44. 4

conduct implored that they be delivered from their
unfortunate lot.

41. Phineus, however, the account continues, met
the strangers with bitter words and ordered them
not to busy themselves with his affairs; for no
father, he said, exacts punishment of his sons of his
free will, unless they have overcome, by the magni-
tude of their crimes, the natural love which parents
bear towards their children. Thereupon the young
men, who were known as Boreadae! and were of
the company which sailed with Heracles, since they
were brothers of Cleopatra, and because of their
kinship with the young men, were the first, it is
said, to rush to their aid, and they tore apart the
chains which encircled them and slew such bar-
barians as offered resistanee. And when Phineus
hastened to join battle with them and the Thracian
multitude ran together, Heracles, they say, who
performed the mightiest deeds of them all, slew
Phineus himself and no small number of the rest,
and finally capturing the royal palace led Cleopatra
forth from out the prison, and restored to the sons
of Phineus their ancestral rule. Dut when the sons
wished to put their stepmother to death under
torture, Heracles presuaded them to renounce such
a vengeance, and so the sons, sending her to her
father in Seythia, urged that she be punished for
her wicked treatment of them. .And.this was done;
the Seythian condemned his daughter to death, and
the sons of Cleopatra gained in this way among the
Thracians a reputation for equitable dealing.

] am not unaware that eertain writers of mvths
say that the sons of Phineus were blinded by their

1 ** Sons oi Boreas."

491

«)

DIODORUS OF SICILY

TOV Duwéa TÍjs OjLotas TUX€tv cvp.dopás 0 070 Bopéov.

óptoteos Ó€ KQL TOV HpakAéa Twés rapaóeocykagt
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cuiÓThTL. KGL IL épaov uév 'ExdáTqv yeveatat
Üvyarépa, TÓÀu:y kai vapavopia poéyovcav To0

| zpocoxeiv Eichstüdt, pooxetv (mpooéyew D*) M53.
editors.

482

BOOK IV. 44. 4-45. 2

father and that Phineus suffered the like fate at
the hands of Boreas. Likewise certain writers have
passed down the account that Heracles, when he
went ashore once in Asia to get water, was left
behind in the country by the Argonauts. But, as
a general thing, we find that the ancient myths do
not give us a simple and consistent story; conse-
quently it should occasion no surprise if we find,
when we put the ancient accounts together, that in
some details thev are not in agreement with those
given by every poet and historian.

At any rate, according to these ancient accounts,
the sons of Phineus turned over the kingdom to
their mother Cleopatra and joined with the chief-
tains in the expedition. And after they had set
sail from Thrace and had entered the Pontus, they
put in at the Tauric Chersonese, being ignorant of
the savage ways of the native people. For it is
customary among the barbarians who inhabit this
land to sacrifice to Artemis Tauropolus the strangers
who put in there, and it is among them, they say,
that at a later time Iphigeneia became a priestess
of this goddess and sacrificed to her those who were
taken captive.

45. Since it is the task of history to inquire into
the reasons for this slaying of strangers, we must
discuss these reasons briefly, especially since the
digression on this subject will be appropriate in
connection with the deeds of the Argonauts. We
are told, that is, that Helius had two sons, Aeétes
and Perses, Aeétes being king of Colchis and the
other king of the Tauric Chersonese, and that both
of them were exceedingly cruel. And Perses had a
daughter Hecaté, who surpassed her father in bold-

453

DIODORUS OF SICILY

TQGTpÓs: duÀokUvmyov O' o0cav év rais ürorvyi(aus
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TOv ckeavóv, Kai vífjoov épnuov kaTaÀaBouévnv

| According to Ovid, Metamorphoses, 7. 408 ff., the plant
which gave aconite came from the foam which dropped from
the jaws of Cerberus when Heracles brought him out of Hades.

484

BOOK IV. 4s. 2-5

ness and lawlessness; she was also fond of hunting,
and when she had no luck she would turn her arrows
upon human beings instead of the beasts. Being
likewise ingenious in the mixing of deadly poisons
she discovered the drug called aconite! and tried
out the strength of each poison by mixing it in the
food given to the strangers. And since she possessed
great experience in such matters she first of all
poisoned her father and so succeeded to the throne,
and then, founding a temple of Artemis and com-
manding that strangers who landed there should be
sacrificed to the goddess, she became known far and
wide for her cruelty. After this she married Aeétes
and bore two daughters, Circé and Medea, and a
son Áegialeus.

Although Circé also, it is said, devoted herself to
the devising of all kinds of drugs and discovered
roots of all manner of natures and potencies such as
are difficult to credit, yet, notwithstanding that she
was taught by her mother Hecaté about not a few
drugs, she discovered by her own study a far greater
number, so that she left to the other woman no
superiority whatever in the matter of devising uses
of drugs. She was given in marriage to the king of
the Sarmatians, whom some call Sevthians, and first
she poisoned her husband and after that, succeeding
to the throne, she committed many cruel and violent
acts against her subjects. For this reason she was
deposed from her throne and, according to some
writers of myths, fled to the ocean, where she seized
a desert island, and there established herself with

For this reason the plant was reputed to grow near Heraelea
on the Black Sea where the entrance to Hades was pointed
out.

495

DIODORUS OF SICILY

évraüÜa puerà rv avuóvyovaOv yvvaucv. kaf-

OpvÜTrvat, kaTà. Óé was rÓv Ltaropuk«Ov ékAvrobaav

TOv llóvrov kxaroudjoat 7fs lraMas àkporwüpuov

TO Léyp. ToU vüv dám ékeürms Kipkatov ! óvouató-
€evov.

46. Tov 606 Myjóeiav toropotct i.a Oetv cap. 7e Tfjs
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kai pnaÜóvras cap aUTfs 7Ó Tfs ÉevokTovias
vóuuuov, azooétaoÜau qév 77v mTwheporqTa Tis
TapÜévov, ónÀcoavras O0' a)vá TÜ)v éavrOv éÉmt-

! Kipkecov II, Jacoby.

! [n early times the southern boundary of Latium.

496

BOOK IV. 45. 5-46.

the women who had fled with her, though according
to some historians she left the Pontus and settled
in Italy on a promontory which to this day bears
after her the name Circaeum.!

46. Concerning Medea this storv is related :—
From her mother and sister she learned all the
powers which drugs possess, but her purpose in using
them was exactly the opposite. Lor she made a
practice of rescuing from their perils the strangers
who came to their shores, sometimes demanding
from her father bv entreaty and coaxing that the
lives be spared of those who were to die, ud some-
times herself releasing them from prison and then
devising plans for the safety of the unfortunate men.
For Aeétes, partly because of his own natural
crueltv and partly because he was under the influ-
ence of his wife Hecate, had given his approv al to
the custom of slaving strangers. But since Medea
as time went on opposed the purpose of her parents
more and more, Aeétes. thev sav, suspecting his
daughter of plotting against him consigned her to
gs custody ?; Ncdeas however, nisde- her escape
and fled for refuge to a sacred precinct of Helius on
the shore of the sea. This happened at the very
time when the Argonauts arrived from the Tauric
Chersonese and landed by night in Colchis at this
precinct. There they came upon Medea, as she
wandered along the shore, and learning from her of
the custom of slaving strangers they praised the
maiden for her kindly spirit, and then, revealing to
her their own project, they learned in turn from

? 'The libera custodia of the Romans, which corresponded
in general to our release on bailoron parole, a citizen frequently
assuming responsibility for the person of thc prisoner.

497

DIODORUS OF SICILY

Boy TüÀw Tap ékeüvi]s pagety TÓV Ümápxovra.
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, dmó Wesseling: v70.

-à Hertlein: omitted D, có V ulgato.
: : f omitted by D, Vogel.

488

BOOK IV. 46. 3-47. 2

her of the danger which threatened her from her
father because of the reverence which she showed
to strangers. Since they now recognized that it
was to their mutual advantage, Medea promised to
co-operate with them until they should perform the
labour which lay before them, while Jason gave her
his pledge under oath that he would marry her and
keep her as his life's companion so long as he lived.
After this the Argonauts left guards to watch the
ship and set off by night with Medea to get the
golden fleece, concerning which it may be proper
for us to give a detailed account, in order that
nothing which belongs to the history which we have
undertaken may remain unknown.

4T. Phrixus, the son of Athamas, the myths re-
late, because of his stepmother's plots against him,
took his sister Hellé and fled with her from Greece.
And while they were making the passage from Europe
to Asia, as a kind of Providence of the gods directed,
on the back of a ram, whose fleece was of gold, the
maiden fell into the sea, which was named after her
Hellespont,! but Phrixus continued on into the Pontus
and was carried to Colchis, where, as some oracle
had commanded, he sacrificed the ram and hung up
its fleece as a dedicatory offering in the temple of
Ares. After this, while Aeétes was king of Colchis,
an oracle became known, to the effect that he was
to come to the end of his life whenever strangers
should land there and earry off the golden fleece.
For this reason and because of his own cruelty as
well, Aeétes ordained that strangers should be
offered up in sacrifice, in order that, the report of

| 4.e. Sea oí Helle.

489

DIODORUS OF SICILY

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! dvzvos Vogel: avrois. ? 5o Dindorf: :p mveiv.

490

BOOK IV. 47. 2-5

the cruelty of the Colchi having been spread abroad
to every part of the world, no stranger should have
the courage to set foot on the land. He also threw
a wall about the precinct and stationed there manv
guardians, these being men of the Tauric Cher-
sonese, and it is because of these guards that the
Greeks invented monstrous myths. For instance,
the report was spread abroad that there were fire-
breathing bulls (fauro:) round about the precinct and
that a sleepless dragon (drakon) guarded the fleece,
the identity of the names having led to the transfer
fron the men who were Taurians to the cattle
because of their strength and the cruelty shown in
the murder of strangers having been made into the
myth of the bulls breathing fire: and similarly the
name of the guardian who watched over the sacred
precinct, which was Dracon, has been transferred
by the poets to the monstrous and fear-inspiring
beast, the dragon. Also the account of Phrixus
underwent a similar working into a myth. For, as
some men say, he made his voyage upon a ship
which bore the head of a ram upon its bow, and
Hellé, being troubled with sea-sickness, while lean-
ing far over the side of the boat for this reason,
fell into the sea. Some say, however, that the king
of the Seythians, who was a son-in-law of Ae&tes,
was visiting among the Colchi at the very time when,
as it happened, Phrixus and his attendant were
taken captive, and conceiving a passion for the
boy ! he received him from Aeétes as a gift, loved
him like a son of his own loins, and left his kingdom
to him. The attendant, however, whose name was
Crius (ram), was sacrificed to the gods, and when his

1 ;.e. Phrixus.

491

DIODORUS OF SICILY

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| vec) Dindorf: 6eo.

ES II, Bekker, Dindorf, Vogel, TÓ ABD, Jacoby.
3 róre added by Dindorf, éegnatvero ó Ücós Jacoby.

492

BOOK IV. 47. 5-48. 4

body had been flayed the skin was nailed up on the
temple, in keeping with a eertain custom. And
when later an oracle was delivered to Aeétes to the
effect that he was to die whenever strangers would
sail to his land and carry off the skin of Crius, the
king, they say, built a wall about the precinet and
stationed a guard over it; furthermore, he gilded
the skin in order that by reason of its brilliant
appearance the soldiers should eonsider it worthy of
the most careful guarding. Ás for these matters,
however, it rests with mv readers to judge each in
accordance with his own predilections.

48. Medea, we are told, led the wav for the
Argonauts to the saered precinet of Ares, whieh was
seventy stades distant from the city whieh was
called Sybaris and contained the palace of the rulers
of the Colchi. And approaching the gates, which
were kept elosed at night, she addressed the guards
in the Taurie speeeh. And when the soldiers readily
opened the gates to her as being the king's daughter,
the Argonauts, they say, rushing in with drawn
swords slew many of the barbarians and drove the
rest, who were struck with terror by the unexpected
happening, out of the precinct, and then, taking
with them the fleeee, made for the ship with all
speed. Medea likewise, assisting the Argonauts,
slew with poisons the dragon which, according to
the myths, never slept as it lay coiled about the
fleece in the preeinct, and made her way with Jason
down to the sea. The Tauri who had eseaped by
flight reported to the king the attack which had

* rovs ' Apyovavzag Jacoby.
? So Hertlein, Vogel, rots $povpois D, Dindorf, Bekker,

Jacoby.
493

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| kat Borávais deleted by Dindorf.

494

BOOK 1V. 48. 4-7

been made upon them, and Aeétes, they say, took
with him the soldiers who guarded his person, set
out in pursuit of the Greeks, and came upon them
near the sea. Joining battle on the first contact
with them, he slew one of the Argonauts, Iphitus, the
brother of that Eurystheus who had laid the Labours
upon Heraeles, but soon, when he enveloped the
rest of them with the multitude of his followers and
pressed too hotly into the fray, he was slain bv
Meleager. The moment the king fell, the Greek«
took courage, and the Colchi turned in flight and the
larger part of them were slain in the pursuit. There
were wounded among the ehieftains Jason, Laértes,
Atalantéó, and the sons of Thespius, as they are
called. However they were all healed in a few
days, they say, by Medea by means of roots and
certain herbs, and the Argonauts, after securing
provisions for themselves, set out to sea, and they
had already reached the middle of the Pontie sea
when they ran into a storm which put them in the
greatest peril. But when Orpheus, as on the former
occasion,! offered up prayers to the deities of Samo-
thrace, the winds ceased and there appeared near
the ship Glaucus the Sea-god, as he is ealled. The
god accompanied the ship in its voyage without
ceasing for two days and nights and foretold to
Heracles his Labours and immortality, and to the
Tyndaridae that they should be called Dioscori
(" Sons of Zeus ') and receive at the hands of all
mankind honour like that offered to the gods. And,
in general, he addressed all the Argonauts by name
and told them that beeause of the prayers of Orpheus
he had appeared in aecordance with a Providenee

! Cp. chap. 43. 1.
495

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! Tàg Kichstüdt: rovs. ? BovAevoac 0a. DE, Jacoby.

| (This was on the Asiatie side and was called by Polybius
(4.39. 6) the ** Holy Place, where they say Jason on his voyage

496

BOOK IV. 48. 7-49. 4

of the gods and was showing forth to them what was
destined to take place; and he counselled them,
aecordingly, that so soon as they touched land they
should pay their vows to the gods through the inter-
vention. of whom they had twice already been
saved.

49. After this, the account continues, Glaucus
sank back beneath the deep, and the Argonauts,
arriving at the mouth of the Pontus, put in to the
land, the king of the country being at that time
Byzas, after whom the city of Byzantium was named.
There they set up altars, and when they had paid
their vows to the gods they sanctified the place!
which is even to this day held in honour by the
sailors who pass by. After this they put out to sea,
and after sailing through the Propontis and Helles-
pont they landed at the Troad. Here, when Heracles
dispatched to the city his brother Iphiclus and
Telamon to demand back both the mares and Hesioné,
Laomedon, it is said, threw the ambassadors into
prison and planned to lay an ambush for the other
Argonauts and encompass their death. He had the
rest of his sons as willing aids in the deed, but Priam
alone opposed it; for he declared that Laomedon
should observe justiee in his dealings with the
strangers and should deliver to them both his sister
and the mares which had been promised. But when
no one paid any heed to Priam, he brought two
swords to the prison, they say, and gave them
secretly to Telamon and his eompanions, and by
disclosing the plan of his father he became the cause

back from Colchis first sacrificed to the twelve gods" (tr.
of Paton in the L.C.L.).

49]

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€ 9

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| [liad 5. 638-42; quoted before, m 22,
498

BOOK IV. 49. 4-8

of their deliverance. For immediately Telamon and
his companions slew such of the guards as offered
resistance, and fleeing to the sea gave the Argonauts
a full account of what had happened. Accor rdingly )
these got ready for battle and went out to meet the
forces which were pouring out of the city with the
king. There was a sharp battle, but their courage
gave the chieftains the upper hand, and Heracles,
the myths report, performed the bravest feats of
them all; for he slew Laomedon, and taking the city
at the first assault he punished those who were
parties with the king to the plot, but to Priam,
because of the spirit of justice he had shown, he
gave the kingship, entered into a league of friend-
ship with him, and then sailed away in company
with the Argonauts. Dut certain of the ancient
poets have handed down the account that Heracles
took Troy, not with the aid of the Argonauts, but
on a campaign of his own with six ships, in order to
get the mares; and Homer also adds his witness to
this version in the following lines ! :

Aye, what a man, they say, was Heracles

In might, my father he, steadfast, with heart
Of lion, who once came here to carry off

The mares of King Laomedon, with but

Six ships and scantier men, yet sacked he then
The city of proud 1Ilium, ad made

Her streets bereft.

But the Argonauts, they say, set forth from the
Troad and arrived at Samothrace, where they again
paid their vows to the great gods and dedicated in
the sacred precinct the bowls which are preserved
there even to this day.

499

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1 Cp. chap. 40.
500

BOOK IV. so. 1-4

50. While the return of the chieftains was as yet
not known in Thessaly, a rumour, they say, went
the rounds there that all the companions of Jason
in the expedition had perished in the region of the
Pontus. Consequently Pelias, thinking that an
occasion was now come to do away with all who
were waiting for the throne,! forced the father of
Jason to drink the blood of a bull? and murdered
his brother Promachus, who was still a mere lad in
years. But Amphinomé, his mother, they say,
when on the point of being slain, perfor med a manly
deed and one worthy of mention ; ; for fleeing to the
hearth of the king she pronounced a curse "against
him, to the effect that he might suffer the fate uen
his impious deeds merited, and then, striking her
own breast with a sword, she ended her life heroically.
But as for Pelias, when he had utterly destroyed in
this fashion all the relatives of Jason, he speedily
received the punishment befitting his impious deeds.
For Jason, who had sailed that night into a road-
stead which lay not far from Ioleus and yet was not
in sight of the dwellers in the city, learned from one
of the country-folk of the misfortunes which had
befallen his kinsmen. Now al the chieftains stood
ready to lend Jason their aid and to face any peril
on his behalf, but they fell into dispute over how
they should make the attack; somoe, for instance,
advised that they force their way at once into the
city and fall upon the king while he was not expecting
them, but certain others declared that each one of
them should gather soldiers from his own birthplace
and then raise a general war; sinee it was impossible,

* According to Aristotle, Zistoria Amimalium (3. 19), the
blood was supposed to eoagulate and choke the drinher
501

cC.

DIODORUS OF SICILY

^ 5 cC ? "4 / /
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! So Hertlein: azoxretvat.
502

BOOK IV. so. 4-51. 2

they maintained, for fifty-three men to overcome a
king who controlled an army and important cities.
While they were in this perplexity Medea, it is
said, promised to slay Pelias all alone by means of
cunning and to deliver to the chieftains the royal
palace without their running any risk. And when
they all expressed astonishment at her statement
and sought to learn what sort of a scheme she had
in mind, she said that she had brought with her
many drugs of marvellous potency which had been
discovered by her mother Hecaté and by her sister
Circé; and though before this time she had never
used them to destroy human beings, on this occasion
she would by means of them easily wreak vengeance
upon men who were deserving of punishment.
Then, after disclosing beforehand to the chieftains
the detailed plans of the attack she would make,
she promised them that she would give them a
signal from the palace during the day bv means of
smoke, during the night by fire, in the direction of
the look-out which stood high above the sea.

91. Then Medea, the tale goes on, fashioning a
holow image of Artemis secreted in it drugs of
diverse natures, and as for herself, she anointed her
hair with certain potent ointments and made it
grey, and filled her face and body so full of wrinkles
that all who looked upon her thought that she was
surely an old woman. And finally, taking with her
the statue of the goddess which had been so made
as to strike with terror the superstitious populace
and move it to fear of the gods, at davbreak she
entered the city. She acted like one inspired, and
as the multitude rushed together along the streets

? S0 Hertlein: omgatvetw.
203
VOL. II. R

DIODORUS OF SICILY

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1 So Reiske: ew0catovons Vulgate, omitted by D.
? So Stephanus: déeAóvza.

504

BOOK IV. sr. 2-5

she summoned the whole people to receive the
goddess with reverence, telling them that the
goddess had come to them from the Hvperboreans
to bring good luck to both the whole city and the
king. Aud while all the inhabitants were rendering
obeisance to the goddess and honouring her with
sacrifices, and the whole city, in a word, was, along
with Medea herself, acting like people inspired, she
entered the palace. and "ere she threw Pelias into
such a state of superstitious fear and, by her magic
arts, so terrified his daughters that they believe ed
that the goddess was actually there in person to
bring prosperity to the house of the king. For she
declined that Artemis. riding through thc air upon
a chariot drawn bv dragons, had Hon in the air
over many parts of the fohsbited earth and had
chosen out the realm of the most pious king in all
the world for the establishment of her own worship
and for honours which should be for ever and ever;
and that the goddess had commanded her not only
to divest Pelias, by means of certain powers which
she possessed. of his old age and make his body
entirely young, but also to bestow upon him many
other gifts, to the end that his life should be blessed
and pleasing to the gods.

The king was filled with amazement at these
astonishing. proposals, but Medea, we are informed,
promised him that then and there, in the case of
her own body, she would furnish the proof of what
she had said. "Then she told one of the daughters
of Pelias to bring pure water, and when the maiden
at once carried out her request, she shut herself
up, they say, in a small chamber and washing
thoroughly her whole body she made it clean of the

0970

DIODORUS OF SICILY

TOv óapuakcv OÓvváuew. | azokaracoTaÜetoav Ó'
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zOerpós, Tràs gév mapÜévovs éro(uovs etvac! TO
— ez vTeAetv.

2. Pv Ó€ Myjóeuav VUKTÓS esvyevop.évis Kai TOU
LLeMoo TpOs UTVOV rpazévTos Aéyew cs àvayka.tov
€v Aen kaDeyrijaa TO Gg. TOÜ IL eAcov. Trpoa-
ávrag ? 0c TÓV mrapÜeveov DeGap.évoov TÓV Aóvyov,
érépav a)r»v émwofjau míoTw TÓÀVv Dm aTijs
Aeyop.évav rpedopévov yap kptoo rroAverobs KaTa.
TW OLKLQV ema yyeiAaataa rais KOpO4s. ToÜrov
Tpórepov caDejioew Kai Toujcew àm üpx'js

| etyac Dindorf: osoas MSS, Vogel.
? So Dindorf : zpoovos.

S06

BOOK IV. sr. s-52. 1

potent influences of the drugs. Deing restored,
then, to her former condition, "and showing herself
to the king, she amazed those who gazed upon her,
and thev thought that a kind of Bio dence of the
gods had transformed her old age into a maiden's
vouth and striking beauty. AUS. by means of
certain drugs, Medea caused shapes of the dragons
to appear, which she declared had brought "the
goddess through the air from the Hy perboreans to
Bak her stay with Pelias. And since the deeds
which Medea had performed appeared to be too
great for mortal nature, and the king saw fit to
regard her with great approval and, in a word,
believed that she was telling the truth, she now.
they say, in private conv ersation with Pelias urged
him to order his daughters to co-operate with her
and to do whatever she might command them; for
it was fitting, she said, that the king's body should
receive the fav our which the gods were aecording
ilo him through the hands, not of servants, but of
his own ehildren. Consequently Pelias gave explicit
directions to his daughters to do everything that
Medea might eommand them with respect to the
body of their father, and the maidens were quite
ready to carry out her orders.

59. Medea then, the story relates, when night
had come and Pelias had fallen asleep, informed
the daughters that it was required that the body of
Pelias be boiled in a ecauldron. But when the
maidens received the proposal with hostility, she
devised a second proof that what she said could be
believed. For there was a ram full of years which
was kept in their home, and she announced to the
maidens that she would first boil it and thus make

597

DIODORUS OF SICILY

apva. cvykaraÜeuévov OÓ' a/rÀv, pnvÜoAoyobat
T)v Mwjeiav karà uéÀg àeAo)0cav TO copa Tob
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brovpyijaa TOÍS TpocTdyuaci. kai TOS uév
GÀÀas arvácas TÓv maTÉpa TUTTOUGGs üTOKTelvat,
nóvqgv AÀkrarw Ov — eUaefeias bmepBoXyy
aToo0yéoÜat 7o yevijaavros.

Mera óé Trabra v5)v MwWóeuàv $aot 70D uév TO
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p.aÜóvras TO "p, Kat vop.iaavras cvvrereAcaQa.
T)» avaipeotww ToU DaciÀAéwos, Opuijcat Ópópe Trpos
T"v TÓOÀw, TapewceAÜórTrag O' évrOs TOÜ TeUyous
eavaocuévous Tots £ióeaw ets 7à Dao(AMeua. karavrij-
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O0£«s £v vois DaciuAetows (Govcas Tóv Te 'lacova
Kdi TOUS üQpioTeis, TepiaÀyets émi Tjj ovudopdá
yevéaUau ovre yàp agvvaocÜat TV M»jóecav
eixov éfovo(av oUTe TO mpayÜév aora.ts |.o00s óc
azdTqv OiopÜccacÜaa.. | OiÓTzep vavvas név Oppij-

So3

BOOK IV. sa. 1-5

it into a lamb again. When they agreed to this,
we are told that Medea severed it apart limb by
limb, boiled the ram's body, and then. working a
deception by means of certain drugs, she drew out
of the cauldron an image which looked like a lamb.
Thereupon the maidens were astounded, and were
so convinced that they had received all possible
proofs that she could do what she was promising
that thev carried out her orders. All the vest of
them beat their father to death, but Alcestis alone,
because of her great piety, would not lay hands
upon him who had begotten her.

After Pelias had been slain in this way, Medea,
they say, took no part in cutting the body to pieces
or in boiling it, but pretending that she must first
offer prayers to the moon, she caused the maidens
to aseend with lamps to the highest part of the roof
of the palace, while she herself took much time
repeating a long prayer in the Colchian speech, thus
affording an interval to those who were to make the
attack. Consequently the Argonauts. when from their
look-out they made out the fire, believing that the
slayingofthe kinghad been aecomplished, hastened to
thecity on the run, and passinginside the walls entered
the palace with drawn swords and slew such guards
as offered opposition. "The daughters of Pelias who
had onlv at that moment descended from the roof
to attend to the boiling of their father, when they
saw to their surprise both Jason and the chieftains
in the palaee, were filled with dismav at what had
befallen them; for it was not within their power to
avenge themselves on Medea, nor eould they by
deceit make amends for the abominable aet which
they had done. Consequently the daughters, it is

9399

DIODORUS OF SICILY

gQL Aéyevat GTepickew aUraàs TOU Lv, TOv O
'lácovra kxaTcÀeccavra -7à máÜn mapakaracyetv
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€« kakías nuév ov0év Tuaprov, ákovatos O6 Ov
aTürTV TTUYyTnOQV.

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TOv KopwÜiov Kpéovr( peraoyetv Ts ToÀvretas
Kai TOv Àovrór xpóvov év rfj KopivÜc karoucjaat.

! g)zóv D, Vogel, aorov 1I, Bekker, Dindorf.

S1O

BOOK IV. 52. s-33. 3

related, were about to make an end of their lives.
but Jason, taking pity upon their distress, restrained
them, and exhorting them to be of good courage,
showed them that i was not from el design that
they had done wrong but it was asainst NS will
and because of deception that thev had suffered
this misfortune.

53. Jason now, we are informed, promising all his
kindred in general that he would conduct himself
honourably and magnanimouslv, summoned the

people to an assembly. And after defending himself
for what he had done and explaining that he had
only taken vengeance on men who had wronged him
Drst. inflieting.- a less severe punishment on them
than the evils he himself had suffer ed, he bestowed
upon Acastus, the son of Pelias, the aneestral king-
dom, and as for the daughters of the king, he said
that he considered it right that he himself should
assume the responsibility for them. nd ultimately
he fulfilled his promise, they sav, by joining them all
in marriage after a time to the most renowned men.
Alcestis, for instance, the eldest he gave in marriage
to Admetus of Thessalv, the son of Pheres, Amphi-
nomé to Andraemon, the brother of Leonteus,
Euadné to Canes, who was the son of Cephalus and
king at that time of the Phocians. "These marriages
he arranged at a later period; but at the time in
question, sailing together with the chieftains to the
Isthmus of Peloponnesus, he performed a saerifice
to Poseidon and also dedicated to the god the ship
Argo. And since he received a great welcome at
the court of Creon, the king of the Corinthians, he
became a citizen of that city and spent the rest of
his days in Corinth.

-J

DIODORUS OF SICILY

/, A ^ P] ^ 3 X /
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cacÜau. xai mácav émeAÜetv Tov OLKOULLÉVI]V €Uep-

! róv alter roUrov deleted by Hertlein.
SI2

DOOK IV. s3. 4-7

When the Argonauts were on the point of separat-
ing and departing to their native lands, Heracles,
they say, proposed to the chieftains that, in view of
the unexpected turns fortune takes, they should
exchange oaths among one another to fight at the
side SI anvone of their number who e hould call for
aid; and that, furthermore, they should choose out
the most excellent place in Greece, there to insti-
tute gamces and a festival for the whole race, and
should dedicate the games to the greatest of the
gods, Olympian Zeus. After the chieftains had
taken their oath concerning the alliance and had
entrusted Heracles with the management of the
games, he, they say, picked the place for the festival
on the bank of the Alpheius river in the land
of the Eleans. Accordingly, this place beside the
river he made sacred to the greatest of the gods
and called it Olympia after his appellation. When
he had instituted horse-races and gwvmnastie con-
tests, he fixed the rules governing the events and
then dispatched saered commissioners to announce
to the cities the spectacle of the games. And
although Heracles had won no moderate degree of
fame because of the high esteem in which he was
held by the Argonauts throughout their expedition,
to this was now added the glory of having founded
the festival at Olympia, so that he was the most
renowned man among all the Greeks and, known
as he was in almost every state, there were many
who sought his friendship and who were eager to
share with him in every danger. And since Bc Was
an object of admiration because of his brav ery and
his skill as a general, he gathered a most powerful
army and visited all the iuhabited world. conferring

ST3

DIODORUS OF SICILY

yeroüvra. TO yévos TÓv àvÜporrov: àv0' v rvyetv
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|! avrjv MSS, Bekker, aAAMjv Dindorf, avrov Vogel, deleted
by Jacobv. ? kat after aAAa deleted by Dindorf.

l i.c. Heraeles.

514

DOOR IV. 53. 75534- d

his benefactions upon the race of men, and it was in
return for these that with general approval he re-
ceived the gift of immortality. But the poets,
following their custom of giving a tale of wonder,
have recounted the myth that Heracles, single-
handed and without the aid of armed forces, per-
formed the Labours which are on the lips of all.
51. Dut. we have now recounted all the myths
which are told about this god,! and at this time
must add what remains to be said about Jason.
The account runs like this :—Jason made his home
in Corinth and living with Medea as his wife for
ten years be begat children by her, the two oldest,
Thessalus and Alcimenes, being twins, and the
third, Tisandrus, being much younger than the
other two. Now during this period, we are informed,
Medea was highly approved by her husband, because
she not only excelled in beauty but was adorned
with modesty and every other virtue; but after-
ward, as time more and more diminished her natural
comeliness, Jason, it is said, became enamoured of
Glaucé, Creon's daughter, and sought the maiden's
hand in marriage. After her father had given his
consent and had set a day for the marriage, Jason,
they say, at first tried to persuade Medea to with-
draw from their wedlock of her free-will; for, he
told her, he desired to marry the maiden, not because
he felt his relations with Medea were beneath him,
but because he was eager to establish a kinship
between the king's house and his children.* But
when his wife was angered and called upon the gods
who had been the witnesses of their vows, they say
that Jason, disdaining the vows, married the daughter

? 'The plea urged by Jason in Euripides, Medea, 551 ff.
915

DIODORUS OF SICILY

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árooóá£a: deloted by Vogel, Jacoby.

! j,e. from the territory of Corinth.

? "''his is the manner of Glaucé's death in the Medea of
Euripides. His version also differs from the account which
follows, in that there are only two sons of Jason and Medea,
and after slaying them Medea carries off their bodies so that

516

BOOK IV. z4. 4-7

of the king. "Thereupon Medea was driven out of
the eity, and being allowed by Creon but one day
to make the preparations for her exile! she entered
the palaee by night, having altered her appearance
by means of drugs, and set fire to the building bv
applving to it a little root which had been discov 'ered
bv her sister Circé and had the property that when
it was onee kindled it was hard to put out. Now
when the palaee suddenly burst into flames, Jason
quickly made his way out of it, but as for Glaucé
and Creon, the fire hemmed them in on all sides
and they were eonsumed by it. Certain historians,
however, say that the sons of Medea brought to the
bride cifts whieh had been anointed vith poisons,
and tliat when Glaucé took them and put them
about her body both she herself met her end and
her father, when he ran to help her and embraced
her body, likewise perished.?

Although Medea had been successful in her first
undertakings, yet she did not refrain, so we are
told, from "taking her revenge upon Jason. For
she had come to such a state of rage and jealousy,
yes, even of savageness, that, since "he had escaped
from the peril which threatened him at the same
time as his bride, she determined, by the murder
of the children of them both, to plunge him into the
deepest misfortunes; for, except for the one son
who made his escape from her, she slew the other
sons and in company with her most faithful maids

Jason may not even give them formal burial, and that Jason
does not commit suicide. The fountain of Glaucé has been
found (cp. Am. Journ. of Archaeology, 4 (1900), 458-75;
14 (1910), 19-50), but not as yet the tomb of the children
which was pointed out to Pausanias (2. 3. 6).

917

DIODORUS OF SICILY

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/ / i! e / 3 i! i] /

TG/TQqv nÓvQgv TY)v (OTOpiav, QÀÀa kat Ota. o vovs

! (,e, that Jason would wed Medea and ''keep her as his
life's companion so long as he lived " (cp. chap. 46. 4).

SIS

BOOK IV. s4. 7-55. 3

fled in the dead of night from Corinth and made her
way safely to Heracles in Thebes. Her reason for
doing so was that Heracles had acted as a mediator
in connection with the agreements ! which had been
entered into in the land of the Colchians and had
promised to come to her aid if she should ever find
them violated.

55. Meanwhile, they go on to say, in the opinion
of everyone Jason, in losing children and wife, had
suffered only what was just; consequently, being
unable to endure the magnitude of the afHiction,
he put an end to his life.? "The Corinthians were
greatly distressed at such a terrible reversal of
fortune and were especially perplexed about the
burial of the children. Accordingly, they dispatched
messengers to Pytho to inquire of the god what
should be done with the bodies of the children, and
the Pythian priestess commanded them to bury the
children in the sacred precinct of Hera and to pay
them the honours which are aecorded to heroes.
After the Corinthians had performed this command,
Thessalus, they say, who had escaped being murdered
by his mother, was reared as a youth in Corinth and
then removed to Iolcus, which was the native land
of Jason; and finding on his arrival that Acastus,
the son of Pelias, had recently died, he took over
the throne which belonged to him by inheritance
and called the people who were subject to himself
lhessalians after his own name. I am not unaware
that this is not the only explanation given of the
name the Thessalians bear, but the fact is that the
other accounts which have been handed down to us

* According to Euripides ( Medea, 1386), à beam of wood fell
from the rotting Argo upon Jason and killed him.

519

VOL. II. S

DIODORUS OF SICILY

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e&evi]vek aa, KQi TiVES xaptGea0a BovAóp.evo
Tots 'AÜmnvatois d$aow a)r)v avaÀAaBobcav TOv

! zóy Bekker: 70v pé. ?* Àao?s Rhodomann : aAAovs.

! "This is not in the extant portions of Diodorus.
* Cp. chap. 11.

520

BOOK IV. ss. 3-56. r1

are likewise at variance with one another, and con-
cerning these we shall speak on a more appropriate
occasion.!

Now as for Medea, they say, on finding upon her
arrival in Thebes that Heracles was possessed of a
frenzy of madness and had slain his sons, she re-
stored him to health by means of drugs. Dut since
Eurystheus was pressing Heracles with his com-
mands;? she despaired of receiving any aid from him
at the moment and sought refuge in Athens with
Acgeus, the son of Pandion. Here, as some say,
she married Aegeus and gave birth to Medus, who
was later king of Media, but certain writers give
the account that, when her person was demanded
by Hippotes, the son of Creon, she was granted a
trial and cleared of the charges he raised against
her. After this, when Theseus returned to Athens
from Troezen, a charge of poisoning was brought
against her and she was exiled from the city; but
by the gift of Aegeus she received an escort to go
with her to whatever country she might wish and
she came to Phoenicia. From there she journeyed
into the interior regions of Asia and married a certain
king of renown, to whom she bore a son Medus;
and the son, succeeding to the throne after the
death of the father, was greatly admired for his
courage and named the people Medes after himself.

56. Speaking generally, it is because of the desire
of the tragic poets for the marvellous that so varied
and inconsistent an account of Medea has been
given out; and some indeed, in their desire to win
favour with the Athenians, say that she took that

3 i.e. with the Labours which Heracles had to perform for
him.

£21

DIODORUS OF SICILY

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ToUTcv TOv Üeóv mapovoiav ék ToÜ «okeavob

LC. p.412; m. 4. *? 'lhe Don.
522

BOOK ]V. s6. t-4

Medus whom she bore to Aegeus and got off safe
to Colchis; and at that time Aectes, who had been
foreibly driven from the throne by his brother Perses.
hDad regained his kingdom, Medus, Medea's son,
having slain Perses; ud that afterwards Medus,
securing the command of an army, advanced over a
large part of Asia which lies above the Pontus and
secured possession of' Media, which has been named
after this Medus. But since in our judgment it is
unnecessary and would be tedious to record all the
assertions which the writers of myths have made
about Medea, we shall add onlv those items which
have been passed over concerning the history of the
Argonauts.

Not a few both of the ancient historians and of
the later ones as well, one of whom is Timaeus, say
that the Argonauts, after the seizure of the fleece,
learning that the inouth of the Pontus had already
been blockaded by the fleet of Acétes, performed
an amazing exploit which is worthy of mention.
They s EHnISd: that is to say, up the Tanais river? as
far as its sources, and at a certain place they hauled
the ship overland, and following in turn another
river which flows into the occan thev sailed down
it to the sea; then they made their course from the
north to the west;? keeping the land on the left, and
when they had arrived near Gadeira (Cadiz) they
sailed into our sea.* And the writers even offer proofs
of these things, pointing out that the Celts who dwell
along the ocean venerate the Dioscori above any
of the gods, since they have a tradition handed down
from ancient times that these zods appeared among

3 t.6. South- west. i The Mediterranean.

923

DIODORUS OF SICILY

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Mpreu, kai p.aUóvras Trap Tpürevos ToÜ TÓT€
Baaiesovros Ts Awvns Tv (O.oTqT4. Tfjs ÜaAdr-
TUS, KGi TÓV kivüvvov ékóvyóvras, Ocoprjaa.a Oa
yaÀkoüv Tp(moOa TÓv dpyaiois uev keyapaypévov
ypdápuagu, péypt 0€ TOv vecyTépov xpóvoov Ouuetv-
avra mzapà Toig Eveomepiraus.

O?$ mapaAeurréov O/ wvjuiv üve£éAeykrov Twv
(oTopiav. TÓv dATno$ónvapnévov ToUs Apyovasras
ava TOv "lorpov zÀeUcavras uéypt TÓv myyÓv KaT-
evexÜiva. Ox. Tis vrumpoadymov pócecs mpOós TÓV
" AÓpua.Tucóv KóAmrov. TOUTOUS yàp OÓ ypóvos zjAeyeev
oroAaBóvras TÓv €v TÓ Ióvro mrÀetoat cTópacw
éfepevydpevov "lorpov kai Tóv els rÓv 'ABpíav
ekBáAAovra rv pUcw €yew a0 TOV a)TÓV TÓTOV.

-——— —

! Elba.
* 'The Roman Portus Argous, the harbour of the present
capital of the island, Portoferraio.

524

BOOK IV. s6. 4-8

them coming from the oeean. Moreover, the
country which skirts the ocean bears, they say, not
a few names which are derived from the Argonauts
and the Dioscori. And likewise the continent this
side of Gadcira contains visible tokens of the return
voyage of the Argonauts. So,for example, as they
sailed about the Tyrrhenian Sea, when they put in at
an island called Aethaleia ! they named its harbour,
which is the fairest of any in those regions, Argoón ?
after their ship, and such has remained its name to
this day. In like manner to what we have just
narrated a harbour in Etruria eight hundred stades
from Rome was named by them Telamon, and also
at Phormia? in Italy the harbour Aeétes, which is
now known as Caeétes.M Furthermore, when they
were driven by winds to the Syrtes and had learned
from Triton, who was king of Libya at that time, of
the peculiar nature of the sea there, upon escaping
safe out of the peril they presented him with the
bronze tripod which was inscribed with ancient char-
aeters and stood until rather recent times among
the people of Euhesperis.?

We must not leave unrefuted the account of those
who state that the Argonauts sailed up the Ister 5
river as far as its sources and then, by its arm which
flows in the opposite direction, descended to the
Adriatic Gulf. For time has refuted those who
assumed that the Ister which empties by several
mouths into the Pontus and the Ister which issues
into the Adriatic flow from the same regions. Asa

? lFormiae. 4 (3a6ta.

5 'lThe most western city, later called DBerenicó, of the
Pentapolis in Cyrené.

$ Danube.

275

"H»

DIODORUS OF SICILY

'"Popatov yàp karazoAeungoávrov 70 7Ov "Iazpov
&Üvos, ebpeÜr) Tàs vyàs €yov Ó vorapós dz rer-
rapákovra oraOicv Tíjs ÜaÀAdTTQs. | àÀÀA y&p rois
cvyypaóe0cw air(av Tfj sÀávns d$aci yevéoÜa.
Tiv Opcovvuuiav TÓV zOoTQOv.
€ ^ ? ? / ? / X X
Hyutv 9 apkoUvTos é£euyaopévots Tv Trepi
TÓÀv "ÁpyovavTOv (iaTopiav kat rà 99. HpakAéovs
zpayÜévra oiketov àv et] karà Ty)V "yevouévqv
ézayyeAMav àvavypdjac ràs TOv viv a0700 zpd£cs.
Meza -T)v 'HpakAéovs Toivvv dàmoÜécow ot
7Tai0es a0ToÜ0 kaTQkovv év lpaxyiv zapà Kwuk
m ^ A A A e l4
TÀ Daciet. uerà OÓé rab7a "YAAov kat TU
e / ? /
érépav àvópc)Üevrav, EopvaÜeus $oprÜeis m
TávTOV evi Ateav yevopévoov exméoy Trüs év Muk-
va,s PaciAe(as, €yvo roos "HpakAetoas é£ 0Ans rijs
'"EAAaóos $vyaOeócau.. | Oc0 Krjuic uév TO. BaoiAct
zpomyópevuge To/s Te 'HpakAeióas xai ToUs
; ^^ 3 ^^ » M , / 1
Awuvuviov mzatóas ékDBaAÀetv, érc ó6 'IóAaov kai
TO GUoTQLO. TOV "A pkáocov TOv HpaxkAet gvveo7pa-
TEUKÓTCV, 7 TaÜ)Ta qu) zovoóvra mróAejLov ava-
Oóé£acÜat. ot O' H pa«Aetóa KQi OL uer GUTOV
Üecpoüvres abrovs oUk a£iouáxyovs Ovras LE)pv-
cÜet moAÀepuetv, éyvcaav ékovotos $evyew ék Tfjs
^ ? / A D » / A
Topaytvos: émióvres 06 TÓv GAÀMov wóÀeov às
5 / ? / / P b A
a£toÀoycrázas éOéovro 0é£acÜa« aóás avrovg avv-
oikous. jmoepuás 9€ ToÀJucoans vrroóé£acÜa«, ióvot
— » » ^ A A »/ ? b ^
TÀv GÀAcv 'AÜOnvatoi Ot&, 77v éuóvvov ap. avrots
émieikeuav zpoaeóécavro rovs 'HpaxAetoas: karq-

1 Strabo (1. 3. 15) mentions the same erroneous belicf, and
in language which shows that he knew no river of that name
in Istria.

520

BOOK IV. s6. 8-57. 4

matter of fact, when the Romans subdued the nation
of the Istrians it was discovered that the latter
river has its sources only forty stades from the sea.
But the cause of the error on the part of the his-
torians was, they say, the identity in name of the
two rivers.

51. Since we have sufficiently elaborated the
history of the Argonauts and the deeds accomplished
by Heracles, it may be appropriate also to record,
in accordance with the promise we made, the deeds
of his sons.

Now after the deification of Heracles his sons
made their home in Trachis at the court of Ceyx
the king. But later, when Hyllus and some of the
others had attained to manhood, Eurystheus, being
afraid lest, after they had all come of age, he might
be driven from his kingdom at Mycenae, decided to
send the Heracleidae into exile from the whole of
Greece. Consequently he served notice upon Ces$x,
the king, to banish both the Heracleidae and the
sons of Licymnius,? and Iolaüs as well and the band
of Arcadians who had served with Heracles on his
campaigns, adding that, if he should fail to do these
things, he must submit to war. But the Heracleidae
and their friends, perceiving that they were of
themselves not sufficient in number to carry on a
war against Eurystheus, decided to leave Trachis of
their own free will, and going about among the most
important of the other cities they asked them to
receive them as fellow-townsmen. When no other
city had the courage to take them in, the Athenians
alone of all, such being their inborn sense of justice,
extended a welcome to the sons of Heracles, and

? A half-brother of Alemené and so an uncle of Heracles.
527

DIODORUS OF SICILY

Kigüv 0€ a)DroUs perà TÓV Ocuu$vyóvrov eis
/ 4 e $ A / ^ ? /
TpucopvÜOov «0Àw, v)r«s. éo7t pta. 71s ovon.abop.évys
/ M! / / / A
TerpamÓÀens. perà Óé mwa. ypóvov azávrov TÓV
€ / / $ / A /
HpaxAéovs zaiówv TvÓpopnévov, kat jpovy-
paros épóvouévov Toig veaviakow; Oi rnv a4.
"H Aé 0ó e / » ^ à! »
paKÀéovs 8ófav, 0$opopevos a0rÀv T')v av£now
E?)pvo0e)s éoTpdárevoev ém a)roUs nerà moÀMjs
Ó / € ? € -— / * ^
vvàpeuos. ot oO HpakAetóau, BoxÜBovvrov avrots
TÀv 'AÜnvaiov, mpoorqcapuevou TOv 'lpakAéovs
aóeAduGoóv 'IóAaov, xai roUr«w Te kat Oqoct xai
"YAA« TTjv a Tpa. Tq y(av zapaóvres, evik«qoav sapa-
/ N $ / M! N A / ^
Táfe,. TOv E)pvoÜéa. | kara Óé rzv uaáynv mÀetoot
uev TÀv uer EopvoÜéns karekómqoav, a)rOs O.
o E)pvoÜOcvs, roÜ ápuaros kara T)v $vyyv ovvrpc-
/ e M e ^ Li L4 3 /
Bévros, 0-0 "YAAov vob0 'HpakxAéovs avnpéOn:
€ / Ml A e € & — $ / / M
opoitos 0€ kat ot vtov Tob. EvpvoÜécs vavres kara
T)V udxmv éreAeUTq0av.
^ € ^
58. Mera 8€ raóra oi uév 'HpaxAetóac vavres
TepiporyT«Q páxy vevucgkóres TOv E)pvoÜéa, xai
Óu3. T?)v eüqpepiav av n&.Xoov eUmopi)cavTes, eaTpa.-
revaav émi 71)v leAosróvvgoov "YAAov o7parT1)yobv-
? M A M! i| $ 0é À A
TOS. ATmpeUs Oé pera Tv EvUpvoÜéns TeAevrüv
/ A ? / 7 X
x«araÀaBópevos Tnv €év Mvkwvaw aociueav, at
/ / / /
zpocAÀaBópnevos ovpupáxyous Teyedras kai was
» 3 / - e / A A
dAAovs, a77vrgce Tois 'HpakAeióaw. | xara 0€
TOv 'loOuoóv vrÀv ocpaTroméOcv aÜpowÜévrow,

"YAAos uev 0 'HpakAéovs eis povouaxtiav mpoeka-

1 A union of four cities in Attiea of which Marathon was
the most important.

328

BOOK IV. 57. 4-58. 3

they settled them and their companions in the
flight in the city of Tricorythus, which is one of the
cities of what is called the Tetrapolis.! And after
some time, when all the sons of Heracles had attained
to manhood and a spirit of pride sprang up in the
young men because of the glory of descent from
Heracles, Eurystheus, viewing with suspicion their
growing power, came up against them with a great
army. But the Heracleidae, who had the aid of
the Athenians, chose as their leader Iolaüs, the
nephew of Heracles, and after entrusting to him
and Theseus and Hyllus the direction of the war,
they defeated Eurystheus in a pitched battle. In
the course of the battle the larger part of the army
of Eurystheus was slain and Eurystheus himself,
when his chariot was wrecked in the flight, was
killed by Hyllus, the son of Heracles; likewise the
sons of Eurystheus perished in the battle to a man.*

58. After these events all the Heracleidae, now
that they had conquered Eurystheus in a battle
whose fame was noised abroad and were well sup-
plied with allies because of their success, embarked
upon a campaign against Peloponnesus with Hyllus
as their commander. Atreus, after the death of
Eurystheus, had taken over the kingship in Mycenae,
and having added to his forces the Tegeatans and
certain other peoples as allies, he went forth to meet
the Heracleidae. When the two armies were
assembled at the Isthmus, Hyllus, Heracles' son,
challenged to single combat any one of the enemy

* Euripides! drama, T'he Children of Heracles, centres about
the persecution of the children by Eurystheus and about the
war with Argos which Athens undertakes in defence of the
refugees.

529

DIODORUS OF SICILY

AécaTro TÓV mroAepuieov TÓV DovAOpLevov, opoÀoyítas
Üféuevos TotavTas, ei uév "YAAos "uajaete 1 TOV
avrvrayÜévra., rrapoAaBety "HpakAetóas Tv EUpv-
oÜécs BactÀetav, eic 9 " YAAos Aeóein, Hj KaTtévaa
robs 'HpaxAetas ets I eAosóvvqaov évrTOS éTÓv
mevry|Kovra.. k«araDBávros Ó' etg TT mpókAraw
Exépov. TOÜD BaoiMéos TÓV Teyearóv, KaL Tíjs
povopaxtas yevoj.évis , o uev "YAAos avnpéO8n, ot
OUS] pakAetóau. KaTà TÀS Ou oAoytas améorqQoav Tíjs
kaÜó0ov xat cv ets TpuópvÜov émávoOov emouj-
gcavro. uerà Oé Tuas ypovous Aucjwtos uev
nerà, TÀv raióov kat lÀAgroAéuov ro0 ' HpakAéovs,
ékovais TOV ' Apyeiov a)ro)s mpooOecauévov,
é€v "Apyet karQkQcav: ot 0. GAÀÀot müvres év
TpucopiÜc karoucjoavres,? cs? 0 mevrQukovraerr)s
xpóvos OwjA0e, kaTrijAÜov eis IleAomóvvgoov: dv
Tàs mpd£ewg avaypdojev, orav etg éketvovs ToUs
Xpovovs rrapayeviBápev.

Kunv9 9' ets O]Bas karavrioaoa, Kai LeTà
raÜÓT. à$avros yevouévn, TuuOv taoÜéov érvye mapáà
Tots | Ovfatois. TOUS o GAÀovs HpaxAetóas
$aciv eA0Ovras map. ActyQuitov TÓV Adpov TV
TOTDQOGV Tíjs Xcpas rapaaraUrkenv aa T))-
cavras perTà Aopiéov karoucdjgau. | VAÀqmoAenov
96 rov 'HpakAéovs év "Apye: karoucotvra. Aéyovaww
aveAetv A«küvtov 70v ' HAekrpvovos épicavra rep
Tw/(V, ÓLà. Oé TOv dóvov robrov é£ "Apyovs $vyóvra
ets 'Po80v uerowdijoav 5 77v 9€ víijoov rTaUTqv TrOT€

: vuknaeve Bekker, vucjaav Vogel, vucjoec MSS, Dindorf.
; Ka dk0 av ABD, deleted by Vogel.
4

60€ after «s Ginitbod Vulgate.
So Hertlein : Karoucdfjo ax.

539

BOOK IV. c8. 3-7

who would face him, on the agreement that, if
Hyllus should conquer his opponent, the Heracleidae
should receive the kingdom of Eurystheus, but that.
if Hyllus were defeated, the Heracleidae would not
return to Peloponnesus for a period of fifty years.!
Echemus, the king of the Tegeatans, came out to
meet the challenge, and in the single combat which
followed Hyllus was slain and the Heracleidae gave
up, as they had promised, their effort to return and
made their way back to Tricorythus. Some time
later Licymnius and his sons and Tlepolemus, the
son of IHeracles, made their home in Argos, the
Argives admitting them to citizenship of their own
accord ; but all the rest who had made their homes
in Tricorythus, when the fifty-year period had
expired, returned to Peloponnesus. "Their deeds we
shall record when we have come to those times.*?
Alcmené returned to Thebes, and when some time
later she vanished from sight she received divine
honours at the hands of the Thebans. The rest of
the Heracleidae, they say, came to Aegimius, the
son of Dorus, and demanding back the land which
their father had entrusted to him ? made their home
among the Dorians. But Tlepolemus, the son of
Heracles, while he dwelt in Argos, slew Licymnius,
the son of Electryon, we are told, in a quarrel over a
certain matter, and being exiled from Argos because
of this murder changed his residence to Khodes.
This island was inhabited at that time by Greeks

! Herodotus (9. 26) says * one hundred " years and the
statement of Thucydides (1. 12) would suggest about the same
number.

? This is not in the extant portions ot Diodorus.

3 Cp. chap. 37. 4.

531

DIODORUS OF SICILY

«aTdokovv "EAAves oc $70 Tpióra 7o0 OG ópBavros
karoucaÜévres. TOv O' oDv TAgmóAepov Kou
pera TÓV éyxapiav Tputept) mrovíjaau Trv '"Poó8ov,
Kai Tp€is €v abr] kaTraoTíoa. mróAes, Aiyüov,
'I4Avoov, Kápeipov: BaciAe0cac 0. abrÓv mrávrow
TOv 'Poóíov Ouà Trv ToÜ marpos '"HpakAéovs
Oó0fav, Kai kKaTà TOUS UoTepov xpóvovs ger
"Ayauépvovos érmi v)v lpoiav oTpaTeÜaat.

53?

BOOK IV. 58. ,-8

who had been planted there by Triopas, the son of
Phorbas. Accordingly, Tlepolemus, acting with the
common consent of the natives, divided Rhodes into
three parts and founded there three cities, Lindus,
Ielysus (Ialysus), and Cameirus; and he became king
over all the Rhodians, because of the fame of his
father Heracles, and in later times took part with
Agamemnon in the war against Troy.

533

A PARTIAL INDEX OF PROPER
NAMES!

ABARIS, 39 f,

Acastus, 511

Acheloüs, 457 f.

Achilles, 37

Admetus, 511

Aeétes, 483-95 passim, 523

Aegeus, 521

Aegirnius, 463, 531

Aegis, 316 f.

Aethaleis, 625

Aetna, 411

Agatharchides, 113, 138 f., 235

Agenor, 333, 343

Agyrium, 421 f.

Alcestis, 509 f.

Alcimenes, 5165 f.

Alcman, 361

Alcmené, 369 f., 391, 449, 531

Alcrone, 383

Aleos, 451

Alesia, 405

Alexander of Macedon, 11 232. 392

Alilaei, 223

Alpheius, 303, 357

Althaea, 4560 f.

Amaltheia, 309 f.

" Amaltheia, Horn of," 311, 457 t.

Amazoneum, 433

Amazons, 3l-7, 319, 245-61, 393- |,
431 f.

Amnion, 309-29 passim

Amphinomée, daughter of Pelias, 511

Amphinomeé, mother of Jason, 5U1

Amphitryon, 369, 373

Andromeda, 369

Antaeus, 399, 423

Antimachus, 301

Antiopé, 397, 431 f.

Aphrodité, 357, 361, 417, 427
Aphrodité's Harbour, 199
Apollo, 39 f., 273 ff., 389
Arabia, 41-665 passim, 116-23, 237
Arabia Felix, 47-61, 123, 225-33
Arcadians, 463 f., 527

Arcturus, 5

Argives, 631

Argo, 473, 511

Argonauts, 469-515, 523-7
Argus, 473

Arimaspi, 29

Aristaeus, 315, 321

Ariston, 209

Arsinoe, 199

Artemidorus, 113

Artemis, 413 f., 453

Artemis Tauropolus, 35, 483
Assyrians, 29, 43

Astvdameia, 463

Atalanté, 455, 473

Athena, 315 f., 329, 371, 389
Athenians, 39, 431 f., 467 f., 527 t.
Atlantians, 253 f., 263—9, 279-89
Atlantic Ocean, 196

Atlantides, 279 f., 429

Atlas, 279 f., 429 1.

Atreus, 529

Attis, 271 f., 347

Auge, 461

Augeas, 387, 447 f,

Auschisae, 237

Autariatae, 167

Àzan, 447

Babyrlonia, 59 f., 145 f.
Bacchantes, 297 if,
Baccheius, 353 f.

! A complete Index vill &sppear in the last volume.

235

INDEX

Banizomenes, 217 Crius, 491 f.
Basileia, 265-9 ** Cronia,'' 283
Boeotia, 403 f. Cronus; 981 f...319 f., 923
Boeotians, 223 Croton, 423
Boreadae, 41, 481 Curetes, 283, 319
Boreas, 479, 483 Cyané, 419
Bromius, 355 Cybelé, 259 f., 209-77
Buphonas, 419 Cybelus, 271
* Burned Phrygia," 315 Cymé, 299
Busiris, 401, 429 f. Cyrené, 237 f.
butas, 417 Cyrus, 31
Bytaeas, 419
Byzas, 497 Dactyls, 331
*" Daedaleia,'' 437
Cabeiri, 479 Daedalus, 437
Cacius, 409 Dardanus, 479 f.
Cadmus, 295, 305, 333, 343 Dead Sea, 43 f.
Caeétes, 525 Debae, 221
Caesar, C. Julius, 197, 405 Deianeira, 395, 153, 459 f., 465 f.
Calliope, 363 Deiphobus, 443
Callisthenes, 341 Delians. 39
Cambyses, 93 Demeter, 127, 257 ff., 349, 389
Campe, 323 Deucalion, 239
Carbae, 225 Dimetor, 287, 3523
Carmania, 123 Dindyme, 271
Carthage, 221 Diodorus, 113 f., 341
Carystus, 461 Diomedes, 393
Castor, 473 Dionysius, 247, 305
Celaeno, 281, 395 Dionysus, 13 ti.,, 93, 273, 285-332
Celts, 523 f. passim, 343-51 passim, 381, 391, 425
Centaurs, 367, 381-5 Dioscori, 449, 477, 195, 523 f.
Cepheus, 369, 449 Dorieis, 463
Cerberus, 423-7 Dorieus, 417 f.
Cercopes, 443 Doris, 463
Ceyx, 461, 527 Dracanum, 303
Chabinus, 221 Dracon, 427, 491
Charmuthas, 219 Dryopes, 461 f.
Charops, 299
Cheiron, 385 Echemus, 531
Cherronesus, 253 Eehinades, 219
* Children of the Sun,"' 69-81 Egestaea, 417
Chrysaor, 397, 401 Egypt, 93, 113-23 passim, 401, 426
Cilicians, 259 Egyptians, 93 f.
Circaeum, 487 Eileithyia, 369
Circe, 4865 f. Eirapbhiotes, 303
Cleio, 363 Eleutherae, 301, 347
Cleopatra, 479 f. Emathion, 429
Colobi, 173 Ephorus, 339
Coré, 419 Erato, 363 f.
Corinthians, 519 Erechtheus, 435
Coronus, 463 Ergamenes, 101 f.
Corybantes, 261 Erginus, 3723 f.
Cothon, 221 Eryx, 417
Creon, 373 f., 011, 5165 f, Ethiopia, 92, 112-93 passim
Crete, 397 f. Ethiopians, 67, $9-113 passun, 133

536

INDEX

Euadne, 511

Euhesperis, 625

Eurydicé, 369

Eurystheus, 371—463 passim, 521 f.
Eurytusg, 441, 449, 465

Euterpé, 363

'" Field of Heracles,'"' 371

Gadeira, 401, 523 f,
Gandaridae, 9 f.
Ganges, 9 f.

Garindanes, 213
Gasandi, 223

(16, 017, 901

Gedrosia, 123

(16 Meter, 289

Gemini, 479
Gerrhaeans, 211 f.
Geryones, 367, 397, 421
Gibraltar, Straits of, 403
Glancé, 516 f.

Glaucus, 495 f.

Gleneus, 461

Glychatas, 419

Gorgons, 247 f., 255 f.

'" Great Mother,'' 265-77 passim
Greater Phrygia, 269

Halcyoné, 281

Hebé, 469

Hecataeus, 37 f,

Hecaté, 483 f.

Hecatompylon, 401

Helius, 267 f., 483

Hellé, 489

Hellespont, 489

Hephaestus, 389

Hera, 295, 369 f., 377, 393, 469

Heracleia, 419

Heracleidae, 339, 449, 527-33 passim

Heracles, 17 f., 35, 93, 107, 167; 493,
291, 907, 331 f., 360—513 passim

Hermaphroditus, 361

Hermes, 273, 281, 345, 361, 339

Hesiod, 361 f.

Heaioné, 447, 476 f.

Hespera, 251

Hesperides, 427 f.

Hesperis, 429

Hesperitis, 429

Hesperoukeras, 311

Hesperus, 279, 429

Himeraesa, 417

Hippocoón, 449

Hippolyte, 35, 393 f., 431, 447

Hippolytus, 453, 443

Hipponoiis, 157

Hippotes. 521

Histiaeotis, 163

Homer, 91, 307 f., 345, 361, 445, 169,
499

Horus, 259

Hydaspes, 11

Hyllus, 459, 529 f.

Hvpanis, 11

H vperboreans, 37—11, 277

lambulusg, 65-83 passim

Icarus, 303

Ichthyophagi, 129-41 passim, 203.
207, 251

Idaea, 283, 319, 479 f.

llium, 4465 f.

India, 3-27 passim, 341
Indus river, 3, 11, 233

Io, 329

Iolaeis, 437

Iolaeium, 437

Iolaiis, 977-467 passim, 52
Iolé, 441, 465

Iphicles, 449

Iphiclus, 419, 497
Iphigeneia, 433

Iphitus, 441, 495

1s. 107, 217, 259. 359

'" Islands of the Sun,'' 66-83
Isocrates, 339

Ister, 525 f.

Istrians, 527

ithyphallus, 359

Itoni, 443

Jason, 471-519 passim

Lacinius, 423

Laeanites Gulf, 213

Lake Copais, 403

Lampeia, 379

Laomedon, 309, 445 f., 475 f., 497 t.
Lapithae, 463

Lenaeus, 293, 355

Leontini, 419 f.

Lesbos, 259

Leto, 39

Libya, 237-45, 399

Lichas, 465

Licymnius, 449, 465, 527, 531
Liguria, 407 f.

Linus, 275, 305 f., 309

954

INDEX

Lucullus, 411 N ysa, 296, 303, 305, 311 f., 315, 345
Lycureus, 261, 299 f., 349 Nysaeans, 273 f.

Macae, 237 Oeagrus, 299 f., 425

Macaria, 197 Oecles, 445 f.

Maemacterion, 233 Oeneus, 449, 452. 157

Maenads, 299, 317 Oeté, 467

Maeonians, 413 '" Olympian,' 39l

Maranitae, 213 Olympic Games, 331, 387, 513
Marmaridae, 237 Olympus, 327

Marsyas 271 ff. Omphalé, 443 f.

Massagetae, 29 Ophiodes, 199 f.

Medea, 485-521 passim Orchomenus, 403 í,

Medes, 43, 521 Ormen:ius, 463

Medus, 521 f. Orpheus, 275, 301, 307, 309, 425, 473,
Medusa, 257 471, 495

Megabari, 173 Osiris, 93, 313, 359

Megara, 375 t., 441
Melon, 269

Melanipp?, 395 f. Palatine Hill, 109

2 s Pali, 27
Meo uenis qe" Palibothra, 17 f, 82
Melpomené, 363 Palus, 27

9 Pan, 107
Mené, 251

: Pandora, 265
Menoetius, 467

: Panormus, 197
Meroe, 101 f.

Pappas, 273
Meros, 15 :
: Pasiphaé, 337
Midas, 277 ao ER VASE
: 9 Peirithoiis, 427
Minaeans, 211 f. Palascinns- 05
Minos, 387 i :

Pelias, 471, 501-11

Pelops, 369

Peneius, 403

Penthesileia, 37

Pentheus, 299, 319

Periboea, 457

Persephoné, 2953, 319, 413, 125 ..
Perses, 483, 523

Perseus, 247 f., 257, 369

Petra, 43, 711 f.

Minotaur, 387

Minvans, 373 f.

Mitrephorus, 353

Mitylené, 259

Mnemosyné, $61

Mopsus, 261

* Mother of the Mountain,"' 271
Musaeus, 425

Muses, 276, 351, 355, 561-5

Myrina, 253-61 passim Philetetes, 467

Myrrhanus, 299 Phineus, 477-83 passün
Phlegra, 413

Nabataeans, 41 f,, 213 f, Phlegraean Plain, 1411

Napae, 27 Phocae, 211

Napata, 103 Pholoé, 381, 385

Napes, 27 Pholus, 381-5

Nasamones, 237 Phrixus, 383, 489 f,

Nauplius, 151 Phylas, 461

Naxos, 301 Phyleus, 449, 159

Neleus, 441 f. Pinarii. 409

Nepbhelé, 383 Pinarius, 409

Nessus, 459 f, Pisinus, 277

Nestor, 441 Pleiades, 281

Niobé, 391 Polydeuces, 473

539

Polymnia, 363 f.

Pontus, 393, 471

Poseideion, 209

Poseideon, 233

Poseidon, 127, 209, 389, 475
Potana, 233

Priam, 447, 497

Priapus, 557 f.

Priené, 259

Prometheus, 391 f.
Pronapides, 309

Ptolemais, 207

Ptolemy Euergetes, 135, 207
Ptolemy Philadelphus, 187 tT., 193
Pyrigenes, 259

Red Sea, 195-237 passim
Rhea, 265, 281, 309, 317 F£., 325
Rhodes, 179, 531 f.

Rome, 409 f.

Roniulus, 409

Sabae, 229, 231
Sabaeans, 225-33
Sabazius, 349 f.

Sacae, 3, 29

"amos, 261
samothrace, 261
Sardinia, 433-41
SatyrB, 355
Sauromatae, 29
Scythes, 27

Scythia, 179 ff.
Seythians, 27 ff., 131 f.
Seileni, 323

Seilenus, 323, 3551
Selenó, 267 f.

semelé, 259, 299, 331, 343 f., 425
semiramis, 93

Sicani, 439

Silla river, 13

Simi, 1959 f.

Simmias, 133

Sipyrlus, 261

Soteria, Harbour of, 203
Sparta, 449

'' Steps of Cacius,'' 409
Stymphalian Lake, 335
Sybaris, 493

Syleus, 4453

Syracuse, 419

Syria, 09, 290

INDEX

Tanais river, 27, 523 f.
Taun, 215

Tauri, Promontories of the, 207
Tauric Chersonese, 483
Telamon, 447, 473, 497
Telephus, 451 f.

Tempe, 403

Teos, 301 f.

Terpsichoré, 363
Teuthras, 451 f.

Thaleia, 363

Thamudeni, 219
Thamyras, 279 f., 307
Thebes, 303, 373 f., 405
Themiscyra, 33, 393
Theopompus, 341
Thermodon, 31, 247, 393
Theseus, 427, 431 f.
Thespiadae, 435—141, 473
Thespius, 433 f.
Thesprotians, 459
'Thessalians, 519 f.
Thessalus, 515, 519
Thestius, 455

Thymoetes, 309

Thyoné, 289, 425
Thriambus, 355

limaeus, 415, 523
Tisandrus, 515 f.

Titaea, 265

Titans, 269 f., 257, 319 ff., 329, 359
Tlepolemus, 445, 459, 931 f.
Triopas, 531 f.

Tnrtonrqnver 251 31]
Tritonis, 291, 257, 315
lrogodytes, 123, 171-203 passim
T vchon, 359

Tyvdeus, 457

1 yndareüs, 449

Tyrcaeus, 197

Urania, 363 f.
Uranus, 263 f., 309, 361

Vesuvius, 41]
" Way of Heracles,'' 413

Zabirna, 323

Zeus, ?7, 91, 107, 281-7, 295, 325-9,

349, 361, 369, 375, 3817, 391, 469

539

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